Labour Party (UK)
Labour Party | |
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Governing body | National Executive Committee |
Leader | Sir Keir Starmer |
Deputy Leader | Angela Rayner |
General Secretary | David Evans |
Chair | Anneliese Dodds |
Lords Leader | The Baroness Smith of Basildon |
Founded | 27 February 1900[1][2] |
Preceded by | Labour Representation Committee |
Headquarters |
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Labour and Co-operative ) Former affiliates
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Other affiliations | Social Democratic and Labour Party (Northern Ireland) Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (Gibraltar)[16] |
Colours | Red |
Slogan | "Britain's future" / "Let's get Britain's future back" (2024)[17][18] |
Anthem | "The Red Flag" |
Devolved or semi-autonomous branches | |
combined authority mayors. ) and Scotland, principal councils in Wales and local councils in Northern Ireland. ^ Councillors of local authorities in England (including 25 aldermen of the City of London |
Part of a series on |
Organised labour |
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Part of a series on |
Socialism in the United Kingdom |
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The Labour Party is a
The party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the
The Labour Party currently forms the Official Opposition in the
History
Origins and the Independent Labour Party (1860–1900)
The Labour Party originated in the late 19th century, meeting the demand for a new political party to represent the interests and needs of the urban working class, a demographic which had increased in number, and many of whom only gained
At the 1895 general election, the ILP put up 28 candidates but won only 44,325 votes. Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardie's roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party which led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that "Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx".[23]
Labour Representation Committee (1900–1906)
In 1899, a
After a debate, the 129 delegates passed Hardie's motion to establish "a distinct Labour group in Parliament, who shall have their own whips, and agree upon their policy, which must embrace a readiness to cooperate with any party which for the time being may be engaged in promoting legislation in the direct interests of labour."[25] This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), meant to co-ordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and represent the working-class population.[2] It had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the difficult task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The 1900 general election, also referred to as the "Khaki election", came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively and total expenses for the election only came to £33.[26] Only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful: Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby.[27]
Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901
In the
In their first meeting after the election the group's members of Parliament decided to adopt the name "The Labour Party" formally (15 February 1906). Keir Hardie, who had taken a leading role in getting the party established, was elected as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party (in effect, the leader), although only by one vote over David Shackleton after several ballots. In the party's early years the Independent Labour Party (ILP) provided much of its activist base as the party did not have individual membership until 1918 but operated as a conglomerate of affiliated bodies. The Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement.[27]
The People's History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries.[29] Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, which holds the collection of the Labour Party, with material ranging from 1900 to the present day.[30]
Early years (1906–1923)
In 1907 the new party held its first annual conference in
The Belfast conference itself was remembered for first raising the question of whether sovereignty lay with the annual conference, as in the inherited tradition of trade union democracy, or with the PLP.[32] Hardie shocked the delegates in the closing session by threatening to resign from the PLP over an amendment to a resolution on equal suffrage for women that would have bound MPs to oppose any compromise legislation that would extend votes to women on the basis of the existing property franchise. The PLP defused the crisis by allowing Hardie to vote as he wished on the subject. The precedent became the basis of a "conscience clause" in its standing orders, and would be invoked by party leader Michael Foot in 1981 to argue that the will of the conference should not always bind the PLP.[33]
The
During the First World War, the Labour Party split between supporters and opponents of the conflict; however, opposition to the war grew within the party as time went on.
