The Bronx

Coordinates: 40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°W / 40.83722; -73.88611
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Bronx, New York
)

The Bronx
Bronx County, New York
UTC–04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Code prefix
104
Area codes718/347/929, 917
Websitebronxboropres.nyc.gov Edit this at Wikidata

The Bronx (

fourth-most-populous nationwide.[6]

The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, and a flatter eastern section. East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[7] Bronx County was separated from New York County (modern-day Manhattan) in 1914.[8] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[9] including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. The Thain Family Forest at the New York Botanical Garden is thousands of years old and is New York City's largest remaining tract of the original forest that once covered the city.[10] These open spaces are primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan.

The word "Bronx" originated with

African American migrants from the Southern United States, Panamanians, Hondurans, and South Asians.[14]

The Bronx contains the poorest

Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club.[15][16][17] Parts of the Bronx saw a steep decline in population, livable housing, and quality of life starting from the mid-to-late 1960s, continuing throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s, ultimately culminating in a wave of arson in the late 1970s, a period when hip hop music evolved.[18] The South Bronx, in particular, experienced severe urban decay. The borough began experiencing new population growth starting in the late 1990s and continuing to the present day.[19]

Etymology and naming

Early names

Map of southern Westchester County in 1867. This, along with the southern part of the former Town of Yonkers, became the Bronx.

The Bronx was called Rananchqua[20] by the native Siwanoy[21] band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.[22] It was divided by the Aquahung River (now known in English as the Bronx River).

The Bronx was named after

Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the Bronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.[23] The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother, but most probably a nephew or cousin, as there was an age difference of 16 years.[29] Much work on the Swedish claim has been undertaken by Brian G. Andersson, former Commissioner of New York City's Department of Records, who helped organize a 375th Anniversary celebration in Bronck's hometown in 2014.[30]

Use of definite article

The Bronx is referred to with the definite article as "the Bronx" or "The Bronx", both legally and colloquially.[31][32] The "County of the Bronx" also takes "the" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, like the coextensive "Borough of the Bronx". The United States Postal Service uses "Bronx, NY" for mailing addresses.[33] The region was apparently named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx", created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", created in 1898, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1895. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[34][35] A time-worn story purportedly explaining the use of the definite article in the borough's name says it stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[36]

The capitalization of the borough's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in some official references. The definite article is capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[37] However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan,[38] The Bronx County Historical Society, and the Bronx-based organization Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, arguing the definite article is part of the proper name.[39][40] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in the Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island'".[40]

History

The first published book of Bronx history: History of Bronx Borough, City of New York by Randall Comfort

European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 and East Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the Lenape's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands.

Before 1914

The Bronx's development is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.[41] Local farmers on both sides of the creek resented the tolls, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them in building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[42] After the American Revolutionary War, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[43][41]

The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of

Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of Morrisania was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge was established within the former borders of the town of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn Heights, and included Woodlawn Cemetery
.

Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author

Mott Haven to house the workers at his iron works.[44]

The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[45][46]

The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and parts of Eastchester and Pelham.[7][45][47][48][49] The nautical community of City Island voted to join the city in 1896.[50]

Following these two annexations, the Bronx's territory had moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already included Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.

On January 1, 1898, the consolidated

boroughs. However, it remained part of New York County until Bronx County was created in 1914.[51]

On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in previous decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.

John P. Mitchel started work as Mayor of New York City).[8] Marble Hill, Manhattan, was now connected to the Bronx by filling in the former waterway, but it is not part of the borough or county.[53]

After 1914

The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx changed during 1950–1985 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty in some areas. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[54]

New York City expands

Grand Concourse and 161st Street as they appeared around 1900
Simpson Street
elevated station was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004.

The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, with small farms supplying the city markets. In the late 19th century, however, it grew into a railroad suburb. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[54]

The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of piano manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[55]

At the end of World War I, the Bronx hosted the rather small 1918 World's Fair at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.[7][56]

The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the

Polish, and other immigrants moved into the borough. As evidence of the change in population, by 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in the Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[58] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[59]

Change

Bootleggers and gangs were active in the Bronx during Prohibition (1920–1933). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.[60] Police Commissioner Richard Enright said that speakeasies provided a place for "the vicious elements, bootleggers, gamblers and their friends in all walks of life" to cooperate and to "evade the law, escape punishment for their crimes, [and] to deter the police from doing their duty".[61]

Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to

Puerto Rican) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of Co-op City, built to house middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today are in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough.[62]

From the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, the

rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[citation needed
]

In the 1970s, parts of the Bronx were plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of this event was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was easier for them to get insurance money than to try to refurbish a dilapidated building or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[68] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[69] There were cases where tenants set fire to the building they lived in so they could qualify for emergency relocations by city social service agencies to better residences, sometimes being relocated to other parts of the city.

Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to arson and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the Bronx was considered the most blighted urban area in the country, particularly the South Bronx which experienced a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many of the burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by new housing units.[69]

In May 1984,

New York Legislature overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan and made this clarification retroactive to 1938, as reflected on the official maps of the city.[71][72][73]

Revitalization

Row houses
on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has since seen revitalization.

Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[74][75] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[76][77][78] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[79] The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ​5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[80][81][82][full citation needed][83]

The Bronx – All-America City sign
The Bronx – All-America City sign

In 1997, the Bronx was designated an

All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[84] In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[85] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[86]

In addition there came a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[87] Several boutique and chain hotels opened in the 2010s in the South Bronx.[88]

New developments are underway. The Bronx General Post Office[89][90] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[91] The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is currently slated for redevelopment. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the

Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.[92]

Despite significant investment compared to the post war period, many exacerbated social problems remain including high rates of violent crime, substance abuse, overcrowding, and substandard housing conditions.[93][94][95][96] The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.[97][98]

Geography

Location of the Bronx (red) within New York City

Location and physical features

According to the

U.S. Census Bureau, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[99]

The Bronx is New York City's northernmost borough, New York State's southernmost mainland county and the only part of New York City that is almost entirely on the North American mainland.

Inwood marble there as well as in Inwood, Manhattan
and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County.

The

area codes and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.[53]

Aerial view of the Bronx from the east at night

The

freshwater river in New York City.[102] It separates the West Bronx from the schist of the East Bronx. A smaller river, the Hutchinson River (named after the religious leader Anne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay
.

The Bronx also includes several small islands in the

in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx.

The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of

City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[104]

Parks and open space

An 1896 New York Times map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. Marble Hill is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. Van Cortlandt, Pelham Bay and Crotona Parks are light green, as is Bronx Park (now home to the New York Botanical Garden and Bronx Zoo), Woodlawn Cemetery medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built Jerome Park Reservoir light blue, St. John's College (now Fordham University) violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York red.[105]
Sample of open spaces and parks in the Bronx
Acquired Name acres sq. mi. hectares
1863
Woodlawn Cemetery
400 0.6 162
1888 Pelham Bay Park 2,772 4.3 1,122
Van Cortlandt Park 1,146 1.8 464
Bronx Park 718 1.1 291
Crotona Park 128 0.2 52
St. Mary's Park 35 0.05 14
1890 Jerome Park Reservoir 94 0.15 38
1897 St. James Park 11 0.02 4.6
1899 Macombs Dam Park 28 0.04 12
1909 Henry Hudson Park 9 0.01 4
1937 Ferry Point Park 414 0.65 168
Soundview Park
196 0.31 79
1962 Wave Hill 21 0.03 8.5
Land area of the Bronx in 2000 26,897 42.0 10,885
Water area 9,855 15.4 3,988
Total area[99] 36,752 57.4 14,873
closed in 2007 to build a new park & Yankee Stadium[106]
Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation

Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States in 2022 (after Manhattan and Brooklyn),[5] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one fifth of the Bronx's area, and one quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[9][107] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to John Mullaly.

Woodlawn Cemetery, located on 400 acres (160 ha) and one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the Bronx River near Yonkers. It opened in 1863, in what was then the town of Yonkers, at the time a rural area. Since the first burial in 1865, more than 300,000 people have been interred there.[108]

The borough's northern side includes the largest park in New York City—

Castanea dentata), causing ecological and economic devastation.[111]

Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack.[112] Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[113] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[114]

Some of the acquired land was set aside for the Grand Concourse and Pelham Parkway, the first of a series of boulevards and parkways (thoroughfares lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway.

In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a water filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the Bronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state.[115]

Adjacent counties

The Bronx adjoins:[116]

Divisions of the Bronx

Regional divisions

An aerial view of the Bronx, Harlem River, Harlem, Hudson River and George Washington Bridge

There are two primary systems for dividing the Bronx into regions, which do not necessarily agree with one another. One system is based on the Bronx River, while the other strictly separates South Bronx from the rest of the borough.

