British protectorate
British protectorates were
Implementation
When the British took over
The princely states of India was another example of indirect rule during the time of Empire.[4] So too were many of the West African holdings.[5]
Other British protectorates followed. In the Pacific Ocean the sixteen islands of the Gilberts (now
In 1894, Prime Minister
British law makes a distinction between a protectorate and a protected state. Constitutionally the two are of similar status, in which Britain provides controlled defence and external relations. However, a protectorate has an internal government established, while a protected state establishes a form of local internal self-government based on the already existing one.
Persons connected with a former British protectorate, protected state,
The last British protectorate proper was the British Solomon Islands, now Solomon Islands, which gained independence in 1978; the last British protected state was Brunei, which gained full independence in 1984.[9]
List of former British protectorates
Americas
- William Courteen, followed by James Hay I)
- Mosquito Coast (1638–1860) (over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)
Arab world
- Aden Protectorate (1872–1963); precursor state of South Yemen[10]
- Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Haudhramaut); later the Protectorate of South Arabia (1963–1967)
- Western Protectorate States; later the Aden Colony
- Wahidi Sultanates (these included: Balhaf, Azzan, Bir Ali, and Habban)
- Beihan
- Dhala and Qutaibi
- Fadhli
- Lahej
- Lower Yafa
- Audhali
- Haushabi
- Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
- Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
- Lower Aulaqi
- Alawi
- Aqrabi
- Dathina
- Shaib
- Nejd
- Hasa
- Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
- Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956) (condominium with Egypt)
Asia
- Sultanate of Maldives (1887–1965)[11]
- Kingdom of Sikkim (1861–1947)[12]
- Manipur Kingdom (1826–1891)[13]
- Various British Paramountcy.
Europe
- British Cyprus (1871–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then proclaimed a Crown colony 1922–60)
- Malta Protectorate (1800–1813); Crown Colony of Malta proclaimed in 1813) (de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily but under British protection)
- amical protectorateof Great Britain between 1815 and 1864)
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Barotseland Protectorate (1900–1964)
- Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
- British Somaliland (1884–1960)[10]
- East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)
- Gambia Colony and Protectorate* (1894–1965)
- Kenya Protectorate* (1920–1963)
- Nigeria* (1914-1960)
- Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
- Northern Rhodesia (1924–1964)
- Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)(1901–1957)
- Nyasaland Protectorate (1893–1964) ( British Central Africa Protectorateuntil 1907)
- Sierra Leone Protectorate* (1896–1961)
- Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
- Swaziland(1903–1968)
- Uganda Protectorate(1894–1962)
- Walvis Bay (1878–1884)
- Sultanate of Zanzibar (1890–1963)
*protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name
Oceania
- Territory of Papua (1884–1888)
- British Solomon Islands (1893–1978)
- Cook Islands (1888–1901)
- Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1892–1916)
- Niue (1900–1901)
- Tokelau (1877–1916)
List of former British protected states
As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, it becoming clear only after it was lifted.[2]
- Brunei (1888–1984)
- Bhutan (1910–1947)[14]
- Cis-Sutlej states[15][16](Some states:1809–1849; All states:1849-1947)
- Emirate of Afghanistan (1879–1919)[a][14]
- Kingdom of Nepal (1816–1923)[14]
- Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1936)[17]
- Federation of Malaya (1948–1957)
- Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
- Negeri Sembilan (1888–1895)
- Sungai Ujong(1874–1888)
- Jelebu(1886–1895)
- Pahang (1888–1895)
- Perak (1874–1895)
- Selangor (1874–1895)
- Negeri Sembilan (1888–1895)
- Unfederated Malay States (1904/09–1946)
- Federated Malay States (1895–1946)
- Tonga (1900–1970)
- British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822–1971); headquarters based at Bushire, Persia
- Persia (1919–1921)
- Bahrain (1880–1971)[14]
- Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1899–1961)[14]
- Qatar (1916–1971)
- Trucial States; precursor state of the UAE (1892–1971)[14]
- Muscat and Oman (1892–1970) (informal)[18][2]
- Kingdom of Sarawak (1888–1946)
- North Borneo (1888–1946)
- Sultanate of Maldives (1948-1965)
- Swaziland (1967–1968)
References
- ^ UK Statutory Instruments (1974). "The British Protectorates, Protected States and Protected Persons Order 1974". Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), pp. 50–51.
- ^ Commons, Great Britain Parliament House of (1801). Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons. Ordered to be printed.
- ^ Lakshmi Iyer, "Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences." The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92#4 pp. 693–713 online Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 (London: Longman, 1972)
- ^ Resture, Jane. "TUVALU HISTORY – 'The Davis Diaries' (H.M.S. Royalist, 1892 visit to Ellice Islands under Captain Davis)". Janeresture.com. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
- ^ Faaniu, Simati (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". In Laracy, Hugh (ed.). Tuvalu: A History. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139.
- ^ Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 897
- ^ "Brunei - History | Britannica".
- ^ a b Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), p. 51.
- ^ "Timeline – Story of Independence". Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-90-04-20895-7
- ISBN 978-1-317-34004-1
- ^ a b c d e f Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009), p. 50.
- ^ Cunningham, Joseph Davy (1849). A History of the Sikhs: From the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej. John Murray.
- ^ Meyer, William Stevenson (1908). "Ferozepur district". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. XII. p. 90.
But the British Government, established at Delhi since 1803, intervened with an offer of protection to all the CIS-SUTLEJ STATES; and Dhanna Singh gladly availed himself of the promised aid, being one of the first chieftains to accept British protection
- ^ "Histories of the Modern Middle East". Laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ Francis Carey Owtram (1999). "Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920" (PDF). University of London. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
Bibliography
- Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022, retrieved 16 November 2019
- ^ The British held a de jure protected state over Afghanistan. Despite agreeing to the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak, Abdur Rahman Khan held Afghanistan as a de-facto independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as Persia and Russia, and often opposing the British.