At the end of the First World War, the Government was attempting to provide support for the newly re-established
Henderson turned his attention to building a strong constituency-based support network for the Labour Party. Previously, it had little national organisation, based largely on branches of unions and socialist societies. Working with Ramsay MacDonald and Sidney Webb, Henderson established a national network of constituency organisations in 1918. They operated separately from trade unions and the National Executive Committee and were open to everyone sympathetic to the party's policies. Secondly, Henderson secured the adoption of a comprehensive statement of party policies, as drafted by
Meanwhile, the
First Labour government and period in opposition (1923–1929)
The
While there were no major labour strikes during his term, MacDonald acted swiftly to end those that did erupt. When the Labour Party executive criticised the government, he replied that, "public doles,
The government collapsed after only ten months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing 1924 general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the forged Zinoviev letter, in which Moscow talked about a Communist revolution in Britain. The letter had little impact on the Labour vote—which held up. It was the collapse of the Liberal party that led to the Conservative landslide. The Conservatives were returned to power although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% to a third of the popular vote, most Conservative gains being at the expense of the Liberals. However, many Labourites blamed for years their defeat on foul play (the Zinoviev letter), thereby according to A. J. P. Taylor misunderstanding the political forces at work and delaying needed reforms in the party.[43][44]
In opposition, MacDonald continued his policy of presenting the Labour Party as a moderate force. The party opposed the
Second Labour government (1929–1931)
In the 1929 general election, the Labour Party became the largest in the House of Commons for the first time, with 287 seats and 37.1% of the popular vote. However MacDonald was still reliant on Liberal support to form a minority government. MacDonald went on to appoint Britain's first woman cabinet minister; Margaret Bondfield, who was appointed Minister of Labour.[48] MacDonald's second government was in a stronger parliamentary position than his first, and in 1930 Labour was able to pass legislation to raise unemployment pay, improve wages and conditions in the coal industry (i.e. the issues behind the General Strike) and pass a housing act which focused on slum clearances.[49]
The government soon found itself engulfed in crisis as the
The financial crisis grew worse, and decisive government action was needed, as the leaders of both the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party met with King George V and MacDonald, at first to discuss support for the spending cuts but later to discuss the shape of the next government. The king played the central role in demanding a National government be formed. On 24 August, MacDonald agreed to form a National Government composed of men from all parties with the specific aim of balancing the Budget and restoring confidence. The new cabinet had four Labourites (who formed a National Labour group) who stood with MacDonald, plus four Conservatives (led by Baldwin, Chamberlain) and two Liberals. MacDonald's moves aroused great anger among a large majority of Labour Party activists who felt betrayed. Labour unions were strongly opposed and the Labour Party officially repudiated the new National government. It expelled MacDonald and his supporters and made Henderson the leader of the main Labour party. Henderson led it into the general election on 27 October against the three-party National coalition. It was a disaster for Labour, which was reduced to a small minority of 52 seats. The Conservative-dominated National Government, led by MacDonald, won the largest landslide in British political history.[53]
In 1931, Labour campaigned on opposition to public spending cuts, but found it difficult to defend the record of the party's former government and the fact that most of the cuts had been agreed before it fell. Historian Andrew Thorpe argues that Labour lost credibility by 1931 as unemployment soared, especially in coal, textiles, shipbuilding, and steel. The working class increasingly lost confidence in the ability of Labour to solve the most pressing problem.[54] The 2.5 million Irish Catholics in England and Scotland were a major factor in the Labour base in many industrial areas. The Catholic Church had previously tolerated the Labour Party, and denied that it represented true socialism. However, the bishops by 1930 had grown increasingly alarmed at Labour's policies toward Communist Russia, toward birth control and especially toward funding Catholic schools. The Catholic shift against Labour and in favour of the National government played a major role in Labour's losses.[55]
Labour in opposition (1931–1940)
Arthur Henderson, elected in 1931 to succeed MacDonald, lost his seat in the 1931 general election. The only former Labour cabinet member who had retained his seat, the pacifist George Lansbury, accordingly became party leader.
The party experienced another split in 1932 when the Independent Labour Party, which for some years had been increasingly at odds with the Labour leadership, opted to disaffiliate from the Labour Party and embarked on a long, drawn-out decline.
Lansbury resigned as leader in 1935 after public disagreements over foreign policy. As of 2023[update], he is the only Labour leader to stand down from the role without contesting a general election (excluding acting leaders).[a] He was promptly replaced as leader by his deputy, Clement Attlee, who would lead the party for two decades. The party experienced a revival in the 1935 general election, winning 154 seats and 38% of the popular vote, the highest that Labour had achieved.[56]
As the threat from Nazi Germany increased, in the late 1930s the Labour Party gradually abandoned its pacifist stance and came to support re-armament, largely due to the efforts of Ernest Bevin and Hugh Dalton, who by 1937 had also persuaded the party to oppose Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement.[50]
Wartime coalition (1940–1945)
The party returned to government in 1940 as part of the wartime coalition. When Neville Chamberlain resigned in the spring of 1940, incoming Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided to bring the other main parties into a coalition similar to that of the First World War. Clement Attlee was appointed Lord Privy Seal and a member of the war cabinet, eventually becoming the United Kingdom's first Deputy Prime Minister.
A number of other senior Labour figures also took up senior positions: the trade union leader
Attlee government (1945–1951)
At the end of the war in Europe, in May 1945, Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals' error of 1918, promptly withdrawing from government, on trade union insistence, to contest the 1945 general election in opposition to Churchill's Conservatives. Surprising many observers,[57] Labour won a landslide victory, winning just under 50% of the vote with a majority of 159 seats.[58]
Attlee's government proved one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, enacting
Labour went on to win the 1950 general election, but with a much-reduced majority of five seats. Soon afterwards, defence became a divisive issue within the party, especially defence spending (which reached a peak of 14% of GDP in 1951 during the Korean War),[63] straining public finances and forcing savings elsewhere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Gaitskell, introduced charges for NHS dentures and spectacles, causing Bevan, along with Harold Wilson (then President of the Board of Trade), to resign over the dilution of the principle of free treatment on which the NHS had been established.
