Shilling (British coin)

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British shilling coin
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One shilling
United Kingdom
Value£0.05
Mass(1816–1970) 5.66 g
Diameter(1816–1970) 23.60 mm
EdgeMilled
Composition
Years of mintingc. 1548 – 1966
Obverse
William Gardner
Design date1947

The

sterling coinage worth 120 of one pound, or twelve pence. It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon, and became known as the shilling, from the Old English scilling,[1] sometime in the mid-16th century. It circulated until 1990. The word bob was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings, e.g. "ten-bob note". Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence, and a new coin of the same value but labelled as "five new pence" or "five pence" was minted with the same size as the shilling until 1990, after which the shilling no longer remained legal tender.[2] It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1946, and thereafter in cupronickel
.

Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system ("£sd"), under which the largest unit was a pound (£) divided into 20 shillings (s), each of 12 pence (d).

Although the coin was not minted until the 16th century, the value of a shilling had been used for accounting purposes since the

conquest; before this various English coins equalling 4, 5, and 12 pence had all been known as shillings.[3]

The notation ss/dd for a number of shillings and pence was widely used (e.g., "19/11" for nineteen shillings and eleven pence). The form ss/– was used for a number of shillings and zero pence (e.g., "5/–" for five shillings exactly).

History

Edward VI
, struck between 1551 and 1553

The first coins of the pound sterling with the value of 12d were minted in 1503

Elizabeth's reign newly minted coins, including the testoon (now known as the shilling), had a much higher silver content and regained their pre-debasement value.[7]

Shillings were minted during the reigns of every English monarch after Edward VI, as well as during the

troy ounce, equivalent to 87.273 grains or 5.655 grams
.

The Royal Mint debased the silver coinage in 1920 from 92.5% silver to 50% silver. Shillings of both alloys were minted that year.

Second World War. New "silver" coinage was instead minted in cupronickel, an alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel.[12]

Beginning with Lord Wrottesley's proposals in the 1820s there were various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling over the next century and a half.[13][14] These attempts came to nothing significant until the 1960s when the need for a currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence.[15] Decimal Day was set for 15 February 1971, and a whole range of new coins was introduced. Shillings continued to be legal tender with a value of 5 new pence until 31 December 1990.[2]

Design

The Scottish reverse design of a 1966 shilling.

Testoons issued during the reign of Henry VII feature a right-facing portrait of the king on the obverse. Surrounding the portrait is the inscription HENRICUS DI GRA REX ANGL Z FRA, or similar, meaning "Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England and France".

Royal Arms of England, surrounded by the inscription POSVI DEVM ADIVTORE MEVM, or a variant, meaning "I have made God my helper".[16]

Elizabeth I and Mary I shillings are exceptions to this; the former has the denomination printed on the reverse, above the coat of arms, and the latter has no denomination printed at all. Some shillings issued during Mary's reign bear the date of minting, printed above the dual portraits of Mary and Philip.[17]

Early shillings of James I feature the alternative reverse inscription EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI, meaning "Let God arise and His enemies be scattered", becoming QVAE DEVS CONIVNXIT NEMO SEPARET, meaning "What God hath put together let no man put asunder" after 1604.[18][19]

In popular culture

Rochester
illustrates the conversion between pence and shillings, going up in units of ten old pennies.

A slang name for a shilling was a "bob" (plural as singular, as in "that cost me two bob"). The first recorded use was in a case of

coining heard at the Old Bailey in 1789, when it was described as cant, "well understood among a certain set of people", but heard only among criminals and their associates.[20]

In the Gambia, white people are called toubabs, which may derive from the colonial practice of paying locals two shillings for running errands.[21] An alternate etymology holds that the name is derived from French toubib, i.e. doctor.[22]

To "take the King's shilling" was to enlist in the army or navy, a phrase dating back to the early 19th century.[23]

To "cut someone off with a shilling", often quoted as "cut off without a shilling" means to disinherit. Although having no basis in English law, some believe that leaving a family member a single shilling in one's will ensured that it could not be challenged in court as an oversight.[24]

A popular legend holds that a shilling was the value of a cow in Kent, or a sheep elsewhere.[25]

