Regency era

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)
"The Regency" redirects here. For other uses, see Regency (disambiguation).

Regency era
c. 1795 – 1820 (1837)
George, Prince Regent[1]
Chronology
Georgian era Victorian era
Periods in English history
 
Prehistoric Britainuntil c. 43 AD
Roman Britainc. 43–410
Sub-Roman Britain410-c. 449
Anglo-Saxonc. 449–1066
Norman/Angevin1066–1216
Plantagenet1216–1485
Tudor1485–1603
Elizabethan1558–1603
Stuart1603–1714
Jacobean1603–1625
Caroline1625–1649
(Interregnum)1649–1660
Restoration1660–1714
Georgian era1714–1837
Regency era1811–1820
Victorian era1837–1901
Edwardian era1901–1914
First World War1914–1918
Interwar Britain1919–1939
Second World War1939–1945
Post-war Britain (political)1945–1979
Post-war Britain (social)1945–1979
See also
Timeline

The Regency era of

periodisation, the longer timespan is roughly the final third of the Georgian era (1714–1837), encompassing the last 25 years or so of George III's reign, including the official Regency, and the complete reigns of both George IV and his brother and successor William IV. It ends with the accession of Queen Victoria in June 1837 and is followed by the Victorian era
(1837–1901).

Although the Regency era is remembered as a time of refinement and culture, that was the preserve of the wealthy few, especially those in the Prince Regent's own social circle. For the masses, poverty was rampant as population began to concentrate due to industrial labour migration. City dwellers lived in increasingly larger

Representation of the People Act 1832. Led by William Wilberforce, there was increasing support for the abolitionist cause during the Regency era, culminating in passage of the Slave Trade Act 1807 and the Slavery Abolition Act 1833
.

The longer timespan recognises the wider social and cultural aspects of the Regency era, characterised by the distinctive

railways and the growth of the factory system. The Regency era overlapped with Romanticism and many of the major artists, musicians, novelists and poets of the Romantic movement were prominent Regency figures, such as Jane Austen, William Blake, Lord Byron, John Constable, John Keats, John Nash, Ann Radcliffe, Walter Scott, Mary Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, J. M. W. Turner and William Wordsworth
.

Legislative background

Minority of Successor to Crown Act 1751 following the death of his father Frederick, Prince of Wales, on 31 March 1751. George became heir apparent at the age of 12 and he would have succeeded as a minor if his grandfather had died before 4 June 1756, George's 18th birthday. As a contingency, the Act provided for his mother, Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales, to be appointed regent and discharge most but not all royal functions.[2]

In 1761, George III married Princess

Regency Bill 1789 which was passed by the House of Commons. Before the House of Lords could debate it, the King recovered and the Bill was withdrawn. Had it been passed into law, the Prince of Wales would have become the regent in 1789.[3]

The King's mental health continued to be a matter of concern but, whenever he was of sound mind, he opposed any further moves to implement a Regency Act. Finally, following the death on 2 November 1810 of his youngest daughter,

Regency Act 1811. The King was suspended from his duties as head of state and the Prince of Wales assumed office as Prince Regent on 5 February 1811.[4] At first, Parliament restricted some of the Regent's powers, but the constraints expired one year after the passage of the Act.[5] The Regency ended when George III died on 29 January 1820 and the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV.[6]

After George IV died in 1830, a further

Princess Victoria of Kent, aged eleven. The new Act provided for her mother, Victoria, Dowager Duchess of Kent to become regent in the event of William's death before 24 May 1837, the young Victoria's 18th birthday. The Act made allowance for Adelaide having another child, either before or after William's death. If the latter scenario had arisen, Victoria would have become Queen only temporarily until the new monarch was born. Adelaide had no more children and, as it happened, William died on 20 June 1837, just four weeks after Victoria was 18.[7]

Perceptions

Periodisation terminology

Officially, the Regency began on 5 February 1811 and ended on 29 January 1820 but the "Regency era", as such, is generally perceived to have been much longer. The term is commonly, though loosely, applied to the period from c. 1795 until the accession of

Great Reform Act on 7 June 1832.[9][10][11]

Social, economic and political counterpoints

The Prince Regent himself was one of the leading patrons of the

Brighton Pavilion, the ornate Carlton House, and many other public works and architecture. This all required considerable expense which neither the Regent himself nor HM Treasury could afford. The Regent's extravagance was pursued at the expense of the common people.[12]

While the Regency is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture, there was a concurrent need for social, political and economic change. The country was enveloped in the

Great Reform Act in 1832.[11][13]