In the 1951 general election, Labour narrowly lost to Churchill's Conservatives, despite receiving the larger share of the popular vote – its highest ever vote numerically. Most of the changes introduced by the 1945–51 Labour government were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the "post-war consensus" that lasted until the late 1970s. Food and clothing rationing, however, still in place since the war, were swiftly relaxed, then abandoned from about 1953.[56]
Post-war consensus (1951–1964)
Following the defeat of 1951, the party spent 13 years in opposition. The party suffered an ideological split, between the party's left-wing followers of
Under his replacement, Hugh Gaitskell, Labour appeared more united than before and had been widely expected to win the
Gaitskell died suddenly in 1963, and this made way for Harold Wilson to lead the party.[66]
Wilson government (1964–1970)
A downturn in the economy and a series of scandals in the early 1960s (the most notorious being the Profumo affair) had engulfed the Conservative government by 1963. The Labour Party returned to government with a 4-seat majority under Wilson[67] in the 1964 general election[68] but increased its majority to 96 in the 1966 general election.[69]
Wilson's government was responsible for a number of sweeping social and educational reforms under the leadership of
Wilson's first period as Prime Minister coincided with a period of relatively low unemployment and economic prosperity, it was however hindered by significant problems with a large trade deficit which it had inherited from the previous government. The first three years of the government were spent in an ultimately doomed attempt to stave off the continued devaluation of the pound. Labour went on to unexpectedly lose the 1970 general election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath.[77]
Spell in opposition (1970–1974)
After losing the 1970 general election, Labour returned to opposition, but retained Harold Wilson as Leader. Heath's government soon ran into trouble over
The Labour Party was returned to power again under Wilson a few days after the
Majority to minority (1974–1979)
For much of its time in office the Labour government struggled with serious economic problems and a precarious majority in the Commons, while the party's internal dissent over Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, which Britain had entered under Edward Heath in 1972, led in 1975 to a national referendum on the issue in which two thirds of the public supported continued membership. Harold Wilson's personal popularity remained reasonably high but he unexpectedly resigned as Prime Minister in 1976 citing health reasons, and was replaced by James Callaghan. The Wilson and Callaghan governments of the 1970s tried to control inflation (which reached 23.7% in 1975[83]) by a policy of wage restraint. This was fairly successful, reducing inflation to 7.4% by 1978.[27][83] However it led to increasingly strained relations between the government and the trade unions.
Fear of advances by the nationalist parties, particularly in Scotland, led to the suppression of a report from Scottish Office economist Gavin McCrone that suggested that an independent Scotland would be "chronically in surplus".[84] By 1977 by-election losses and defections to the breakaway Scottish Labour Party left Callaghan heading a minority government, forced to do deals with smaller parties in order to govern. An arrangement negotiated in 1977 with Liberal leader David Steel, known as the Lib–Lab pact, ended after one year. Deals were then forged with various small parties including the Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Welsh nationalist Plaid Cymru, prolonging the life of the government.
The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded
By 1978, the economy had started to show signs of recovery, with inflation falling to single digits, unemployment falling, and living standards starting to rise during the year.[85] Labour's opinion poll ratings also improved, with most showing the party to be in the lead.[27] Callaghan had been widely expected to call a general election in the autumn of 1978 to take advantage of the improving situation. In the event, he decided to gamble that extending the wage restraint policy for another year would allow the economy to be in better shape for a 1979 election. However this proved unpopular with the trade unions, and during the winter of 1978–79 there were widespread strikes among lorry drivers, railway workers, car workers and local government and hospital workers in favour of higher pay-rises that caused significant disruption to everyday life. These events came to be dubbed the "Winter of Discontent".
These industrial disputes sent the Conservatives now led by Margaret Thatcher into the lead in the polls, which led to Labour's defeat in the 1979 general election. The Labour vote held up in the election, with the party receiving nearly the same number of votes than in 1974. However, the Conservative Party achieved big increases in support in the Midlands and South of England, benefiting from both a surge in turnout and votes lost by the ailing Liberals.
Opposition and internal conflict (1979–1994)
After its defeat in the
The Labour Party was defeated heavily in the
Foot resigned and was replaced as leader by
The alliances which campaigns such as
Labour improved its performance in
In November 1990 following a contested leadership election, Margaret Thatcher resigned as leader of the Conservative Party and was succeeded as leader and Prime Minister by John Major. Most opinion polls had shown Labour comfortably ahead of the Tories for more than a year before Thatcher's resignation, with the fall in Tory support blamed largely on her introduction of the unpopular poll tax, combined with the fact that the economy was sliding into recession at the time. The change of leader in the Tory government saw a turnaround in support for the Tories, who regularly topped the opinion polls throughout 1991 although Labour regained the lead more than once.
