Bronnitsy
Bronnitsy
Бронницы | |
---|---|
Town[1] | |
Postal code(s)[7] | |
Dialing code(s) | +7 49646 |
OKTMO ID | 46705000001 |
Website | bronnitsy |
Bronnitsy (
Local economy relies on food processing and packaging, construction services and jewellery manufacturing. Bronnitsy is listed among the twenty-two historical towns of Moscow Oblast.[9]
Existence of Bronnitsy is attested since 1453. The village emerged as a stopover station on the highway between Moscow and Ryazan (present-day M5 road), and its population and economy traditionally tended to horses. The House of Romanov stables, established in Bronnitsy by 1634, evolved into stud farms supplying riding horses to the cavalry. In the 1780s the administrative reform of Catherine the Great turned the village into a proper small town with a grid plan and a growing merchant community.[citation needed] In the second half of the 19th century Bronnitsy was gradually industrialized, becoming a town of small textile mills and jewelers.
Bronnitsy had a minor role in the military history of the
Etymology
Toponyms starting with Bron- (plural Bronnitsy, Broniki; singular Bronnikovo, Brontsa etc.) are common to all Eastern Slavic territories, from Bronytsia in Lviv Oblast of Ukraine[11] to Bronnikovo in Chita Oblast of Russia. Each of these towns and villages has a different etymology behind its name. In case of Bronnitsy in Moscow Oblast, all proposed versions were contested and none gained a solid preference of the historians.[12]
- The most popular version derives Bronnitsy from bron' (modern
- Distantly related explanations suggest the existence of a notable bronnik - an armored warrior, or a person named Bronislav.[12]
- Another explanation connects Bronnitsy to bran' (брань, fight or battle), referring to the struggle against Tatars.[14]
- The most plausible version derives Bronnitsy from obsolete bronka, a word originally meaning oat spikes, later spikes of any cultivated cereal. Bronnitsy emerged as a station on a yam highway, and its grain caches were essential for feeding yam horses. Bronnitsy, presumably, were the feeding troughs placed along the highway.[12]
The latter version is supported by the fact that another, and older, village once named Bronnitsy, present-day
Geography
The historical center of Bronnitsy stands on the southern bank of narrow and shallow Lake Belskoe, a former path of the
The Moscow-Ryazan road, which once ran through Bronnitsy, now bypasses the city center north of the A-107 Ring Road and returns to the old track south from it. Sovetskaya Street, the segment of the M5 road that passed through Bronnitsy, is still an important street, passing through the town center. A-107, the main east-west corridor, crosses the city and Moskva River a few blocks south from Lake Belskoye. The old and narrow bridge across the Moskva River causes traffic queues that have sometimes reached 10 kilometers (6.2 mi).[16] In August 2008, the poor condition of the bridge due to its extensive usage led to a ban on truck and heavy bus traffic over the bridge, further aggravating congestion.[17] One year later the town administration agreed to proceed with the construction of a second two-lane bridge next to the old one, but no funds have yet been firmly allocated.[18]
Most of the town's territory retained traditional single-family houses. Midrise housing concentrates in the southern part of Bronnitsy along A-107.
History
Rurikids and early Romanovs (1453–1780)
Bronnitsy were first mentioned, as Bronniche (Бронниче) in the 1453 testament of Sophia of Lithuania; she bequeathed Bronnitsy and other villages of her private domain around Kolomna to her grandson Yury.[19] Wars of the 15th and 16th centuries spared the village; the first, although insignificant, military action took place during the Time of Troubles. In 1606, prince Vasily Mosalsky troops, engaged against Ivan Bolotnikov's rebels, passed three versts from Bronnitsy.[19] In 1618 Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny, acting in accord with Władysław IV Vasa, stayed in Bronnitsy on his march from Serpukhov to Moscow.[19]
Growth and the French invasion
In 1781, Bronnitsy, then having a population of five hundred, became the administrative center of an
In September 1812, Bronnitsy and
After the war of 1812, Bronnitsy slowly evolved as a typical small trading town and served as a base of a cavalry regiment; the former cavalry barracks, built in
In the 1850s and 1860s, Bronnitsy became home to notable members of the declining Russian nobility. Decembrist Mikhail Fonvizin (1787–1854) and his wife Natalya, a local landowner, retired to Bronnitsy after exile to Siberia.[14] Fonvizin died soon upon return; the widow married another decembrist, Ivan Pushchin (1798–1859).[14] Both Fonvizin and Pushchin were buried near the Cathedral of Archangel.[14] Retired Army colonel Alexander Pushkin (1833–1914), son of poet Alexander Pushkin, served as the justice of the peace in Bronnitsy in 1862–1866, administering the Emancipation reform of 1861.[30] His son, also Alexander Pushkin (1863–1916), born in Bronnitsy, became judge of Bronnitsy uezd (Russian: Земский начальник) in 1890 and since 1897 later managed the whole zemstvo of the town and country.[19]
Industrialization
Railroad boom of the 1860s bypassed Bronnitsy: eponymous Bronnitsy railroad station, operating since 1864, was actually built 12 versts (13 km) from the center of the town,[12] on the opposite bank of the river. The dam and bridge across the river were built by local contractor Smorchkov in 1872.[31] Residents were eagerly leaving Bronnitsy for industrial and service jobs in Moscow: by 1882, Bronnitsky, Podolsky, Serpukhovsky, and Moskovsky Uezds were the leading suppliers of manpower to the metropolis.[32] Bronnitsky Uyezd was sending twice as many men as densely populated and far better industrialized Bogorodsky Uyezd.[33]
Relative share of migrants to total population, however, was less than in the western uyezds of Moscow Governorate.