The Bronx River divides the borough nearly in half, putting the earlier-settled, more urban, and hillier sections in the western lobe and the newer, more suburban coastal sections in the eastern lobe. It is an accurate reflection on the Bronx's history considering that the towns that existed in the area prior to annexation to the City of New York generally did not straddle the Bronx River.[citation needed] In addition, what is today the Bronx was annexed to New York City in two stages: areas west of the Bronx River were annexed in 1874 while areas to the east of the river were annexed in 1895.[citation needed]

  • West Bronx: all parts of the Bronx west of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue – this street is simply the "east-west" divider for designating numbered streets as "east" or "west." As the Bronx's numbered streets continue from Manhattan to south, on which the street numbering system is based, Jerome Avenue actually represents a longitudinal halfway point for Manhattan, not the Bronx.)[117]
  • East Bronx: all parts of the Bronx east of the Bronx River (as opposed to Jerome Avenue)[117][118]

Under this system, the Bronx can be further divided into the following regions:

  • Northwest Bronx: the northern half of the West Bronx; the area north of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
  • Southwest Bronx: the southern half of the West Bronx; the area south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River
  • Northeast Bronx: the northern half of the East Bronx; the area north of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River
  • Southeast Bronx: the southern half of the East Bronx; the area south of Pelham Parkway and east of the Bronx River

A second system divides the borough first and foremost into the following sections:

  • North Bronx: all areas not in the South Bronx (Southwest Bronx) – i.e. the Northwest Bronx, Northeast Bronx, and Southeast Bronx
  • South Bronx: the Southwest Bronx – south of Fordham Road and west of the Bronx River. This includes the areas traditionally considered part of the South Bronx.

Neighborhoods

The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. Even city officials do not necessarily agree. In a 2006 article for The New York Times, Manny Fernandez described the disagreement:

According to a

borough's community boards, names 68.[119]

Major neighborhoods of the Bronx include the following.

East Bronx

(

Bronx Community Districts 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central])[120]

Co-op City
is the largest cooperative housing development in the world.

East of the

Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester
-Bronx border.

Neighborhoods include:

).

City Island and Hart Island

A sunken boat off the shore of City Island

(

Bronx Community District
10)

City Island is east of Pelham Bay Park in Long Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[121] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to Rodman's Neck on the mainland by the City Island Bridge.

East of City Island is

Hart Island, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's potter's field for unclaimed bodies.[122]

West Bronx

Grand Concourse at East 165th Street in 2008

(

Bronx Community Districts
1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest)

The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston.[123] It includes New York City's third-largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

Northwestern Bronx

(

Bronx Community Districts 7 [between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers] and 8 [facing the Hudson River
] – plus part of Board 12)

Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford,

). (Marble Hill, Manhattan is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community District 8.)

South Bronx

There are also many MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes in the Bronx. This includes local and express routes as well as Bee-Line Bus System routes.[205]

Two

Fordham Plaza. As part of Penn Station Access, the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve Hunts Point, Parkchester, Morris Park, and Co-op City.[206]

In 2018,

Throgs Neck was opened providing an additional stop on the Soundview line.[207] The ferry is operated by Hornblower Cruises.[208]

Climate

Climate data for The Bronx
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 39.7
(4.3)
42.6
(5.9)
50.3
(10.2)
61.4
(16.3)
72.3
(22.4)
80.9
(27.2)
86.1
(30.1)
84.1
(28.9)
77.1
(25.1)
65.8
(18.8)
54.1
(12.3)
44.8
(7.1)
63.3
(17.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 27.3
(−2.6)
28.7
(−1.8)
34.6
(1.4)
44.4
(6.9)
54.6
(12.6)
64.3
(17.9)
70.6
(21.4)
69.1
(20.6)
62.1
(16.7)
50.7
(10.4)
41.3
(5.2)
33.1
(0.6)
48.4
(9.1)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.74
(95)
3.19
(81)
4.37
(111)
3.95
(100)
4.06
(103)
4.55
(116)
4.37
(111)
4.82
(122)
4.55
(116)
4.13
(105)
3.45
(88)
4.67
(119)
49.85
(1,266)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 8.4
(21)
8.9
(23)
4.3
(11)
0.5
(1.3)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.4
(1.0)
4.1
(10)
26.6
(68)
Source: NOAA[209]

In popular culture

Film and television

Mid-20th century

Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture.

Puerto Rican
neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.

The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "

animated film of the same name), repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[211][212]

Symbolism

Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both an editorial in The New York Times and a BBC documentary film.[213] The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City often point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[214] A feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagán called Bronx Burning chronicled what led up to the many arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.[215][216]

Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native

Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the team's boisterous nature, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch
as mayor.