The "yo-yo" in the opinion polls continued into 1992, though after November 1990 any Labour lead in the polls was rarely sufficient for a majority. Major resisted Kinnock's calls for a general election throughout 1991. Kinnock campaigned on the theme "It's Time for a Change", urging voters to elect a new government after more than a decade of unbroken Conservative rule. However, the Conservatives themselves had undergone a change of leader from Thatcher to Major and replaced the Community Charge.
The 1992 general election was widely tipped to result in a hung parliament or a narrow Labour majority, but in the event, the Conservatives were returned to power, though with a much-reduced majority of 21.[94] Despite the increased number of seats and votes, it was a disappointing result for the Labour party. For the first time in over 30 years there was serious doubt among the public and the media as to whether Labour could ever return to government.
Kinnock then resigned as leader and was succeeded by
Black Wednesday in September 1992 damaged the Conservative government's reputation for economic competence, and by the end of that year, Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls. Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed, coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment, the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong. However, Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994.[99] As of 2023[update], he is the last Labour leader not to have contested a general election (excluding acting leaders and the incumbent, whose tenure is ongoing).[nb 1]
New Labour (1994–2010)
New Labour is a party of ideas and ideals but not of outdated ideology. What counts is what works. The objectives are radical. The means will be modern.[100]
The Labour Party won the 1997 general election in a landslide victory with a parliamentary majority of 179; it was the largest ever Labour majority, and at the time the largest swing to a political party achieved since 1945. Over the next decade, a wide range of progressive social reforms were enacted,[101][102] with millions lifted out of poverty during Labour's time in office largely as a result of various tax and benefit reforms.[103][104][105]
Among the early acts of Blair's government were the establishment of the
In the 2005 general election, Labour was re-elected for a third term, but with a reduced majority of 66 and popular vote of only 35.2%, the lowest percentage of any majority government in British history.[citation needed] During this election, proposed controversial posters by Alastair Campbell where opposition leader Michael Howard and shadow chancellor Oliver Letwin, who are both Jewish, were depicted as flying pigs were criticised as being anti-Semitic.[113] The posters were referring to the expression 'when pigs fly', to suggest that Tory election promises were unrealistic. In response, Campbell said that the posters were not in "any way shape or form" intended to be anti-Semitic.[114]
Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour.[115] In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown.[116][117] Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot.[citation needed] During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor.[118] Brown coordinated the UK's response to the 2007–2008 financial crisis.[119] Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.[120][121]
Finance proved a major problem for the Labour Party during this period; a "
In the 2010 general election on 6 May that year, Labour with 29.0% of the vote won the second largest number of seats (258).[124] The Conservatives with 36.5% of the vote won the largest number of seats (307), but no party had an overall majority, meaning that Labour could still remain in power if they managed to form a coalition with at least one smaller party.[125] However, the Labour Party would have had to form a coalition with more than one other smaller party to gain an overall majority; anything less would result in a minority government.[126] On 10 May 2010, after talks to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats broke down, Brown announced his intention to stand down as Leader before the Labour Party Conference but a day later resigned as both Prime Minister and party leader.[127]
Opposition and internal conflict (2010–present)
This section may be too long and excessively detailed. (June 2023) |
Ed Miliband era (2010–2015)
The party's performance held up in the 2012 local elections, with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands while also regaining some ground in Southern England.[135] In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh councils lost in 2008, including Cardiff.[136] In Scotland, Labour enjoyed a +3.26 swing. Results in London were mixed as Ken Livingstone lost the election for Mayor of London, but the party gained its highest ever representation in the Greater London Authority in the concurrent assembly election.[135]
In March 2014, the party reformed internal election procedures, including replacing the electoral college system with "one member, one vote". Mass membership was encouraged by creating a class of "registered supporters" as an alternative to full membership. Trade union members would also have to explicitly opt in rather than opt out of paying a political levy to the party.[137][138]
The party won 20 seats in the 2014 European parliamentary election, to the UK Independence Party's 24 and the Conservatives' 19.[139] Labour also gained 324 councillors in the 2014 local elections.[140] In September 2014, Labour outlined plans to cut the government's current account deficit and balance the budget by 2020, excluding investment. The party carried these plans into the 2015 general election,[141] which Labour lost. Its representation fell to 232 seats in the House of Commons.[142] The party lost 40 of its 41 seats in Scotland to the Scottish National Party.[143] Although Labour gained more than 20 seats in England and Wales,[144][145] it lost more seats to the Conservatives, for net losses overall.[146]
Jeremy Corbyn era (2015–2020)
After the 2015 general election, Miliband resigned as party leader and Harriet Harman again became interim leader.[146] Labour held a leadership election in which Jeremy Corbyn, then a member of the Socialist Campaign Group,[147] was considered a fringe candidate when the contest began, receiving nominations from just 36 MPs, one more than the minimum required to stand, and the support of just 16 MPs.[148] The Labour Party saw a flood of membership applications during the leadership election, with most of the new members thought to be Corbyn supporters.[149] Corbyn was elected leader with 60% of the vote. Membership continued to climb after his victory;[150] one year later it had grown to more than 500,000, making it the largest political party in Western Europe.[151]
Brexit referendum
Tensions soon developed in the parliamentary party over Corbyn's leadership, particularly after the
2017 general election
In April 2017, Prime Minister Theresa May called a snap election for June 2017.[163] Corbyn resisted pressure from within the Labour Party to call for a referendum on the eventual Brexit deal, instead focusing on health care, education and ending austerity.[161] Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since 2001 and the biggest increase in vote share in a single general election since 1945.[164] The party gained a net 30 seats.[165]
Accusations of anti-semitism
From 2016, the Labour Party has faced criticism for failing to deal with
2019 general election
A week after seven Labour MPs left the party in February 2019 to form
During the 2019 general election, Labour campaigned on a manifesto widely considered the most radical in decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades. These included plans to nationalise the country's biggest energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT.[180] The election saw Labour win its lowest number of seats since 1935.[181]
Keir Starmer era (2020–present)
Following Labour's defeat in the 2019 general election, Jeremy Corbyn announced that he would stand down as Leader of the Labour Party.[182] On 4 April 2020, Keir Starmer was elected as Leader of the Labour Party amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.[183]
One of Starmer's early priorities was dealing with accusations of systemic antisemitism within the Labour Party.