Mayor Alexander Pushkin (the third) struggled to improve the performance of peasant households; increase in average area of a family lot, he reasoned, would enable a switch from obsolete
The town slowly grew until
Soviet period
In the 1920s, the town housed two competing cells of the
Human losses of Bronnitsy during the terror campaigns of the 1930s have been only partially estimated. By 2007, 300 out of 31,000 victims of political terror in Moscow Oblast were identified as residents of Bronnitsy.[48]
During
On April 16, 1964, Bronnitsy witnessed a mass riot after a local resident died in police custody. A mob of around 300 attacked the jail; police did not dare to use firearms and there were no more casualties. Eight of the protesters were prosecuted in court.[52] It was added to the list of the historical towns of the Moscow Oblast in 1990,[9] and gained the status of a city of regional subordination, along with a new charter, in 1992. A gas explosion occurred in a five-story apartment at 15:45 on October 17, 2011, resulting in two people killed and fifteen wounded. It was apparently due to human error.[53]
Administrative and municipal status
Within the
Demographics
- 1780: 500[19]
- 1787: 1,500[19]
- 1836: 1,500[54]
- 1897: 3,800
- 1926: 3,800
- 1939: 6,100
- 1959: 10,100
- 1967: 11,900
- 1979: 14,200
- 1989: 16,057[55]
- 2002: 18,232[56]
- 2007: 18,600
- 2010: 21,102[3]
- 2021: 21,831[8]
Economy
The largest employer in Bronnitsy, a jewellery factory, dates back to a cooperative established in November 1924.[37] According to the factory's website, at that time all local craftsmen processed no more than 100 kilograms (220 lb) of gold per annum, compared to present-day four metric tons per annum.[37] The cooperative was reformed into a factory in 1956; in 1963 it absorbed another former cooperative from nearby Sinkovo.[37] The factory relocated into its current buildings, constructed since 1968, in 1972.[37] According to its website, it employs around seven hundred people in Bronnitsy alone, or 10% of the town's workforce.[37]
NII-21 (21st research institute of the Ministry of Defence) is Russian military's primary facility for testing wheeled vehicles.[19] Establishment of NII-21 in the 1950s was followed with much-needed professional training facilities; Moscow Motorway Institute (MADI) operates a branch in Bronnitsy since 1959.[57]
The town's revenue for 2010 is set at around fifteen million US dollars; around half of it is collected locally through taxes, the balance is remitted from regional and federal funds.[58] In 2009 fraud in the city hall became a subject of criminal case; deputy mayor committed suicide in jail.[59]
Education and sports
Bronnitsy has four high schools (one catering to the working youth) and a road workers' college. Two Moscow-based undergraduate-level schools, the Motorway Institute, and the Agricultural Engineering University, operate their branches here.
Bronnitsy and Lake Belskoye are home to two Olympic Reserve boarding schools (high school level and college level), specializing in rowing and canoeing and association football. Local football team, FC Fabus, has competed in Russia's Second League since 1995 with no significant results.
Since March 1996, Bronnitsy has hosted a competition in winter beach running (held on the next to last weekend of November and the second weekend of March).
Lake Belskoye and Moskva River regularly host
Notable people
- Maksim Kaynov (born 2002), football player
- Mikhail Kuzyayev (born 1988), football player
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Law #11/2013-OZ
- ISBN 978-5-7107-7399-4.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
- ^ a b c Law #202/2004-OZ
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ . The national register of "historical towns", first established in 1970, has been expanded to 478 settlements in 2002 - Decree of the government of Russian Federation of November 26, 2001 no. 815 "Federal target program on preservation and development of historical towns for 2002–2010" (Постановление Правительства РФ от 26 ноября 2001 г N 815 "О федеральной целевой программе «Сохранение и развитие архитектуры исторических городов (2002—2010 годы)»).