Essentially, England during the Regency era was a stratified society in which political power and influence lay in the hands of the landed class. Their fashionable locales were worlds apart from the slums in which the majority of people existed. The slum districts were known as rookeries, a notorious example being St Giles in London. These were places where alcoholism, gambling, prostitution, thievery and violence prevailed.[14] The population boom, comprising an increase from just under a million in 1801 to one and a quarter million by 1820, heightened the crisis.[14] Robert Southey drew a comparison between the squalor of the slums and the glamour of the Regent's circle:[15]

The squalor that existed beneath the glamour and gloss of Regency society provided sharp contrast to the Prince Regent's social circle. Poverty was addressed only marginally. The formation of the Regency after the retirement of George III saw the end of a more pious and reserved society, and gave birth of a more frivolous, ostentatious one. This change was influenced by the Regent himself, who was kept entirely removed from the machinations of politics and military exploits. This did nothing to channel his energies in a more positive direction, thereby leaving him with the pursuit of pleasure as his only outlet, as well as his sole form of rebellion against what he saw as disapproval and censure in the form of his father.

The arts

Architecture

Regent's Park and London Zoo

In the 1810s, the Prince Regent proposed the conversion of Crown land in Marylebone and St Pancras into a pleasure garden. The design work was initially assigned to the architect John Nash but it was the father and son partnership of James and Decimus Burton who had the majority of input to the project.[16] Landscaping continued through the 1820s and Regent's Park was finally opened to the public in 1841.[17]

The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) was founded in 1826 by

Sir Humphry Davy. They obtained land alongside the route of the Regent's Canal through the northern perimeter of Regent's Park, between the City of Westminster and the London Borough of Camden. Following the death of Raffles soon afterwards, the 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne assumed responsibility for the project and supervised construction of the first animal houses.[18] At first, the zoo was used for scientific purposes only with admittance restricted to Fellows of the ZSL which, in 1829, was granted a Royal charter by George IV. The zoo was not opened to the public until 1847, after it became necessary to raise funds.[18]

Literature

Jane Austen, Lord Byron, Walter Scott and others were the most prominent writers of the Regency era. However, the time period also produced some of the 19th century's most prolific writers such as Charles Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, and Benjamin Disraeli.[19] Especially popular forms of literature at this time were novels and poetry, such as Lord Byron's The Regent's Bomb.[20]

Music

Wealthy households staged their own music events by relying on family members who could sing or play an instrument. For the vast majority of people, street performers provided their sole access to music of any kind. However, the upper class enjoyed music such as Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 30, Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Sonata in F major, MWV Q 7, and much more.[21][22] Especially popular composers of the time included Beethoven, Rossini, Liszt, and Mendelssohn.[23]

Painting

The most prominent landscape painters were

Royal Academy. The National Gallery
was established in London in 1824.

Theatre

Interior of Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, 1808

The plays of William Shakespeare were very popular throughout the period. The performers wore modern dress, however, rather than 16th-century costumes.[24]

London had three

Haymarket. Other prominent theatres were the Theatre Royal, Bath and the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin. The playwright and politician Richard Brinsley Sheridan
controlled the Drury Lane Theatre until it burned down in 1809.

Media

Among the popular newspapers, pamphlets and other publications of the era were:[citation needed]

Science and technology

In 1814,

silver fork novels" which depicted the lives of the rich and aristocratic. Publishers used these as a way of spreading gossip and scandal, often clearly hinting at identities. The novels were popular during the later years of the Regency era.[26]

Sport and recreation

Women's activities

During the Regency era and well into the succeeding Victorian era, society women were discouraged from exertion although many did take the opportunity to pursue activities such as dancing, riding and walking that were recreational rather than competitive. Depending on a lady's rank, she may be expected to be proficient in reading and writing, mathematics, dancing, music, sewing, and embroidery.

Mr Darcy. There was a contemporary belief that people had limited energy levels with women, as the "weaker sex", being most at risk of over-exertion because their menstruation cycles caused periodic energy reductions.[28]

Balls

One of the most common activities among the upper class was attending and hosting balls, house parties, and more. These often included dancing, food, and gossip. The food generally served included items such as white soup made with veal stock, almonds and cream, cold meats, salads, etc.[29]