Starmer's tenure has seen the party move closer towards the
Ideology
In 2015, Labour was considered to be a
Historically influenced by
While affirming a commitment to
Symbols
Labour has long been identified with red, a political colour traditionally affiliated with socialism and the labour movement. Prior to the red flag logo, the party had used a modified version of the classic 1924 shovel, torch, and quill emblem. In 1924 a brand conscious Labour leadership had devised a competition, inviting supporters to design a logo to replace the 'polo mint' like motif that had previously appeared on party literature. The winning entry, emblazoned with the word "Liberty" over a design incorporating a torch, shovel and quill symbol, was popularised through its sale, in badge form, for a shilling. The party conference in 1931 passed a motion "That this conference adopts Party Colours, which should be uniform throughout the country, colours to be red and gold".[221] During the New Labour period, the colour purple was also used, and the party has used other colours in certain areas according to local tradition.[222][223]
Since the party's inception, the
The red flag became an inspiration which resulted in the composition of "The Red Flag", the official party anthem since its inception, being sung at the end of party conferences and on various occasions such as in Parliament in February 2006 to mark the centenary of the Labour Party's founding. It still remains in use, although attempts were made to play down the role of the song during New Labour.[225][226] The song "Jerusalem", based on a William Blake poem, is also traditionally sung at the end of party conferences with The Red Flag.[227][228]
Constitution and structure
The Labour Party is a
democratic socialistparty. It believes that by the strength of our common endeavour we achieve more than we achieve alone, so as to create for each of us the means to realise our true potential and for all of us a community in which power, wealth and opportunity are in the hands of the many, not the few, where the rights we enjoy reflect the duties we owe, and where we live together, freely, in a spirit of solidarity, tolerance and respect.
Party Constitution, Labour Party Rule Book[212]
The Labour Party is a membership organisation consisting of individual members and
The party's decision-making bodies on a national level formally include the National Executive Committee (NEC), Labour Party Conference and National Policy Forum (NPF)—although in practice the Parliamentary leadership has the final say on policy. The 2008 Labour Party Conference was the first at which affiliated trade unions and Constituency Labour Parties did not have the right to submit motions on contemporary issues that would previously have been debated.[229] Labour Party conferences now include more "keynote" addresses, guest speakers and question-and-answer sessions, while specific discussion of policy now takes place in the National Policy Forum.
The Labour Party is an
Membership and registered supporters
As of 31 December 2010, under Leader
Following the election of Jeremy Corbyn as leader, individual membership almost doubled to 388,262 in December 2015;[234] and rose significantly again the following year to 543,645 in December 2016.[237] As of December 2017[update], the party had 564,443 full members,[238] a peak since 1980 making it the largest political party in Western Europe.[239][240] Consequently, membership fees became the largest component of the party's income, overtaking trade unions donations which were previously of most financial importance, making Labour the most financially well-off British political party in 2017.[241] As of December 2019, the party had 532,046 full members.[242]
In the 2020 leadership election 490,731 people voted, of which 401,564 (81.8%) were members, 76,161 (15.5%) had affiliated membership and 13,006 (2.6%) were registered supporters. The registered supporter class was abolished in 2021.[243] By July 2023, the party's membership was reported to have fallen to 399,195 members.[244] In March 2024, it was reported that the Labour Party's membership had fallen to 366,604.[5]
Northern Ireland
For many years, Labour held to a policy of not allowing residents of
Trade union link
The Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation is the co-ordinating structure that supports the policy and campaign activities of affiliated union members within the Labour Party at the national, regional and local level.[250]
As it was founded by the unions to represent the interests of working-class people, Labour's link with the unions has always been a defining characteristic of the party. In recent years this link has come under increasing strain, with the
European and international affiliation
The Labour Party was a founder member of the
The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.[258] Since 1951, the party has been a member of the Socialist International, which was founded thanks to the efforts of the Clement Attlee leadership. In February 2013, the Labour Party NEC decided to downgrade participation to observer membership status, "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks".[259] Labour was a founding member of the Progressive Alliance international founded in co-operation with the Social Democratic Party of Germany and other social-democratic parties on 22 May 2013.[260][261][262][263]
Electoral performance
For all detailed election results involving the Labour Party including: general elections, devolved national elections, London Assembly, London Mayoral, combined authority and European Parliament elections see: Electoral history of the Labour Party (UK).