- ^ a b Russian cultural heritage register (2009, in Russian). Protected heritage in Bronnitsy[permanent dead link]. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- Zhitomir Oblast and in Kamin-Kashyrskyi Raion of Volyn Oblast.
- ^ a b c d e f Zakharova, O. V. (2007, in Russian). Bronnitsy - imya zvonkoye ... (Бронницы – имя звонкое, запоминающееся) Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ This explanation is presented as the principal etymology in cf. Murrell 2001, p. 138.
- ^ a b c d e Murrell, p. 137.
- condotierre of Novgorod. - Zakharova, O. V. (2007, in Russian). Bronnitsy - imya zvonkoye ... (Бронницы – имя звонкое, запоминающееся) Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Klementyeva, Yulia (2008, in Russian). Probko-Most (Пробко-мост) Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. March 23, 2008. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ Government of Moscow Oblast (2009, in Russian) Harakter obrascheniy grazhdan v obschestvennye priyomnye v iyule 2009 goda[permanent dead link]. Moscow Oblast administration. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ Rakhmanova, Svetlana (2009, in Russian). Most razdvoitsya (Мост раздвоится) Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gorod Bronnitsy (Город Бронницы) Archived May 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ a b c d e f Slivka, I. (2007, in Russian). Gosudareva konyushnya (Государева конюшня) Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
- ^ Slivka, I. (2007, in Russian). Kak Smorchkov na reke plotiny stroil (Как Сморчков на реке плотину строил) Archived November 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ Alexander 2002, p. 244.
- ^ See for example entries in 19th century gazetteers: ...
- ^ Clausewitz, p. 39.
- Berthierdated September 21, 1812 in: Napoleon 1868, p. 223.
- ^ Clausewitz, p. 40.
- ^ See Clausewitz, pp. 39–40, for a contemporary account of the same events (Clausewitz does not mention Bronnitsy itself).
- ^ Makhaev, p. 4.
- ^ Murrell 2001, p. 138.
- ^ a b c Suncheleeva, V. (2004, in Russian). A. A. Pushkin - mirovoy posrednik (А.А.Пушкин — мировой посредник 3-го участка Бронницкого уезда) Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Slivka, I. (2005, in Russian). Kak v Bronnitsah sobiralis ploschad mostit (Как в Бронницах собирались площадь мостить) Archived December 1, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Bradley 1985, p. 105.
- ^ Bradley 1985, pp. 105 and 107.
- ^ a b Clements et al. 1991, p. 167.
- ^ Clements et al. 1991, p. 168.
- ^ a b Clements et al. 1991, p. 169.
- ^ a b c d e f g Istoria marki (История марки) Archived August 20, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Bronnitsky Yuvelir corporate site. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The number of 737 refers to the whole Bronnitsy uezd, not the town alone.
- ^ Malinko and Golosov, pp. 160–161, table and accompanying notes. According to the table, "other" officers (the lowest of ranks listed) were entitle to housing benefits ranging from 70 roubles p.a. in the cheapest areas (eighth grade) up to 250 roubles p.a. in four metro areas (first frade). Bronnitsy, in the seventh grade, were valued at 100 roubles p.a. Similar scale was set for higher-ranking officers.
- ^ All three high schools were opened simultaneously in September 1915. - Gorod Bronnitsy (Город Бронницы) Archived May 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ a b Seregny, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Slivka, I. (2007, in Russian). Aviakatastrofa na bronnitskom aerodrome (Авиакатастрофа на бронницком аэродроме) Archived May 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Suncheleeva, V. (2007, in Russian). Krasvoenlyot Kovalenko (Красвоенлёт Коваленко) Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ Spirin, p. 5.
- ^ Levack, p. 60.
- ^ Cathedral of Archangel Michael (in Russian). Site of the Moscow Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Decree of the Council of Ministers of RSFSR of August 23, 1960 no. 3630-p. (in Russian) Archived August 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Shenfield 2001, p. 237.
- ^ Dyomin, V. and Rahmanova, S. (2007, in Russian). Omytye krovyu lyudskoy (Омытые кровью людской) Archived January 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ^ Kisunko, chapter 6.
- ^ Russky Arhiv, vol. 15, pp. 333–334 (document no. 221).
- ^ Dyomin, V. (2007, in Russian). Kolymsky sled (Колымский след) Archived August 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-14.
- ISBN 5-224-01677-0.