Bare-knuckle boxing

Tom Cribb vs Tom Molineaux, 1811

prizefighting, was a popular sport through the 18th and 19th centuries. The Regency era has been called "the peak of British boxing" because the champion fighter in Britain was also, in effect, the world champion. Britain's only potential rival was the United States, where organised boxing began c. 1800.[30] Boxing was in fact illegal but local authorities, who were often involved on the gambling side of the sport, would turn a blind eye. In any case, the huge crowds that attended championship bouts were almost impossible to police. Like cricket and horse racing, boxing attracted gamblers. The sport needed the investment provided by gambling, but there was a seamier side in that many fights were fixed.[30]

At one time, prizefighting was "anything goes" but the champion boxer Jack Broughton proposed a set of rules in 1743 that were observed throughout the Regency era until they were superseded by the London Prize Ring Rules in 1838.[30] Broughton's rules were a reaction to "bar room brawling" as they restricted fighters to use of the fists only. A round ended when a fighter was grounded and the rules prohibited the hitting of a downed opponent. He was helped to his corner and then had thirty seconds in which to "step up to the mark", which was a line drawn for that purpose so that the fighters squared off less than a yard apart. The next round would then begin. A fighter who failed to step up and square off was declared the loser. Contests continued until one fighter could not step up.[30]

There were no weight divisions and so a

post-Reform Parliament from December 1832 to July 1837.[32] Cribb was the first fighter to be acclaimed world champion after he twice defeated the American Tom Molineaux in 1811.[33][34]

Cricket

Marylebone Cricket Club, widely known as MCC, was founded in 1787 and became cricket's governing body. In 1788, the club drafted and published a revised version of the sport's rules. MCC had considerable influence throughout the Regency era and its ground, Lord's, became cricket's premier venue.[35] There were in fact three Lord's grounds. The first, opened in 1787 when the club was formed, was on the site of Dorset Square in Marylebone, hence the name of the club.[36] The lease was terminated in 1811 because of a rental dispute and the club took temporary lease of a second ground in St John's Wood.[36] This was in use for only three seasons until the land was requisitioned because it was on the proposed route of the Regent's Canal. MCC moved to a nearby site on which they established their present ground.[37]

Lord Byron played for Harrow School in the first Eton v Harrow match at Lord's in 1805.[38] The match became an annual event in the social calendar.[citation needed]

Lord's staged the first

working-class professionals (Players). The first match featured Billy Beldham and William Lambert, who have been recognised as the outstanding professionals of the period, and Lord Frederick Beauclerk as the outstanding amateur player.[citation needed] The 1821 match ended prematurely after the Gentlemen team, well behind in the contest, conceded defeat. This had been billed as the "Coronation Match" because it celebrated the accession of the Prince Regent as King George IV and the outcome was described by the sports historian Sir Derek Birley as "a suitably murky affair".[citation needed
]

Football

Football being played in Scotland, c. 1830

mob football into an organised team sport. The earliest-known versions of football code rules were written at Eton College (1815) and Aldenham School (1825).[41]

Horse racing

1,000 Guineas Stakes (1814).[42]

National Hunt racing began in 18th century Ireland and developed in England through the Regency era. There are tentative references to races held between 1792 and 1810.[43] The first definitely recorded hurdle race took place on Durdham Down, near Bristol, in 1821.[44] The first officially recognised steeplechase was over a cross-country route in Bedfordshire on 8 March 1830.[45]

Aintree Racecourse held its first meeting on 7 July 1829.[46] On 29 February 1836, a race called the Grand Liverpool Steeplechase was held. One of its organisers was Captain Martin Becher who rode The Duke to victory. The infamous sixth fence at Aintree is called Becher's Brook. The 1836 race, which became an annual event, is recognised by some as the first Grand National, but there are historical uncertainties about the three races between 1836 and 1838 so they are officially regarded as precursors to the Grand National. Some sources insist they were held on Old Racecourse Farm in nearby Maghull but this is impossible as that course closed in 1835.[47] The first official Grand National was the 1839 race.[48]

Rowing and sailing

Solent in August 1826.[50]

Track and field athletics

paper chase races in which the hounds followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes". The oldest running race of the modern era is Shrewsbury's Annual Steeplechase (cross-country), first definitely recorded in 1834.[52]