In all general elections since
UK general election results
Following the 1918 general election, Labour became the Official Opposition after the Conservatives went into coalition with the Liberal Party.[265] Labour's first minority governments came following the 1923 and 1929 general elections, the latter being the first time Labour were the largest party in the country by seats won.[265] They formed their first majority government following the 1945 general election.[265] However, after winning the 1950 general election, Labour would lose the following election in 1951 to the Conservatives despite gaining the highest share of votes to date at 48.8%.[265] During the 1983 election, Labour posted their worst vote share in the post-war period at 27.6%.[265] In 1997, a party record of 418 Labour MPs were elected.[265] At the 2019 general election, 202 Labour MPs were elected, the lowest for the party since 1935.[265] Since the 2010 general election, Labour have lost four consecutive general elections.[266][265] The next general election is due to be held by January 2025.[267]
Election | Leader[268][269] | Votes | Seats | Position | Result | Ref | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | Share | No. | ± | Share | |||||
1900 | Keir Hardie | 62,698 | 1.8 | 2 / 670
|
2 | 0.3 | 4th | Conservative–Liberal Unionist | [270] |
1906 | 321,663 | 5.7 | 29 / 670
|
27 | 4.3 | 4th | Liberal | [271] | |
January 1910 | Arthur Henderson | 505,657 | 7.6 | 40 / 670
|
11 | 6.0 | 4th | Liberal minority | [272] |
December 1910 | George Nicoll Barnes
|
371,802 | 7.1 | 42 / 670
|
2 | 6.3 | 4th | Liberal minority | [273] |
1918[b] | William Adamson | 2,245,777 | 20.8 | 57 / 707
|
15 | 8.1 | 4th | Coalition Liberal–Conservative | [277] |
1922 | J. R. Clynes | 4,237,349 | 29.7 | 142 / 615
|
85 | 23.1 | 2nd | Conservative | [279] |
1923 | Ramsay MacDonald | 4,439,780 | 30.7 | 191 / 615
|
49 | 30.1 | 2nd | Labour minority | [281] |
1924 | 5,489,087 | 33.3 | 151 / 615
|
40 | 24.6 | 2nd | Conservative | [283] | |
1929[c] | 8,370,417 | 37.1 | 287 / 615
|
136 | 47.0 | 1st | Labour minority | [286] | |
1931 | Arthur Henderson | 6,649,630 | 30.9 | 52 / 615
|
235 | 8.5 | 2nd | Conservative–Liberal–National Labour | [288] |
1935 | Clement Attlee | 8,325,491 | 38.0 | 154 / 615
|
102 | 25.0 | 2nd | Conservative–Liberal National–National Labour | [290] |
1945 | 11,967,746 | 48.0 | 393 / 640
|
239 | 61.0 | 1st | Labour | [275] | |
1950 | 13,266,176 | 46.1 | 315 / 625
|
78 | 50.4 | 1st | Labour | [275] | |
1951 | 13,948,883 | 48.8 | 295 / 625
|
20 | 47.2 | 2nd | Conservative | [275] | |
1955 | 12,405,254 | 46.4 | 277 / 630
|
18 | 44.0 | 2nd | Conservative | [275] | |
1959 | Hugh Gaitskell | 12,216,172 | 43.8 | 258 / 630
|
19 | 40.1 | 2nd | Conservative | [275] |
1964 | Harold Wilson | 12,205,808 | 44.1 | 317 / 630
|
59 | 50.3 | 1st | Labour | [275] |
1966 | 13,096,629 | 48.0 | 364 / 630
|
47 | 57.8 | 1st | Labour | [275] | |
1970[d] | 12,208,758 | 43.1 | 288 / 630
|
76 | 45.7 | 2nd | Conservative | [275] | |
February 1974 | 11,645,616 | 37.2 | 301 / 635
|
13 | 47.4 | 1st | Labour minority | [275] | |
October 1974 | 11,457,079 | 39.3 | 319 / 635
|
18 | 50.2 | 1st | Labour | [275] | |
1979 | James Callaghan | 11,532,218 | 36.9 | 269 / 635
|
50 | 42.4 | 2nd | Conservative | [275] |
1983 | Michael Foot | 8,456,934 | 27.6 | 209 / 650
|
60 | 32.2 | 2nd | Conservative | [292] |
1987 | Neil Kinnock | 10,029,807 | 30.8 | 229 / 650
|
20 | 35.2 | 2nd | Conservative | [293] |
1992 | 11,560,484 | 34.4 | 271 / 651
|
42 | 41.6 | 2nd | Conservative | [294] | |
1997 | Tony Blair | 13,518,167 | 43.2 | 418 / 659
|
145 | 63.6 | 1st | Labour | [295] |
2001 | 10,724,953 | 40.7 | 412 / 659
|
6 | 62.7 | 1st | Labour | [296] | |
2005 | 9,552,436 | 35.2 | 355 / 646
|
47 | 55.0 | 1st | Labour | [297] | |
2010 | Gordon Brown | 8,606,517 | 29.0 | 258 / 650
|
90 | 40.0 | 2nd | Conservative–Liberal Democrats[298] | [299] |
2015 | Ed Miliband | 9,347,324 | 30.4 | 232 / 650
|
26 | 35.7 | 2nd | Conservative | [302] |
2017 | Jeremy Corbyn | 12,877,918 | 40.0 | 262 / 650
|
30 | 40.3 | 2nd | Conservative minority (with DUP confidence and supply)[303] |
[304] |
2019 | 10,269,051 | 32.1 | 202 / 650
|
60 | 31.1 | 2nd | Conservative | [305] |
- Note
- ^ See electoral performance and Leader of the Labour Party.
