Brody

Coordinates: 50°04′59″N 25°08′52″E / 50.083141°N 25.147651°E / 50.083141; 25.147651
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Brody
Броди
A building in central Brody
A building in central Brody
Flag of Brody
Coat of arms of Brody
Brody is located in Lviv Oblast
Brody
Brody
Brody is located in Ukraine
Brody
Brody
Coordinates: 50°04′59″N 25°08′52″E / 50.083141°N 25.147651°E / 50.083141; 25.147651
Country Ukraine
OblastLviv Oblast
RaionZolochiv Raion
HromadaBrody urban hromada
Established1084
Town rights1584
Area
 • Total8.67 km2 (3.35 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)
 • Total23,134
 • Density2,700/km2 (6,900/sq mi)

Brody (

romanized: Brod) is a city in Zolochiv Raion, Lviv Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located in the valley of the upper Styr River, approximately 90 kilometres (56 miles) northeast of the oblast capital, Lviv. Brody hosts the administration of Brody urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[1] Population: 23,134 (2022 estimate).[2]

Brody is the junction of the

pipelines
.

History

The first mention of a settlement on the site of Brody is dated 1084 (Instructions by Vladimir Monomach). It is believed to have been destroyed by Batu Khan in 1241.

Polish Kingdom

From 1441 Brody was the property of different feudal families (Jan Sieniński; from 1511, Kamieniecki).

Brody was granted

Potocki
.

Brody on a Polish map from 1648

From the 17th century until the Holocaust the city was populated not only by

Jews (70% of the town's population), Armenians, and Greeks.[citation needed] From 1629, the city became the property of Stanisław Koniecpolski, another of the most distinguished military commanders in Polish history,[7] who ordered the construction of the Brody Castle (1630–1635). The castle, or rather the fortress, was designed by the French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. It was one of the strongest fortresses located on the route of frequent Tatar and Cossack invasions.[8] King Władysław IV Vasa, wanting to reward and assist Koniecpolski in the construction of the fortress, issued a privilege in 1633 in Kraków, in which he equated fairs in Brody with those in Lublin and Toruń, granted staple right and exempted city residents from taxes for 15 years.[9] Under the patronage of Koniecpolski, the city flourished. In 1637 he founded a school in which he employed lecturers from the Kraków Academy, Poland's leading university.[10] Its first director was Jan Marcinkowski.[11] In 1643 he founded a silk and wool fabric manufacture in the city,[8] one of the leading manufactories of this type throughout Poland.[12] Stanisław Koniecpolski died in Brody on 11 March 1646.[13] On 30 June funeral ceremonies took place in Brody.[14]

The deteriorating Potocki Palace today

In 1648, during the

History of the Rus, the town's Jewish population was spared after the sack. The Cossacks destroyed and plundered the city. The Jews of Brody were found not to have been engaged in alleged maltreatment of the Orthodox Christian (Rus) population and were only required to pay a "moderate tribute" in kind.[15]

In 1704, Brody was purchased by

Potocki family. In 1734, the fortress was destroyed by Russian troops and was later replaced by Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki
's palace in the Baroque style.

Austrian Empire

19th-century view of Brody

As a result of the

Realschule) was founded in Brody, transformed in 1865 into a gymnasium. After the liberalization of Austrian policies in the Austrian Partition of Poland, after 1904 German was gradually replaced by Polish at this school.[16][17]

Polish Republic

In 1919, Brody became part of the

Polish-Soviet War of 1920[8] and heavy destruction by both Polish and Russian forces, and is described extensively in stories of the Red Cavalry by Isaac Babel. Administratively Brody was the seat of Brody County located in the Tarnopol Voivodeship. Brody was an important military base, with the Kresowa Cavalry Brigade headquarters established there. In 1936, the People's University in Brody (Uniwersytet Ludowy w Brodach) was founded for farmers from the surrounding area.[18]

World War II

After the

Lvov-Sandomierz Operation (a.k.a. Brodovkiy Kotel) where the Soviet
army successfully encircled and destroyed German forces. It was occupied by the Soviets again, and in 1945, it was taken from Poland and annexed to the USSR.

The Jews in Brody

Jews in Brody
according to Austrian-Hungarian Census[19]
Year total pop. Jews Share
1869 18,700 15,138 80.9%
1880 20,000 15,316 76.3%
1890 n. a. n. a. n. a.
1900 16,400 11,854 72.1%
1910 18,000 12,150 67.5%

A crossroads and a Jewish trade center in the 19th century, the city is considered to be one of the

Yiddish songs outside of Purim
plays and wedding parties.

The promulgation of the May Laws, and the massive exodus of Russian Jews which was its result, took the leaders of Western Jewry completely by surprise. Throughout 1881, hundreds of immigrants kept arriving in Brody daily. Their arrival placed the existing Austrian and German-influenced ethnic Jews in a quandary. The comfortable middle-class Jewish community of Central and Western Europe looked instinctively to the Alliance Israélite Universelle, the world's largest and most respected Jewish philanthropic agency, to bring order out of chaos, to cope with the huge influx of newcomers.[20]

Throughout centuries of Jewish life in Brody until the murderous events of the Holocaust, Jews and Gentiles lived a mostly segregated life, with distinct and separate social as well as religious life.