The 1981 film

kung-fu film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant. The 2016 Netflix series The Get Down is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[217]

Literature

Books

The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in

Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980),[220] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse
), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.

By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987)[221] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Bruckner Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, The New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."[222]

Underworld (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the area from the 1950s onward.[223]

Poetry

In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest couplets:

The Bronx?
No Thonx
Ogden Nash, The New Yorker, 1931

Nash repented 33 years after his

calumny, penning the following poem to the dean of faculty at Bronx Community College in 1964:[224]

In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published Bronx Trilogy—consisting of the shoe shine parlor poems et al., concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, and from the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. DeWitt Clinton High School, St. Mary's Park, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[225]

Nash's couplet "The Bronx? No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Lloyd Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from Allen Ginsberg's Kaddish, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as Sandra María Esteves, Milton Kessler, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and Terence Wynch.[226]

"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[227][228]

Bronx Memoir Project

Poe Park Visitor Center, Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[230][231] The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.[230]

Songs

Theater

Belasco Theater in 1935, concerns a poor family living in small quarters, the struggles of the controlling parents and the aspirations of their children.[236]

René Marqués The Oxcart (1959), concerns a rural Puerto Rican family who immigrate to the Bronx for a better life.[237]

one-man show written and performed by Chazz Palminteri. It is a coming-of-age story set in the Bronx. It premiered in Los Angeles in the 1980s and then played on Off-Broadway. After a film version involving Palminteri and Robert De Niro, Palminteri performed his one-man show on Broadway and on tour in 2007.[238]