- ^ Yan (October 17, 2011). "2 killed, 15 injured in apartment fire in Moscow". xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ^ Landmann, George (1836). A universal gazetteer: or, Geographical dictionary. Founded on the works of Brookes and Walker. London.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Obshaya informatsia o filiale (общая информация о филиале) Archived March 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Moscow Motorway Institute. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
- ^ Draft city budget for the year 2010. City of Bronnitsy administration, September 16, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ Top Russian regional official charged with embezzlement found hanged Archived May 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Mosnew.com, May 3, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ a b Gusev, Oleg (2007, in Russian). Bely tolstolobik (Белый толстолобик) Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Official site of the town of Bronnitsy. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Sources
- Alexander, John T. (2002). Bubonic plague in early modern Russia: public health and urban disaster. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-515818-2.
- Bradley, Joseph (1985). Muzhik and Muscovite: urbanization in late imperial Russia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-05168-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4128-0599-5.
- Clements, Barbara Evans et al. (1991). Russia's women: accommodation, resistance, transformation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07024-0
- ISBN 5-270-01879-9.
- Levack, Brian P. (2001). New Perspectives on Witchcraft, Magic, and Demonology: Witchcraft in the modern world. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-3670-9.
- Makhaev, V. B. (2008, in Russian). Moskovsky architektor A. S. Kutepov (Московский архитектор А. С. Кутепов). Stroitelstvo, Arhitektura, Dizain 2008, vol. 2. (publication of Mordovian State University).
- Malinko, V. and Golosov, V. (1902, in Russian). Spravochnaya kniga dlya ofitserov (Справочная книга для офицеров). Moscow: RTPIDD (Типография-Литография «Русского Товарищества Печатного и Издательского дела»).
- Murrell, Kathleen Berton (2001). Discovering the Moscow countryside: a travel guide to the heart of Russia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-673-7.
- Napoleon I (1868 edition, in French). Correspondance de Napoléon Ier: publiée par ordre de l'empereur Napoléon III. H. Plon, J. Dumaine. Original from the University of Wisconsin - Madison, digitized Mar 6, 2009.
- Russky Arhiv, volume 15 (Русский архив: Великая Отечественная: Т. 15 (4–5). Битва за Берлин (Красная Армия в поверженной Германии)). (1995, in Russian). Moscow: Terra.
- Seregny, Scott Joseph (1989). Russian teachers and peasant revolution: the politics of education in 1905. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35031-2
- Shenfield, Stephen (2001). Russian fascism: traditions, tendencies, movements. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0634-1.
- Spirin, I. T. (1947, in Russian). Zapiski voennogo letchika (Записки военного лётчика). Ivanovo: Ivgiz.
- Московская областная Дума. Закон №11/2013-ОЗ от 31 января 2013 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Московской области», в ред. Закона №249/2019-ОЗ от 29 ноября 2019 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Московской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Московской области"». Вступил в силу на следующий день после официального опубликования (13 января 2013 г.). Опубликован: "Ежедневные Новости. Подмосковье", №24, 12 февраля 2013 г. (Moscow Oblast Duma. Law #11/2013-OZ of January 31, 2013 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Moscow Oblast, as amended by the Law #249/2019-OZ of November 29, 2019 On amending the Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Moscow Oblast". Effective as of the day following the day of the official publication (January 13, 2013).).
- Московская областная Дума. Закон №202/2004-ОЗ от 29 декабря 2004 г. «О статусе и границе городского округа Бронницы», в ред. Закона №21/2012-ОЗ от 23 марта 2012 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Московской области "О статусе и границах Раменского муниципального района и вновь образованных в его составе муниципальных образований", Закон Московской области "О статусе и границах Люберецкого муниципального района, вновь образованного в его составе городского поселения и существующих на территории Люберецкого района Московской области муниципальных образований", Закон Московской области "О статусе и границе городского округа Бронницы" и Закон Московской области "О статусе и границе городского округа Жуковский"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ежедневные Новости. Подмосковье", №11, 22 января 2005 г. (Moscow Oblast Duma. Law #202/2004-OZ of December 29, 2004 On the Status and Borders of Bronnitsy Urban Okrug, as amended by the Law #21/2012-OZ of March 23, 2012 On Amending the Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Status and Borders of Ramensky Municipal District and Newly Formed Municipal Formations Within Its Structure", Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Status and Borders of Lyuberetsky Municipal District, Newly Formed Urban Settlement Within Its Structure, and Existing Municipal Formations on the Territory of Lyuberetsky Municipal District of Moscow Oblast", Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Status and Borders of Bronnitsy Urban Okrug", and Law of Moscow Oblast "On the Status and Borders of Zhukovsky Urban Okrug". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
- Official website of Bronnitsy (in Russian)
- Bronnitsy Business Directory (in Russian)