Mintages

[26] Victoria

  • 1838 - 1,956,240
  • 1839 - 5,666,760
  • 1840 - 1,639,440
  • 1841 - 875,160
  • 1842 - 2,094,840
  • 1843 - 1,465,200
  • 1844 - 4,466,760
  • 1845 - 4,082,760
  • 1846 - 4,031,280
  • 1848 - 1,041,480
  • 1849 - 645,480
  • 1850 - 685,080
  • 1851 - 470,071
  • 1852 - 1,306,574
  • 1853 - 4,256,188
  • 1854 - 522,414
  • 1855 - 1,368,499
  • 1856 - 3,168,600
  • 1857 - 2,562,120
  • 1858 - 3,108,600
  • 1859 - 4,561,920
  • 1860 - 1,671,120
  • 1861 - 1,382,040
  • 1862 - 954,360
  • 1863 - 839,320
  • 1864 - 4,518,360
  • 1865 - 5,619,240
  • 1866 - 4,989,600
  • 1867 - 2,166,120
  • 1868 - 3,330,360
  • 1869 - 736,560
  • 1870 - 1,467,471
  • 1871 - 4,910,010
  • 1872 - 8,897,781
  • 1873 - 6,589,598
  • 1874 - 5,503,747
  • 1875 - 4,353,983
  • 1876 - 1,057,387
  • 1877 - 2,980,703
  • 1878 - 3,127,131
  • 1879 - 3,611,407
  • 1880 - 4,842,786
  • 1881 - 5,255,332
  • 1882 - 1,611,786
  • 1883 - 7,281,450
  • 1884 - 3,923,993
  • 1885 - 3,336,527
  • 1886 - 2,086,819
  • 1887 - 4,034,133
  • 1888 - 4,526,856
  • 1889 - 7,039,628
  • 1890 - 8,794,042
  • 1891 - 5,665,348
  • 1892 - 4,591,622
  • 1893 - 7,040,386
  • 1894 - 5,953,152
  • 1895 - 8,880,651
  • 1896 - 9,264,551
  • 1897 - 6,270,364
  • 1898 - 9,768,703
  • 1899 - 10,965,382
  • 1900 - 10,937,590
  • 1901 - 3,426,294

Edward VII

  • 1902 - 7,905,604
  • 1903 - 2,061,823
  • 1904 - 2,040,161
  • 1905 - 488,390
  • 1906 - 10,791,025
  • 1907 - 14,083,418
  • 1908 - 3,806,969
  • 1909 - 5,664,982
  • 1910 - 26,547,236

George V

  • 1911 - 20,065,908; 6,000 (Proof)
  • 1912 - 15,594,009
  • 1913 - 9,011,509
  • 1914 - 23,415,843
  • 1915 - 39,279,024
  • 1916 - 35,862,015
  • 1917 - 22,202,608
  • 1918 - 34,915,934
  • 1919 - 10,823,824
  • 1920 - 22,865,142
  • 1921 - 22,648,763
  • 1922 - 27,215,738
  • 1923 - 14,575,243
  • 1924 - 9,250,095
  • 1925 - 5,418,764
  • 1926 - 22,516,453
  • 1927 - 9,262,244
  • 1928 - 18,136,778
  • 1929 - 19,343,006
  • 1930 - 3,137,092
  • 1931 - 6,993,926
  • 1932 - 12,168,101
  • 1933 - 11,511,624
  • 1934 - 6,138,463
  • 1935 - 9,183,462
  • 1936 - 11,910,613

George VI

English Crest

  • 1937 - 8,359,524; 26,000 (Proof)
  • 1938 - 4,833,436
  • 1939 - 11,052,677
  • 1940 - 11,099,126
  • 1941 - 11,391,883
  • 1942 - 17,453,643
  • 1943 - 11,404,213
  • 1944 - 11,586,751
  • 1945 - 15,143,404
  • 1946 - 18,663,797
  • 1947 - 12,120,611
  • 1948 - 45,576,923
  • 1949 - 19,328,405
  • 1950 - 19,261,385; 17,500 (Proof)
  • 1951 - 9,956,930; 20,000 (Proof)