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ a b "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". US Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  2. ^ Moynihan, Colin. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"
  3. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis.
  4. ^ New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015.
  5. ^ a b Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022), United States Census Bureau. Accessed December 30, 2023.
  6. ^ "P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE". 2020 Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Lloyd Ultan, "History of the Bronx River", Archived June 19, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Paper presented to the Bronx River Alliance, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2+12 hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the Bronx River.
  8. ^ a b c On the start of business for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day. The New York Times, January 3, 1914 (PDF retrieved on June 26, 2008):
    "Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..."
    "Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..."
    "There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed."
    "Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."
  9. ^ a b Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of The Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 Archived May 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Conde, Ed García (July 31, 2017). "12 Bronx Facts You Probably Didn't Know". Welcome2TheBronx™. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  11. . Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.
  12. ^ * "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  13. ^ .
  14. ^ Braver (1998)
  15. ^ "datatables". www.frac.org. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  16. (hardback), chapter on New York state
  17. : 2003, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000
  18. ^ Ruth Blatt (April 10, 2014). "Why Rap Creates Entrepreneurs". Forbes. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  19. ^ See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources.
  20. ^ "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland.
  21. ^ "Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  22. .
  23. ^
  24. . ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...
  25. . …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
  26. ^ "The first Bronxite". The Advocate. 24. Bronx County Bar Association: 59. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.
  27. ^ Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.
  28. ^ "The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
  29. ^ "Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
  30. ^ Roberts, Sam (August 19, 2014). "A Bronck in the Bronx Gives a Swedish Town a Reason to Cheer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022.
  31. ^ See, for example, New York City Administrative Code §2–202 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ See, for example, references on the New York City website Archived May 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as the) to improve automated scanning of addresses.
  34. ^ Clarke, Erin "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'", NY1, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016.
  35. ^ Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987.
  36. ^ Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to William F. Buckley Jr. in "Notes & Asides", National Review, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008.
  37. ^ "3. Capitalization Rules" (PDF). gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  38. ^ "Bronx Borough Historian Lloyd Ultan Marks 15 Years in Office". The Office of The Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
  39. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  40. ^ a b Slattery, Denis (May 20, 2014). "Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 30, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  42. ^ "Dyckman House – History". fordham.edu. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
  43. ^ Stephen Jenkins (1912). The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  44. ^ For Jordan L. Mott:
  45. ^ .
  46. ^ New York. Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928.
  47. ^ Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995
  48. ^ New York. Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948.
  49. ^ Peck, Richard. "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On", The New York Times, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895.
  50. ^ History of City Island, CityIsland.com. Accessed January 2, 2024. "In 1896, residents of City Island voted to detach themselves from Westchester County and to become part of New York City proper."
  51. ^ Macy, Harry Jr. "Before the Five-borough City: The Old Cities, Towns, and Villages That Came Together to Form 'Greater New York'", New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, January 11, 2021. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The present City of New York, consisting of five boroughs, came into existence on January 1, 1898.... In 1914, The Bronx became a separate county of the same name."
  52. ^ New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352.
  53. ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, October 10, 1993. Accessed August 23, 2021. "Marble Hill's Exile Q. Why is there a small piece of Manhattan in the Bronx?. ... A. Marble Hill was originally attached to the northern part of Manhattan, but was severed in 1895 when the city deepened and straightened the waterway that connected the Hudson River to what was known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek (Dutch for 'in Spite of the Devil', thought to be a reference to the trouble it took to cross it). ... Around 1914, Spuyten Duyvil Creek was filled in and the area became physically a part of the Bronx, but it remained politically part of Manhattan."
  54. ^ a b Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998)
  55. ^ "Piano Workers May Strike" (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1919. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  56. ^ Gray, Christopher Gray. "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to...", The New York Times, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992. Accessed January 2, 2024
  57. ^ Tarver, Denton. "The New Bronx A Quick History of the Iconic Borough", Cooperator News, April 2007. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The urbanization of the Bronx truly began with the entrance of the subway into the area in 1904. As the rapid transit came in spurts: 1905, 1910, 1918, and 1920, the subway and elevated train access to Manhattan caused the population of the Bronx to surge, as these rail lines built their tracks into the still-green fields and meadows."
  58. The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 494, citing the American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the Synagogue Council of America
  59. ^ Seymour J. Perlin, "Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx" (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites.
  60. ^ "BNew York – The Bronx". chsserver01.org. Retrieved October 15, 2023.
  61. ^ "Prohibition". Government of New York City. NYC Department of Records & Information Services. March 8, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  62. ^ "The Bronx". chsserver01.org. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  63. OCLC 834874
    .
  64. ^ "The South Bronx". American Realities. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  65. ^ Roderick Wallace (October 1988). "A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage', contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx". Environmental Research, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  66. ^ Roderick Wallace (1990). "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx", Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813. Retrieved July 18, 2022. "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability."
