Broad-gauge railway
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A broad-gauge railway is a
Broad gauge of
Broad gauge of
Broad gauge of 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in), commonly known as Indian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Argentina, Chile, and on BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) in the San Francisco Bay Area. This is the widest gauge in common use anywhere in the world. It is possible for trains on both Iberian gauge and Indian gauge to travel on each other's tracks with no modifications in the vast majority of cases.[citation needed]
History
In
The
While the parliament of the
In 1839, the Netherlands started its railway system with two broad-gauge railways. The chosen gauge of 1,945 mm (6 ft 4+9⁄16 in) was applied between 1839 and 1866 by the
The erstwhile
In
In 1851, the 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge was officially adopted as the standard gauge for the
In the early days of rail transport in the US, railways tended to be built out from coastal cities into the
Six-foot-gauge railroads (
Many early New York railways were Erie railroad-built branch lines, while others were independent railroads that wanted to partner and interchange with the Erie. These included the Walkill Valley, the Albany and Susquehanna (later part of the Delaware and Hudson); the Elmira, Jefferson & Canandaigua (later the Northern Central, becoming part of the Pennsylvania Railroad); the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western mainline (which also had a significant amount of trackage in Pennsylvania); predecessor lines of the New York and Oswego Midland (later the New York, Ontario, and Western); and the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls (later becoming part of the New York Central railroad's Peanut Route along the shoreline of Lake Ontario). However, by the late 1870s, the trend was inevitable, and conversion to standard gauge began, some lines first becoming "dual gauged" with the addition of a third running rail. Between 1876 and 1880, most of the remaining six-foot gauge trackage was converted.[9]
In 1886, the railways in the Southern United States agreed to coordinate changing gauge on all their tracks. After considerable debate and planning, most of the southern rail network was converted from 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge to 4 ft 9 in (1,448 mm) gauge, nearly the standard of the Pennsylvania Railroad, over two days beginning on 31 May 1886. Over a period of 36 hours, tens of thousands of workers pulled the spikes from the west rail of all the broad-gauge lines in the South, moved them 3 in (76 mm) east and spiked them back in place. The new gauge was close enough that standard-gauge equipment could run on it without difficulty. By June 1886, all major railroads in North America were using approximately the same gauge. The final conversion to true standard gauge took place gradually as track was maintained.[10]
Some North American tram (streetcar) lines intentionally deviated from standard gauge. This may have been to make the tram companies less tempting targets for takeovers by the steam railways (or competing tram companies), which would be unable to run their trains over the tram tracks.[11]
The use of a non-standard gauge precludes interoperability of rolling stock on railway networks. On the British Great Western Railway the 7 ft 1⁄4 in (2,140 mm) gauge was supposed to allow high speed, but the company had difficulty with locomotive design in the early years, losing much of the advantage, and rapid advances in railway track and suspension technology allowed standard-gauge speeds to approach broad-gauge speeds within a decade or two. On the 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) and 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauges, the extra width allowed bigger inside cylinders and greater power, a problem solvable by using outside cylinders and higher steam pressure on standard gauge. In the end, the most powerful engines on standard gauge in North America and Scandinavia far exceeded the power of any early broad-gauge locomotive, but then met limits set by other factors such as the capacity of manual stoking, the axle (and total) locomotive weight that would trigger upgrades to the rails and bridges, the maximum wheelbase and/or boiler length compatible with an individual route's curves.
In the 1930s German engineering studies focused on a Breitspurbahn system of railways of 3 meter gauge to serve Hitler's future German Empire.
High Speed Rail
Spain uses standard gauge track for its high speed railways in order to provide cross-border services with France and the rest of Western Europe, but runs high speed trains on its legacy broad gauge network at 200 km/h (120 mph) and are developing trains to travel at speeds in excess of 250 km/h (160 mph). Russia uses a modified
South Asia primarily uses the broad gauge for its passenger rail services and the fastest broad gauge train presently in the region is the Indian Railways'
Gauges
4 ft 10+7⁄8 in gauge
This gauge is used by the Toronto streetcar system and the Toronto subway
5 ft and 1520 mm gauge
This gauge was first used in the United Kingdom and the United States before it became the standard gauge for most railways in the former Soviet Union.
Russian gauge or CIS gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) is the second most widely used gauge in the world, and spans the whole of the former Soviet Union/CIS bloc including the Baltic states and Mongolia. Finland uses 1,524 mm (5 ft). The difference is clearly lower than the tolerance margin, so through running is feasible. Care must be taken when servicing international trains because the wear profile of the wheels differs from that of trains that run on domestic tracks only.