Events

1811
George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales,
Carlton House in celebration of his assumption of the Regency. Luddite
uprisings. Glasgow weavers riot.
1812
Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated in the House of Commons. The final shipment of the Elgin Marbles arrived in England. Sarah Siddons retired from the stage. Shipping and territory disputes started the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States. The British were victorious over French armies at the Battle of Salamanca. Gas company (Gas Light and Coke Company) founded. Charles Dickens, English writer and social critic of the Victorian era, was born on 7 February 1812.
1813
Poet Laureate
.
1814
Invasion of France by allies led to the
River Thames Frost Fair was held, which was the last time the river froze. Gas lighting introduced in London streets.
Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo
1815
John Loudon Macadam's road construction method
adopted.
1816
Income tax abolished. A "
year without a summer" followed a volcanic eruption in Indonesia. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein. William Cobbett published his newspaper as a pamphlet. The British returned Indonesia to the Dutch. Regent's Canal, London, phase one of construction. Beau Brummell
escaped his creditors by fleeing to France.
1817
Captain Bligh
died.
1818
Queen Charlotte died at Kew. Manchester cotton spinners went on strike. Riot in Stanhope, County Durham between lead miners and the Bishop of Durham's men over Weardale game rights. Piccadilly Circus constructed in London. Frankenstein published. Emily Brontë born.
1819
Sir Stamford Raffles, a British administrator, founded Singapore. First steam-propelled vessel (the SS Savannah) crossed the Atlantic and arrived in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia
.
1820
Death of George III and the accession of The Prince Regent as George IV. The House of Lords passed a bill to grant George IV a divorce from Queen Caroline, but because of public pressure, the bill was dropped. John Constable began work on The Hay Wain. Cato Street Conspiracy failed. Royal Astronomical Society founded. Venus de Milo discovered.

Places

The following is a list of places associated with the Regency era:[54]

Change in Bond Street, James Gillray

Notable people

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1814
Lord Byron
Edward Jenner
Joseph Banks
John Nash
Horatio Nelson
Walter Scott

For more names see Newman (1997).[64]

Gallery

  • "Neckclothitania", 1818
    "Neckclothitania", 1818
  • Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808–1811
    Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808–1811
  • Brighton Pavilion, 1826
    Brighton Pavilion, 1826
  • Carlton House, Pall Mall, London
    Carlton House, Pall Mall, London
  • Vauxhall Gardens, 1808–1811
    Vauxhall Gardens, 1808–1811
  • Church of All Souls, architect John Nash, 1823
    Church of All Souls, architect John Nash, 1823
  • Regent's Canal, Limehouse, 1823
    Regent's Canal, Limehouse, 1823
  • Frost Fair, Thames River, 1814
    Frost Fair, Thames River, 1814
  • The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, 1819
    The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, 1819
  • Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, 1817
    Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, 1817
  • Morning dress, Ackermann, 1820
    Morning dress, Ackermann, 1820
  • Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton, 1752–1818
    Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton, 1752–1818
  • Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819
    Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819
  • Beau Brummell, 1805
    Beau Brummell, 1805
  • Battle of Waterloo, 1815
    Battle of Waterloo, 1815
  • Almack's Assembly Room, 1805–1825
    Almack's Assembly Room, 1805–1825
  • Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811
    Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811
  • The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811
    The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811
  • Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833
    Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833
  • 100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824–1834
    100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824–1834
  • Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801
    Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801
  • Custom Office, London Docks, 1811–1843
    Custom Office, London Docks, 1811–1843
  • Customs and Excise, London Docks, 1820
    Customs and Excise, London Docks, 1820
  • Mail coach, 1827
    Mail coach, 1827
  • Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812
    Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812
  • The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 1808–1811
    The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann's Microcosm of London, 1808–1811
  • Covent Garden Theatre, 1827–28
    Covent Garden Theatre, 1827–28

See also

References

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  6. ^ Innes (1915), p. 81.
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  24. ^ Tapley, Jane. Jane Austen’s Regency World Magazine, volume 17, page 23.
  25. ^ Morgan, Marjorie. (1994). Manners, Morals, and Class in England, 1774–1859, p. 34. New York: St. Martin's Press.
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  31. ^ "The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia presents The Bare Knuckle Heavyweight Champions of England". Cyber Boxing Zone. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  32. ^ Miles, Henry Downes (1906). Pugilistica: the history of British boxing containing lives of the most celebrated pugilists. Edinburgh: John Grant. pp. 182–192. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  33. ^ Pierce Egan, Boxiana, Volume I (1813).
  34. ^ Snowdon, David (2013). Writing the Prizefight: Pierce Egan's Boxiana World.
  35. Warner, Pelham
    (1946). Lord's 1787–1945. Harrap. pp. 17–18.
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  37. ^ Warner, p. 19.
  38. ^ Williamson, Martin (18 June 2005). "The oldest fixture of them all: the annual Eton vs Harrow match". Cricinfo Magazine. London: Wisden Group. Retrieved 23 July 2008.[permanent dead link]
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  64. ISBN 978-0-8153-0396-1
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Sources

Crime and punishment

Primary sources

External links

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