  67. PBS
    .
  68. ^ "Arson for Hate and Profit". Time. October 31, 1977. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  69. ^ a b Gonzalez (2004)
  70. ^ Chambers, Marcia. "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill", The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."
  71. ^ Bloom, Jennifer Kingson (July 23, 1995). "If Your Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; A Bit of Manhattan in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  72. ^ "Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status", The New York Times, June 27, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "The Assembly voted tonight to move the Marble Hill section of the Borough of Manhattan into New York County, thereby correcting a 46-year old mistake.... A dispute over Marble Hill followed, but the matter was mostly put to rest in 1938, when the boundaries of the Borough of Manhattan were shifted to include Marble Hill.... Tonight the Assembly voted 140 to 4 and joined the Senate in moving to change that, and the measure now goes to the Governor. It would be retroactive to Jan. 1, 1938."
  73. ^ Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth., Justia, as corrected through March 19, 2008. Accessed January 8, 2024. "Less than 10 weeks after the Boyd decision, the Legislature eliminated any doubt that the Borough of Manhattan and New York County were conterminous in this respect by specifically including Marble Hill in both the Borough of Manhattan and New York County, 'for all purposes,' retroactive to 1938 (L 1984, ch 939). The official map of the City of New York now shows that Marble Hill is located in New York County."
  74. ^ "Perspectives: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs", The New York Times, January 7, 1990. Accessed January 2, 2024.
  75. ^ "Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan. Housing Policy Debate, Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999.
  76. ^ NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY "Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York" Archived August 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies. Sustainability in Action, 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008
  77. ^ David Gonzalez, "Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force", The New York Times, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008
  78. ^ Meera Subramanian, "Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx", Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Portfolio, November 8, 2005, New York University Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008
  79. ^ Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). "How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground". City Room. The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  80. ^ "Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study" Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, New York Daily News, September 10, 2007
  81. ^ "Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast", June 15, 2007 Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12."
  82. ^ "New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx" December 11, 2007
  83. . Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008.
  84. ^ Smalls, F. Romall (July 20, 1997). "The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  85. ^ a b Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). "Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
  86. ^ Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). "Bx is Booming". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
  87. ^ Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). "The South Bronx Beckons". The New York Times.
  88. ^ Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). "The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels". Daily News. New York City.
  89. ^ "NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day". Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. United States Postal Service. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  90. ^ ""Post Office Location – BRONX GPO". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
  91. ^ Anthony, Madeline (March 18–24, 2016). "Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28.
  92. ^ Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter.
  93. ^ Cruz, David (June 17, 2021). "The Bronx Has The Highest Crime Rate In NYC. What Do Locals Want The Next Mayor To Do About It?". The Gothamist. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  94. ^ "Epi Data Brief: Unintentional Drug Poisoning (Overdose) Deaths in New York City in 2020" (PDF). New York City Health. November 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  95. ^ Venugopal, Arun (January 19, 2022). "Fatal Fire In The Bronx: Tragedy Rooted In The Past". The Gothamist. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  96. ^ Seiden, Aidan (January 25, 2022). "Report finds the Bronx was the coldest borough with several heat complaints this winter | amNewYork". Amny.com. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  97. ^ Sisk, Richard (September 29, 2010). "South Bronx is poorest district in nation, U.S. Census Bureau finds: 38% live below poverty line". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  98. ^ "The Poorest Congressional District in America? Right Here, in New York City". The Village Voice. September 30, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  99. ^ a b "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  100. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  101. .
  102. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  103. ^ Bronx High Point and Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008 at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008
  104. ^ Waterfront Development Initiative Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008
  105. ^ "Future Of New Wards; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing; Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants." The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15. Accessed August 23, 2021. This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed.
  106. ^ Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park, Press Release, November 1, 2007, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation retrieved on July 19, 2008
  107. ^ What Is New York's Greenest Borough? Probably Not the One You Think. by David Gonzales of The New York Times, December 5, 2022
  108. ^ Woodlawn Cemetery, Lehman College. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Woodlawn Cemetery, first called Wood-Lawn, is located at the northern border of the Bronx. In 1863 Reverend Absalom Peters and the cemetery trustees bought 313 acres (now 400 acres) of farmland for a rural cemetery which New Yorkers could reach by a special Harlem River Railroad train. The first burial to take place at Wood-Lawn was in 1865 and since then it has become the final resting place of more than 300,000 people."
  109. ^ "Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  110. ^ a b In September 2008, Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the Bronx Zoo, will begin a joint program leading to a Master of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12).
  111. ^
    S2CID 220109549
    .
  112. ^ Jerome Park (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 12, 2008).
  113. ^ Crotona Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008
  114. ^ Article on the Bronx by Gary Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995 – see Further reading for bibliographic details)
  115. ^ Bronx Parks for the 21st Century Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx.
  116. ^ Areas touching Bronx County, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016.