When the Finnish rail network was founded in 1862, Finland was the
5 ft 3 in gauge
As part of the railway gauge standardisation considered by the United Kingdom Parliamentary Gauge Commission, Ireland was allocated its own gauge, Irish gauge. Ireland then had three gauges, and the new standard would be a fourth.
The Irish gauge of 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) is used in Ireland and parts of
5 ft 4+1⁄2 in
This gauge was once used by the
Iberian gauge
As finally established, the Iberian gauge of 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in) is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges first adopted as respective national standards in Spain and Portugal in the mid-19th century. The main railway networks of Spain were initially constructed to a 1,672 mm (5 ft 5+13⁄16 in) gauge of six Castilian feet. Those of Portugal were initially built in standard gauge, but by 1864 were all
5 ft 6 in gauge
The 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge was first used in
Later this gauge was adopted as a standard for many British colonies such as
In 1851, the 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge was officially adopted as the standard gauge for the
In US, this gauge was adopted for many lines, but soon fell out in favour of standard gauge. Today, only California's Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) uses this gauge.
In
This gauge is the widest gauge in regular passenger use in the world.
Broader gauges
Some industrial uses require still broader gauges, such as:
- Large telescopes and telescope arrays.
- rocket launches from Kennedy Space Center, which use caterpillar trackson a river stone roadbed because other solutions cannot support the loads required).
- Gantry crane for unloading cargo from ships, loading cargo onto ships and for constructing ships.
- Incline elevator and Canal inclined plane, for transportation on sloped way.
Gallery
-
Broad gauge track for CSIRO Australia Telescope in Narrabri
-
Dockside crane on wide gauge tracks at the former South Boston Naval Annex's Dry Dock Number 3
-
The Krasnoyarsk Dam's inclined plane is an electric rack railway having gauge of 9,000 mm (29 ft 6+5⁄16 in), making it the widest gauge railway of any type in the world
These applications might use double track of the country's usual gauge to provide the necessary stability and axle load. [citation needed] These applications may also use much heavier than normal rails, the heaviest rails for trains being about 70 kg/m (141 lb/yd). Vehicles on these gauges generally operate at very low speeds.
See also
- Breitspurbahn
- List of track gauges
- List of tram systems by gauge and electrification
- Ramsey car-transfer apparatus
- Track gauge
References
- ^ Connection
- ^ "Railroads Asia – Up And Down India".
- ^ Indian Railways: Some Fascinating Facts, "Train Atlas", Train Atlas, Indian Railways, 2003
- ^ "Verkehrsrundschau, April 30, 2007". Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ Spanien: Bahn bis 2020 auf Normalspur
- ^ Kalinowski, Tess (6 January 2010). "Transit City measures up to international standard". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
- ^ Stover, John F. (1995). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Purdue University Press.
- ^ Wright, Geo. B. (1868). Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs to the Governor of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1868. Google Books: State of Ohio. p. 329.
- ^ The Day They Changed the Gauge on the D.L.& W. by Richard Palmer
- ^ "The Days They Changed the Gauge". southern.railfan.net. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ "Columbus' Streetcar Track Gauge: 5'2" vs 4'8 1/2"". Columbus Railroads. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-4014-2. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
Worst of all, not all city systems were built to the standard American and European gauge of 4'-81⁄2". Pittsburgh and most other Pennsylvania cities used 5'-21⁄2", which became known as the Pennsylvania trolley gauge. Cincinnati used 5'-21⁄2", Philadelphia 5'-21⁄4", Columbus 5'-2", Altoona 5'-3", Louisville and Camden 5'-0", Canton and Pueblo 4'-0", Denver, Tacoma, and Los Angeles 3'-6", Toronto an odd 4'-107⁄8", and Baltimore a vast 5'-41⁄2".
- ^ "Vande Bharat Express: India's fastest train Vande Bharat achieves 130 kmph speed during inaugural run". The Times of India. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ "India's 11th Vande Bharat Express from Bhopal-Delhi dashes at speed of 161 kmph! Know connecting routes, frequency and significance". Financialexpress. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
- ^ "Train 20: World-class semi-high speed train sets to replace Indian Railways Rajdhani Express; know about them". Financialexpress. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Das, Mamuni. "India must adopt broad gauge for high-speed rail: Siemens Mobility". @businessline. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ സിൽവർ ലൈൻ പദ്ധതിയിൽ ഒന്നും മറച്ചു വയ്ക്കാനില്ല | K-Rail MD Ajith Kumar | Straight Line EP 440, retrieved 28 March 2022
- ^ "Third Rail System: Increased Danger Alleged". The Argus. Melbourne. 12 March 1926. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ "Break of Gauge". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 13 April 1915. p. 10. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ Pequena História dos Caminhos de Ferro em Portugal. Archived 27 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The New York Times Magazine, 11 May 2008, p. 65