Broadcast network

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A terrestrial network (or broadcast network in the United States) is a group of

programming for local terrestrial television station affiliates to air using signals that can be picked up by the home television sets of local viewers.[1]
Networks generally, but not always, operate on a national scale; that is, they cover an entire country.

webcasting
are sometimes considered forms of broadcasting despite the lack of terrestrial stations; its practitioners may also be called "broadcasters" or even "broadcast networks".

Logos of the four major U.S. terrestrial television networks (clockwise from top left: NBC, CBS, ABC, and Fox.), along with The CW.

American networks

AT&T's "WEAF Chain"

Original major radio broadcasting networks in the United States
The WEAF and WJZ chains

Following the introduction of radio broadcasting in the early 1920s, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) developed the first radio network, linking together individual stations with specially prepared long-distance telephone lines in what at the time was called a "chain". The key station was AT&T's WEAF (now WFAN) in New York City. The network featured a variety of regularly scheduled programs which included sponsorships (at the time not called advertising but "toll broadcasting").[2]

From the beginning, AT&T planned to eventually expand nationwide, so that national companies would be able reach large portions of the nation with their brand names and slogans in an efficient manner. At first the network's expansion was slow. In 1924, the Eveready Hour was broadcast over 12 stations, primarily located in the U.S. Northeast. Eveready Hour was the first commercially sponsored variety show in the history of broadcasting. By 1925, AT&T had linked together 26 stations in its network.[3]

AT&T eventually decided to concentrate on its most profitable business, telephones, and in 1926 sold its broadcasting interests to the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). RCA's purchase included an agreement to lease AT&T phone lines.[3]

RCA's "WJZ Chain"

In 1922 the

Radio Corporation of America (RCA) followed AT&T's network model lead, and formed a small competing network centered on its New York City station, WJZ (now WABC). However, conflict resulted as RCA had a limited ability to lease lines from AT&T, and often had to use telegraph lines to connect stations, which had inferior acoustical properties.[3]

NBC

After acquiring WEAF and AT&T's network assets in 1926, RCA created the

WCAE, WRC, WTAM, WSAI, WWJ, WGN, WOC, KSD, WDAF, WCCO) as the NBC Red network and the WJZ chain as the NBC Blue network (with WBZ, WBZA, KYW, KDKA). (One explanation for the color designations is that they reflected the red and blue push pins used on a map that AT&T originally used to designate the affiliated stations on the two networks.)[2]

On 23 December 1928, NBC instituted the first permanent transcontinental network. As of September 1938, when there were 154 NBC outlets; 23 composed the basic Red network and 24 composed the basic Blue network. Supplementing these basic networks were 107 stations, of which one was available only to the basic Red network, six were available only to the basic Blue network, and the remainder available to either. NBC also had a chain of

shortwave stations
, called the "NBC White Network", in the 1930s.

In 1941, the

Edward Noble who later named it the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).[5] After NBC Blue was divested the remaining NBC Red network was renamed the NBC Radio Network.[2]

CBS

In 1927, United Independent Broadcasters, Inc., supported by the

WMAQ Chicago, KMOX St. Louis, KOIL
Council Bluffs) named the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System.

In 1928 William S. Paley assumed control of the network, which under his leadership focused on entertainment programming, news, and news affiliation. He quickly turned the failing company around, which was named Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS) in 1929. By the end of 1938 there were 113 CBS outlets. Regional networks on CBS also existed in various parts of the country.[3]

CBS later hired Edward R. Murrow who is credited with boosting ratings dramatically. Murrow and CBS covered the war in Europe while Adolf Hitler was in power. NBC and ABC withdrew from the war for safety reasons. As a result of taking the risk, CBS's ratings skyrocketed.[7]

ABC

In 1945, the NBC Blue network was sold to

Nielsen ratings with a medical drama called Marcus Welby, M.D.,[8] the first ABC television show
to top the list.

Mutual

In 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. In 1934 this was reorganized as the Mutual Broadcasting System. The network was organized with the members contracting for telephone-line transmission facilities and agreeing to collectively enter into contracts with advertisers for their networked shows.

Westwood One News

Radio news network launched on January 1, 2015, and operated by

Westwood One through its parent company Cumulus Media.[9]

Canadian national networks

The first network in Canada was CNR Radio starting in 1923. The first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast network program produced by CN Radio was broadcast on 27 December 1928. By 1930, the network consisted of 27 stations.

Its assets were acquired by the government owned Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) in 1932.

CBC

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (public network, founded in 1936, successor to the CRBC)

CTV

CTV Television Network (private, founded 1961)

Global

Global Television Network (private, founded as an Ontario network in 1974, national in 1997)

Quebec

  • TVA (private, founded 1971)
  • V
    (private, founded 1986)
  • Télé-Québec (public, founded 1975)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Halbrooks, Glenn (August 6, 2016). "How a Broadcasting Network Defines the TV and Radio Business". The Balance. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
  2. ^ a b c Snyder, James. "National Broadcasting Company".
  3. ^ a b c d Perry, Stephen D. (2004). A Consolidated History of Media (4th edition). Bloomington, IL: Epistelogic
  4. ^ Federal Communications Commission: Report on Chain Broadcasting (May 1941).
  5. ^ a b c Rivera-Sanchez, M. (1998). Report on Chain Broadcasting. History of the Mass Media in the United States, An Encyclopedia, pg 590–591.
  6. National Broadcasting Co. v. U.S.
    , 310 U.S. 190 (1943).
  7. ^ Edwards, B. (2004). Edward R. Murrow and the Birth of Broadcast Journalism. New Jersey: Navta Associates, Inc.
  8. ^ "American Broadcasting Company". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014.
  9. ^ Cumulus/WestwoodOne To Establish CNN Powered News ServiceRadio Insight (accessed February 21, 2019)