  117. ^ a b "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps". February 24, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  118. ^ "Geography & Neighborhoods". Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  119. ^ As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines by Manny Fernandez, The New York Times, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008
  120. ^ Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from Bronx Community Boards at the Bronx Mall web-site, and New York: a City of Neighborhoods Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, New York City Department of City Planning, both retrieved on August 5, 2008
  121. ^ Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). "City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  122. ^ Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). "'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  123. ^ Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, by the FPOA, September 17, 2006
  124. ISBN 0-300-05536-6), citing the United States Census Bureau
    N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County.
    (3) Population 1920–1990: Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, United States Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.
    20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008.
  125. ^ "A Story Map: 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  126. ^ "QuickFacts New York County, New York; Richmond County, New York; Kings County, New York; Queens County, New York; Bronx County, New York; New York city, New York". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  127. NYC.gov
    . Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  128. ^ "Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area, 2022" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis.
  129. ^ "QuickFacts: Bronx County, New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  130. ^ "2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  131. ^ a b c d e "Census.gov". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  132. ^ a b c d e "Population Division Working Paper – Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990 – U.S. Census Bureau". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  133. ^ From 15% sample
  134. ^ "Bronx County, New York". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  135. ^ Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
  136. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. 2019. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  137. ^ "National Origin in Bronx County, New York (County)". Statistical Atlas. 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  138. ^ a b TheBronxDaily; Bronck, Jonas (October 12, 2010). "Census 2010 | The Bronx Daily | Bronx.com". Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  139. ^ "New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  140. ^ ""Little Albania" in the Bronx".
  141. ^ a b Historical Census Browser Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing."
  142. U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today
  143. ^ "Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
  144. ^ "Focus on Poverty in New York City". The Stoop. June 7, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  145. ^ "Furman Center releases report highlighting spatially concentrated poverty in New York City | NYU School of Law". Law.nyu.edu. June 20, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  146. ^ "2016 U.S. Census: Selected Economic Characteristics, 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 29, 2017.
  147. ^ "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 – State – Place 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 26, 2018.[dead link]
  148. ^ "Bronx African American History Project". Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  149. ^ David Gonzalez, "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?", The New York Times, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008
  150. ^ Jennifer Lee, "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008
  151. ^ Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  152. ^ "The Official website of the New York Yankees". Yankees.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  153. ^ Perry, Dayn. "Old Yankee Stadium's rise and fall: Complete story of 'The House that Ruth Built' 100 years after its opening", CBS Sports, April 18, 2023. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Spring 1923 After just 284 working days, construction on the massive Yankee Stadium is completed. In terms of its breadth, it is a first in baseball. It is the first baseball stadium with three decks and an electronic scoreboard. It's also the first major-league playing field to be encircled by a running path, which will later become MLB's first warning track. The seating capacity of 58,000 puts Yankee Stadium far above its peers of the day."
  154. ^ "Yankees Timeline – 1900s". New York Yankees. MLB.com. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  155. ^ "Yankee Stadium", Lehman College Art Gallery. Accessed January 2, 2024. "2009's Yankee Stadium has been built on public parkland in adjoining Macombs Dam Park, and again supported by the City, at an estimated cost of 450 million dollars. (With a total price of 1.3 billion dollars, the new stadium is the second most expensive in the world.)"
  156. ^ "New York City FC announce Yankee Stadium to be home field for 2015 season", Major League Soccer, April 21, 2014. Accessed January 2, 2024. "New York City FC will play their inaugural season in Major League Soccer at Yankee Stadium, the club announced on Monday at a press conference at the stadium."
  157. ^ "New York Yankees 27 World Championships", Sports Illustrated, October 15, 2013. Accessed January 2, 2024. "It was only fitting that the Yankees christened their new stadium with their 27th World Series title."
  158. ^ "About". BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  159. ^ "New and Improved Bronx Museum", The Architect's Newspaper, October 20, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "One of the first and most notable additions is a $19 million expansion of the Bronx Museum of Art, designed by Bernardo Fort-Brescia and his firm Arquitectonica. Rising three towering stories above the busy street, the northern wing of the museum is the first phase of a project that will literally unfold to the corner, eventually replacing the squat former-synagogue the museum has occupied since 1982. It adds 16,700 square feet to an existing 33,000."
  160. ^ Christopher Gray, "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine", The New York Times, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008.. See also Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, from Lehman College Gray, Christopher (May 27, 2007). "Sturm und Drang over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  161. ^ "Maritime Industry Museum". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  162. ^ "Home". sites.google.com.
  163. ^ "Bronx River Ecological Restoration and Management Plan". broxriver.org. August 14, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008.
  164. ^ "Welcome". Bronx River Art Center.
  165. ^ Mitchell, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 42.
  166. ^ "Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture". News12:The Bronx. September 10, 2017.
  167. ^ Slattery, Denis (June 19, 2014). "There's something fishy going on in the Bronx". The New York Daily News.
  168. ^ Wirsing, Robert (November 24, 2017). "Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade". The Bronx Times.
  169. ^ Rocchio, Patrick (November 11, 2017). "Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th". The Bronx Times.
  170. ^ Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). "In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule". New York Daily News.
  171. ^ "Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride". News12:The Bronx. July 30, 2017.
  172. ^ Rocchio, Patrick (October 6, 2017). "Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday". The Bronx Times.
  173. ^ "Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck". Bronx Buzz NYC. March 12, 2018.