Holocaust in Brody

Jews in Brody detained by German Nazis and awaiting deportation, ca. 1942–1943
Jewish tombstones at New Jewish Cemetery in Brody. The Cemetery numbers ca. 20,000 burials

When German troops occupied the city on 1 July 1941, the Jewish population of some 9,000 was forced to wear an arm band with the yellow badge. Two hundred fifty intellectuals were arrested on 15 July 1941 and shot two days later at the Jewish cemetery after being brutally tortured. Encouraged by German occupation authorities, the Ukrainian population started a pogrom in August 1941, looting Jewish possessions. The Judenrat had to provide labor for repairs and maintenance on the roads and bridges as well as for work in army depots. From December 1941 young people were arrested on the streets and sent to forced labor camps in the vicinity.

In September 1942 the

Majdanek
, but hundreds had already been killed in the Ghetto. Many houses were set on fire to drive out those who had remained hidden there.

After the war

During the

Brody air base
served Soviet Air Force regiments, while the city was noticeably militarized. Parts of the city to this day are being referred to as Bili Kazarmy (the White Barracks) and as Chervoni Kazarmy (the Red Barracks).

The Brody Museum of History and District Ethnography was founded in 2001.

Until 18 July 2020, Brody was the administrative center of Brody Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions in Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion.[21][22]

Geography

Climate

Climate data for Brody (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5)
1.6
(34.9)
6.5
(43.7)
14.4
(57.9)
20.5
(68.9)
23.0
(73.4)
24.9
(76.8)
24.5
(76.1)
19.0
(66.2)
13.4
(56.1)
6.3
(43.3)
1.5
(34.7)
13.0
(55.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.5
(27.5)
−2.0
(28.4)
2.1
(35.8)
8.5
(47.3)
14.3
(57.7)
17.1
(62.8)
18.8
(65.8)
18.1
(64.6)
13.3
(55.9)
8.5
(47.3)
2.9
(37.2)
−1.4
(29.5)
8.1
(46.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4)
−5.4
(22.3)
−1.8
(28.8)
3.1
(37.6)
8.3
(46.9)
11.4
(52.5)
13.1
(55.6)
12.4
(54.3)
8.4
(47.1)
4.3
(39.7)
−0.2
(31.6)
−4.4
(24.1)
3.6
(38.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 32.8
(1.29)
39.7
(1.56)
39.7
(1.56)
46.6
(1.83)
75.5
(2.97)
90.2
(3.55)
104.7
(4.12)
70.0
(2.76)
67.5
(2.66)
45.2
(1.78)
41.1
(1.62)
42.0
(1.65)
695.0
(27.36)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.2 10.2 9.5 8.5 10.7 11.8 10.7 8.7 8.8 8.3 9.6 10.7 116.7
Average
relative humidity
(%)
80.9 80.9 76.7 69.4 69.4 72.8 74.2 74.8 78.7 79.2 82.7 83.5 76.9
Source: World Meteorological Organization[23]

Gallery

  • Administration building, former branch of the Prague Credit Bank before WWI
    Administration building, former branch of the
    Prague Credit Bank
    before WWI
  • The old synagogue (ruins) of Brody
    The old synagogue (ruins) of Brody
  • Clock tower at the market square
    Clock tower at the market square
  • Brody Castle
  • Pedagogical College
    Pedagogical College
  • Tyszkiewicz Palace
  • Saint George church in Brody
    Saint George church in Brody
  • Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
    Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary
  • Exaltation of the Holy Cross church
    Exaltation of the Holy Cross church
  • Church of the Holy Trinity
    Church of the Holy Trinity
  • Brody Gymnasium
    Brody Gymnasium

Notable people

Nearby towns

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "Бродовская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
  2. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  3. ^ a b Sadok Barącz, Wolne miasto handlowe Brody, Lwów, 1865, p. 7 (in Polish)
  4. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom I, Warsaw, 1880, p. 372 (in Polish)
  5. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 9-10
  6. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 10
  7. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 11
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Brody". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  9. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 17-18
  10. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 21-22
  11. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 22
  12. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 17
  13. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 27-28
  14. ^ Barącz, Op. cit., p. 28-29
  15. History of the Rus
    .: "А по симъ правиламъ и обширный торговый городъ Броды, наполненный почти одними Жидами, оставленъ въ прежней свободѣ и цѣлости, яко признанный отъ Рускихъ жителей полезнымъ для ихъ оборотовъ и заработковъ, а только взята отъ Жидовъ умѣренная контрибуція сукнами, полотнами и кожами для пошитья реестровому войску мундировъ и обуви, да для продовольствія войскъ нѣкоторая провизія."
  16. ^ Nowości Illustrowane, no. 5, 1904, p. 6 (in Polish)
  17. ^ Zygmunt Zagórowski, Spis nauczycieli szkół wyższych, średnich, zawodowych, seminarjów nauczycielskich oraz wykaz zakładów naukowych i władz szkolnych. Rocznik II, Książnica-Atlas, Warsaw-Lwów, 1926, p. 167 (in Polish)
  18. ^ Wschód, no. 2, 1936, p. 4 (in Polish).
  19. ^ Ergebnisse der Volkszählungen der K. K. Statistischen Central-Kommission u.a., in: Anson Rabinbach: The Migration of Galician Jews to Vienna. Austrian History Yearbook, Volume XI, Berghahn Books/Rice University Press, Houston 1975, S. 46/47 (Table III)
  20. ^ Howard M. Sachar
  21. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  22. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
  23. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
  24. ^ "Archives Search - Library and Archives Canada". Archived from the original on 2013-06-23.

Sources

External links

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