Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the

Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by radio waves is referred to as over the air (OTA) or terrestrial broadcasting and in most countries requires a broadcasting license. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like cable television (which also retransmits OTA stations with their consent), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via streaming digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.^[7]

In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean.^[8] This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.^[9]

World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar.^[10] Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.^[11]

On 25 March 1925,

Originally, all broadcasting was composed of

• digital audio broadcasting (DAB), satellite radio and digital Radio Mondiale
  (DRM)
• Analog television vs. digital television
• Wireless

The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432

Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting electronic media audio and video to the general public:

• Telephone broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock telegraph companies from 1867, if ticker-tapes are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of Théâtrophone ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live opera and theatre performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor Clément Ader in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include telephone newspaper services for news and entertainment programming which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large European cities. These telephone-based subscription services were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.^{[citation needed]}
• subchannels
  .
  • commercially from the 1930s: an extension of radio to include video
    signals.
• channels
  .
• Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) (from c. 1974) and satellite radio (from c. 1990): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and down-links), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also: Satellite television
  )
• Internet television
  .

Economic models

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There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting:

• pay cable
  subscription fees.
• non-profit, publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees, government funds, grants from foundations, corporate underwriting
  , audience memberships, contributions or a combination of these.
• Community broadcasting: a form of
  cable company
  or a municipal government.
• Internet Webcast: the audience pays to recharge and buy virtual gifts for the anchor, and the platform converts the gifts into virtual currency. The anchor withdraws the virtual currency, which is drawn by the platform. If the anchor belongs to a trade union, it will be settled by the trade union and the live broadcasting platform, and the anchor will get the salary and part of the bonus. This is the most common profit model of live broadcast products.

restrictions, which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action".

Recorded and live forms

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The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as recorded or live. The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast, which may be a

Broadcast engineering is the field of

Broadcast engineering involves both the studio and transmitter aspects (the entire airchain), as well as remote broadcasts. Every station has a broadcast engineer, though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small media markets the engineer may work on a contract basis for one or more stations as needed.^[24][25][26]

Bibliography

• Carey, James (1989), Communication as Culture, New York and London: Routledge, pp. 201–30
• Kahn, Frank J., ed. Documents of American Broadcasting, fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).
• Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds, American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television (Hastings House, 1975).
• Meyrowitz, Joshua, Mediating Communication: What Happens? in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (eds), Questioning The Media (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1995), pp. 39–53
• Peters, John Durham (2006), "Communication as Dissemination", Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory, Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California United States: SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 211–222,
  ISBN 978-1-4129-0658-6, archived
  from the original on 22 August 2022, retrieved 22 August 2022
• Thompson, J., The Media and Modernity, in Mackay, H., and O'Sullivan, T. (eds), The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation (London: Sage, 1999), pp. 12–27

• International bibliography – History of wireless and radio broadcasting

Further reading

• Barnouw Erik. The Golden Web (Oxford University Press, 1968); The Sponsor (1978); A Tower in Babel (1966).
• Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. Mass Media Between the Wars (Syracuse University Press, 1984).
  ISBN 978-0-8156-2307-6
• Tim Crook; International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice Routledge, 1998
• John Dunning; On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio Oxford University Press, 1998
• Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. Broadcasting: Radio and Television (Harper & Brothers, 1952).
• Maclaurin W. Rupert. Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry (The Macmillan Company, 1949).
• Robert W. McChesney; Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–1935 Oxford University Press, 1994
• Gwenyth L. Jackaway; Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939 Praeger Publishers, 1995
• Lazarsfeld Paul F. The People Look at Radio (University of North Carolina Press, 1946).
• Schramm Wilbur, ed. Mass Communications (University of Illinois Press, 1960).
• Schwoch James. The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900–1939 (University of Illinois Press, 1990).
  ISBN 978-0-252-01690-5
• Slater Robert. This ... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years (Prentice Hall, 1988).
  ISBN 978-0-13-919234-0
• Sterling Christopher H. Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983 (Praeger, 1984).
  ISBN 978-0-275-91277-2
• Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting (Wadsworth, 1978).
• Wells, Alan, World Broadcasting: A Comparative View,
  ISBN 1-56750-245-8

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadcasting.

Look up broadcasting in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Radio Locator, for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information.
• Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page – History of broadcast transmitter
• Indie Digital Cinema Services – Broadcast Industry Glossary