  174. ^ bxnews.net Archived June 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  175. ^ Ramirez, Anthony. "Radio Tower in Bronx Falls; Botanical Garden Hears It, Happily", The New York Times, April 29, 2006. Accessed May 14, 2021. "Under the 2002 deal, the Fordham tower was to come down, ridding the blight for the botanical garden, and a new Fordham radio antenna, for WFUV-FM (90.7), was to be built atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore. The elevation and the location of the Montefiore building, a mile from the old site, mean that the Fordham radio signal can reach far more listeners than the old one could."
  176. ^ Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed AIFF format) from Bronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-press compact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  177. ^ "The Hub". Archived from the original on January 6, 2010.
  178. ^ "Bronx Neighborhood Histories". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008.
  179. ^ "Bronx Hub revival gathers steam". Archived from the original on November 12, 2007.
  180. ^ "Michael Sorkin Studio". Michael Sorkin Studio. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009.
  181. ^ "Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides"
  182. ^ Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006
  183. ^ Trymaine Lee, "Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President", The New York Times, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009
  184. ^ The Board of Elections in the City of New York, Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (PDF with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009
  185. ^ Calder, Rich (May 8, 2017). ""City backtracks on promise to replace Yankee Stadium parkland"". New York Post. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
  186. ^ Mueller, Benjamin. "Robert Johnson, Bronx District Attorney, Says He Wants to Become a State Judge", The New York Times, September 18, 2015. Accessed May 14, 2021. "With the backing of Democratic leaders, Mr. Johnson won a contested election in 1988 to become the first black district attorney in the state."
  187. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  188. ^ "Board of Elections in the City of New York 2020 Election Night Results President/Vice President". Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  189. ^ "New York State Board of Elections, 2020 General Election Night Results". Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  190. ^ "Election Results Summary | NYC Board of Elections".
  191. ), article on "government and politics"
  192. ^ "New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Archived from the original on December 30, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
  193. ^ (The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough)
  194. ^ To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted.
  195. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2022.Text list
  196. ^ a b c QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York, United States Census Bureau, retrieved August 22, 2008 Archived February 12, 2020, at archive.today
  197. ^ Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012. ()
  198. U.S. Census Bureau, County and City Data Book:2007
    , Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics
  199. ^ Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  200. ^ Gary M. Stern (March 16, 2017). "The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  201. ^ Monroe College history (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008.
  202. ^ "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps", WNET, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off."
  203. ^ Bronx factsheet, Tri‐State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016.
  204. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  205. ^ "Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  206. ^ "MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved". Welcome2TheBronx. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  207. ^ "Mayor de Blasio Announces Opening of new NYC Ferry Landing in Throgs Neck, the Bronx | City of New York". .nyc.gov. December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
  208. ^ Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". Bronx Times Reporter.
  209. ^ "NOAA NCEI U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  210. ^ Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013.
  211. ^ Hinkley, David (March 3, 2004). "Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009.
  212. ^ Gilliland, John (April 14, 1972). "Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #5". UNT Digital Library.
  213. ^ O'Connor, John J. "TV: CBS on C.I.A., and BBC's Bronx is Burning", The New York Times, June 13, 1975. Accessed March 10, 2023. "This Sunday at 9 P.M., WNEW/Channel 5 will offer an hour‐long documentary called The Bronx is Burning. Documenting the daily routines of Engine. Company 82 in the South Bronx, the program captures some of the peculiar ingredients that constitute 'perhaps the toughest square mile in the city.'""
  214. .
  215. ^ Conde, Ed Garcia. "Bronx Burning: A Documentary By Edwin Pagán", Welcome2TheBronx, May 6, 2014. Accessed March 10, 2023. "Edwin Pagán, a "New York-based filmmaker, Photographer, cinematographer, screenwriter and cultural activist," will begin filming Bronx Burning this June and is seeking individuals who lived those terrible years of our borough and have any personal, unique, or little known stories they'd like to share."
  216. ^ "Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations". E-News Update. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006. Archived from the original on June 26, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2006.
  217. ^ "The Get Down review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York" by Sam Wollaston, The Guardian, August 15, 2016
  218. ^ Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. New York: Harper Colophon, 1983.
  219. ^ The Threepenny Review, Volume 109, Spring 2007
  220. ^ Anne Barnard, Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames, The New York Times, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008
  221. ^ Kakutani, Michiko (September 16, 1997). "'Underworld': Of America as a Splendid Junk Heap". The New York Times.
  222. ^ "Contrite Poet Gives A Cheer for Bronx On Golden Jubilee". The New York Times. May 27, 1964.
  223. ^ "From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez". Kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
  224. . Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  225. . Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  226. ^ Daniels, Jim (December 2016). "Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md" (PDF). Journal of Working-Class Studies. 1 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  227. ^ "A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough". NY Daily News. December 28, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  228. ^ a b "Writing to Heal in the Bronx". The Huffington Post. June 2, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  229. ^ "Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY". www.americantowns.com. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  230. ^ This Is Me... Then (liner notes). Jennifer Lopez. Epic Records. 2003.
  231. . Jennifer Lynn Lopez's parents, David and Guadalupe, were both born in Ponce, the second-largest city in Puerto Rico.
  232. ^ "Jennifer Lopez: Actress, Reality Television Star, Dancer, Singer (1969–)"
  233. ), pages 1091–1095
  234. ^ "Clifford Odets | American dramatist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  235. ^ Gussow, Mel. "Theater: The Oxcart". The New York Times.
  236. ^ "'A Bronx Tale: The Musical': Theater Review | Hollywood Reporter". www.hollywoodreporter.com. November 9, 2018. Retrieved October 7, 2020.

Further reading

General

Bronx history

External links

Newspapers

Associations

History