- ^ The first election held under the Representation of the People Act 1918 in which all men over 21, and most women over the age of 30 could vote, and therefore a much larger electorate.[274]
- ^ First election held under the Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 which gave all women aged over 21 the vote.[284]
- ^ Franchise extended to all 18- to 20-year-olds under the Representation of the People Act 1969.[291]
Leadership
Leaders of the Labour Party since 1906
Source:[306]
- Keir Hardie (1906–1908)
- Arthur Henderson (1908–1910)
- George Barnes (1910–1911)
- Ramsay MacDonald (1911–1914)
- Arthur Henderson (1914–1917)
- William Adamson (1917–1921)
- J. R. Clynes (1921–1922)
- Ramsay MacDonald (1922–1931)
- Arthur Henderson (1931–1932)
- George Lansbury (1932–1935)
- Clement Attlee (1935–1955)
- Hugh Gaitskell (1955–1963)
- George Brown (1963; acting)
- Harold Wilson (1963–1976)
- James Callaghan (1976–1980)
- Michael Foot (1980–1983)
- Neil Kinnock (1983–1992)
- John Smith (1992–1994)
- Margaret Beckett (1994; acting)[307]
- Tony Blair (1994–2007)
- Gordon Brown (2007–2010)
- Harriet Harman (2010; acting)[307]
- Ed Miliband (2010–2015)
- Harriet Harman (2015; acting)
- Jeremy Corbyn (2015–2020)
- Keir Starmer (2020–present)
Deputy Leaders of the Labour Party since 1922
- J. R. Clynes (1922–1932)
- William Graham (1931–1932)
- Clement Attlee (1932–1935)
- Arthur Greenwood (1935–1945)
- Herbert Morrison (1945–1956)
- Jim Griffiths (1956–1959)
- Aneurin Bevan (1959–1960)
- George Brown (1960–1970)
- Roy Jenkins (1970–1972)
- Edward Short (1972–1976)
- Michael Foot (1976–1980)
- Denis Healey (1980–1983)
- Roy Hattersley (1983–1992)
- Margaret Beckett (1992–1994)
- John Prescott (1994–2007)
- Harriet Harman (2007–2015)
- Tom Watson (2015–2019)
- Angela Rayner (2020–present)
Leaders in the House of Lords since 1924
- Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane (1924–1928)
- Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor (1928–1931)
- Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede (1931–1935)
- Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell (1935–1940)
- Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison (1940–1952)
- William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt (1952–1955)
- Albert Victor Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough(1955–1964)
- Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford (1964–1968)
- Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton (1968–1974)
- Malcolm Shepherd, 2nd Baron Shepherd (1974–1976)
- Fred Peart, Baron Peart (1976–1982)
- Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos (1982–1992)
- Ivor Richard, Baron Richard(1992–1998)
- Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington (1998–2001)
- Gareth Williams, Baron Williams of Mostyn (2001–2003)
- Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos (2003–2007)
- Catherine Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland(2007–2008)
- Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon (2008–2015)
- Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon (2015–present)
Labour prime ministers
Name | Portrait | Country of birth | Periods in office |
---|---|---|---|
Ramsay MacDonald | Scotland | ) | |
Clement Attlee | England | 1945–1950; 1950–1951 (Attlee ministry) | |
Harold Wilson | England | third and fourth Wilson ministries)
| |
James Callaghan | England | Callaghan ministry )
| |
Tony Blair | Scotland | 1997–2001; 2001–2005; 2005–2007 (first, second and third Blair ministries) | |
Gordon Brown | Scotland | 2007–2010 (Brown ministry) |
See also
- Blue Labour
- English Labour Network
- Labour Campaign for Trans Rights
- Labour Representation Committee election results
- List of Labour parties
- List of Labour Party (UK) MPs
- List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)
- List of Labour Party (UK) general election manifestos
- Politics of the United Kingdom
- Socialist Labour Party (UK)
- Socialist Party (England and Wales)
Notes
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Further reading
- Bassett, Lewis. "Corbynism: Social democracy in a new left garb." Political Quarterly 90.4 (2019): 777–784 online (registration required)
- Cole, G. D. H. A History of the Labour Party from 1914 (1969).