Scottish Crest

  • 1937 - 6,775,877; 26,000 (Proof)
  • 1938 - 4,797,852
  • 1939 - 10,263,892
  • 1940 - 9,913,089
  • 1941 - 8,086,830
  • 1942 - 13,676,759
  • 1943 - 9,824,214
  • 1944 - 10,990,167
  • 1945 - 15,106,270
  • 1946 - 16,381,501
  • 1947 - 12,283,223
  • 1948 - 45,351,937
  • 1949 - 21,243,074
  • 1950 - 14,299,614; 18,000 (Proof)
  • 1951 - 10,961,174; 20,000 (Proof)


Elizabeth II

English Shield

  • 1953 - 41,943,800; 40,000 (Proof)
  • 1954 - 30,162,032
  • 1955 - 45,259,908
  • 1956 - 44,970,009
  • 1957 - 42,774,217
  • 1958 - 14,392,305
  • 1959 - 19,442,778
  • 1960 - 27,027,932
  • 1961 - 39,816,907
  • 1962 - 36,704,374
  • 1963 - 44,714,000
  • 1964 - 13,617,440
  • 1965 - 11,236,000
  • 1966 - 15,002,000
  • 1970 - 750,476 (Proof only)

Scottish Shield

  • 1953 - 20,663,528; 40,000 (Proof)
  • 1954 - 26,771,735
  • 1955 - 27,950,906
  • 1956 - 42,853,639
  • 1957 - 17,959,988
  • 1958 - 40,822,557
  • 1959 - 1,012,988
  • 1960 - 14,375,932
  • 1961 - 2,762,558
  • 1962 - 18,967,310
  • 1963 - 32,300,000
  • 1964 - 5,246,560
  • 1965 - 31,364,000
  • 1966 - 15,604,000
  • 1970 - 750,476 (Proof only)

Notes

  1. ^ 75% Cu and 25% Ni

References

  1. ^ "Pounds, shillings & pence". Royal Mint Museum. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  2. ^ .
  3. ^ a b "Requiem for the Shilling". Royal Mint Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  4. ^ Abraham Rees (1819). The Cyclopaedia; Or, Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature. – London, Longman, Hurst (usw.) 1819–20. Longman, Hurst. p. 403.
  5. ^ a b "Shilling". Royal Mint Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  6. from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
  7. from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  8. ^ Manville, H. E.; Gaspar, P. P. (2004). "The 1787 Shilling – A Transition in Minting Technique" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 74: 84–103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
  9. ^ Clancy, Kevin (1990). The recoinage and exchange of 1816–1817 (Ph.D.). University of Leeds. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
  10. ISBN 978-1-4457-5301-0. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2016.[self-published source
    ]
  11. ^ The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association. 1972.
  12. .
  13. ^ The Bankers' Magazine. Waterlow. 1855. p. 139.
  14. .
  15. ^ "The Story of Decimalisation". Royal Mint. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  16. ^ Henry Noel Humphreys (1853). The Coin Collector's Manual, Or Guide to the Numismatic Student in the Formation of a Cabinet of Coins: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire. Bohn. p. 682.
  17. ^ a b "Shilling". Coins of the UK. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  18. ^ Moriesson, Lieut.-Colonel H. W. (1907). "The Silver Coins of James I" (PDF). British Numismatic Journal. 4: 165–180. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-11-10. Retrieved 2015-01-19.
  19. ^ "Hammered coin inscriptions and their meanings". Paul Shields. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  20. ^ Sessions Papers of the Old Bailey for 3 June 1789, quoted in "bob, n.8". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.
  21. ^ The Gambia Archived 2008-09-12 at the Wayback Machine, eBizguides
  22. ^ The Rough Guide to the Gambia Archived 2016-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, p. 65, Emma Gregg and Richard Trillo, Rough Guides, 2003
  23. ^ "The King's Shilling". BBC History – Fact files. BBC. 2005-01-28. Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
  24. ^ Dictionary of Phrase and Fable Archived 2016-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, E. Cobham Brewer, 1898
  25. ^ Gerald Kennedy (1959). A Second Reader's Notebook. New York: Harper & Brothers.
  26. ^ Club, Online Coin. "Shilling, Coin Type from United Kingdom". Online Coin Club. Archived from the original on 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-11-04.

External links