- Davies, A. J. To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s (1996).
- Driver, Stephen and Luke Martell. New Labour: Politics after Thatcherism (Polity Press, wnd ed. 2006).
- Field, Geoffrey G. Blood, Sweat, and Toil: Remaking the British Working Class, 1939–1945 (2011) online.
- Foote, Geoffrey. The Labour Party's Political Thought: A History (Macmillan, 1997).
- Francis, Martin. Ideas and Policies under Labour 1945–51 (Manchester University Press, 1997).
- Howard, Christopher. "MacDonald, Henderson, and the Outbreak of War, 1914." Historical Journal 20.4 (1977): 871–891. online
- Howell, David.British Social Democracy (Croom Helm, 1976)
- Howell, David. MacDonald's Party, (Oxford University Press, 2002).
- Kavanagh, Dennis. The Politics of the Labour Party (Routledge, 2013).
- Lyman, Richard W. "The British Labour Party: The Conflict between Socialist Ideals and Practical Politics between the Wars". Journal of British Studies 5#1 (1965), pp. 140–152. online Archived 19 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Matthew, H. C. G., R. I. McKibbin, J. A. Kay. "The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party", English Historical review 91#361 (October 1976), pp. 723–752 in JSTOR Archived 9 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- Miliband, Ralph. Parliamentary Socialism (1972).
- Mioni, Michele. "The Attlee government and welfare state reforms in post-war Italian Socialism (1945–51): Between universalism and class policies." Labor History 57#2 (2016): 277–297. .
- Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour in Power, 1945–51, Oxford University Press, 1984.
- Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants, Hardie to Kinnock Oxford University Press, 1992, scholarly biographies of 30 key leaders.
- Pelling, Henry and Alastair J. Reid. A Short History of the Labour Party (12th ed. 2005) excerpt Archived 19 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- Ben Pimlott, Labour and the Left in the 1930s, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
- Plant, Raymond, Matt Beech and Kevin Hickson (2004), The Struggle for Labour's Soul: understanding Labour's political thought since 1945, Routledge
- Clive Ponting, Breach of Promise, 1964–70 (Penguin, 1990).
- Reeves, Rachel, and Martin McIvor. "Clement Attlee and the foundations of the British welfare state." Renewal: a Journal of Labour Politics 22.3/4 (2014): 42+ online Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- Rogers, Chris. "'Hang on a Minute, I've Got a Great Idea': From the Third Way to Mutual Advantage in the Political Economy of the British Labour Party." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 15#1 (2013): 53–69.
- Rosen, Greg, ed. Dictionary of Labour Biography. Politicos Publishing, 2001, 665pp; short biographies.
- Rose, Richard. The relation of socialist principles to British Labour foreign policy, 1945–51 (PhD. Dissertation. U of Oxford, 1960) online Archived 19 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- Rosen, Greg. Old Labour to New, Politicos Publishing, 2005.
- Shaw, Eric. The Labour Party since 1979: Crisis and Transformation (Routledge, 1994).
- Shaw, Eric. "Understanding Labour Party Management under Tony Blair." Political Studies Review 14.2 (2016): 153–162.
- Taylor, Robert. The Parliamentary Labour Party: A History 1906–2006 (2007).
- Worley, Matthew. Labour Inside the Gate: A History of the British Labour Party between the Wars (2009).
External links
- Official website
- Labour History Group website
- Guardian Unlimited Politics—Special Report: Labour Party
- Labour History Archive and Study Centre holds archives of the National Labour Party
- Labour Party (UK) discography at Discogs
- Catalogue of the Labour Party East Midlands Region archives held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
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