Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Kings County, New York | ||
---|---|---|
District Attorney Eric Gonzalez (D) | — (Kings County) | |
Area | ||
• Total | 97 sq mi (250 km2) | |
• Land | 70.82 sq mi (183.4 km2) | |
• Water | 26 sq mi (67 km2) | |
Highest elevation | 220 ft (67 m) | |
Population (2020) | ||
• Total | 2,736,074[1] | |
• Density | 38,634/sq mi (14,917/km2) | |
• Demonym | Brooklynite[3] | |
GDP | ||
• Total | US$107.274 billion (2022) | |
ZIP Code prefix | 112 | |
Area codes | 718/347/929, 917 | |
Congressional districts | 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th | |
Website | www |
Brooklyn is a borough of New York City. Located on the westernmost edge of Long Island, it is coextensive with Kings County in the U.S. state of New York. With 2,736,074 residents as of the 2020 United States census,[1] Kings County is the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City and the most populous county in the State of New York.[5][6] The population density of Brooklyn was 37,339.9 inhabitants per square mile (14,417.0/km2) in 2022, making it the second-most-densely-populated county in the United States, behind Manhattan,[7] and it had the ninth-highest population of any county nationwide.[8] Were Brooklyn still an independent city, it would be the fourth most populous in the U.S. after the rest of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.[8]
Named after the Dutch town of Breukelen in the Netherlands, Brooklyn shares a border with the borough of Queens. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the East River, and is connected to Staten Island by way of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge. With a land area of 69.38 square miles (179.7 km2) and a water area of 27.48 square miles (71.2 km2), Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area.[9]
Brooklyn was founded by the Dutch in the 17th century and grew into a busy port city by the 19th century. On January 1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents,
In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for hipsters,[14] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.[15] Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units.[citation needed] Since the 2010s, parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship, high-technology startup firms,[16][17] postmodern art,[18] and design.[17]
Toponym
The name Brooklyn is derived from the original
Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen, and finally Breukelen.[24] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."[25] The current name, however, is the one that best reflects its meaning.[26][27]
History
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The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York.
Colonial era
New Netherland
The
- , England;
- Brooklyn Heights: chartered as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816;
- Flatlands: chartered as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647;
- Flatbush: chartered as Midwoutin 1652;
- Utrecht, Netherlands; and
- The Brooklyn Museum
The colony's capital of
Province of New York
Present-day Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the English captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the English renamed the new capture for their naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II and future king himself as King James II. Brooklyn became a part of the West Riding of York Shire in the Province of New York, one of the Middle Colonies of nascent British America.
On November 1, 1683, Kings County was partitioned from the West Riding of York Shire, containing the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island,[30] as one of the "original twelve counties". This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of a Brooklyn identity.
Lacking the
Revolutionary War
On August 27, 1776, the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn') was fought, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.[32]
The
The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The Patriot residents largely fled or were cleared from the area, and afterward the British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—Patriot intelligence network, headed by Washington himself.
The British set up a system of prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay. More American patriots died there than in combat on all the battlefield engagements of the American Revolutionary War combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, which was celebrated by New Yorkers into the 20th century.
Post-independence era
Urbanization
The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The
The first center of
In a parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in the mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.
However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburg; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1855, subsequently dropping the 'h' from its name.[33]
By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.[34] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,[35] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.[36] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[37] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.[38] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of Major League Baseball in 1957.
Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York,[39] and under Republican leadership, the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.
The number of people living in Brooklyn grew rapidly early in the 19th century. There were 4,402 by 1810, 7,175 in 1820 and 15,396 by 1830.[40] The city's population was 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 on the night shift. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars from New York City. Finally, in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.[41]
Civil War
Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and
As a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.
Twin city
Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival.
During this period, the affluent, contiguous districts of
Economic growth continued, propelled by
The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks, including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.
Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill; notable residents of the era included
in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.Seth Low as mayor
Low's time in office from 1882 to 1885 was marked by a number of reforms:[42]
- Secured a degree of "home rule" of the city. Previously, the State Government dictated city policies, hiring, salaries, and other affairs. Low managed to secure an unofficial veto over all Brooklyn bills in the State Assembly.
- Instituted a number of educational reforms. He was the first to integrate Brooklyn schools. He introduced free textbooks for all students, not just those who had taken a pauper's oath. He instituted a competitive examination for hiring teachers, instead of giving teaching jobs to pay political debts. He set aside $430,000 (equivalent to $13,039,379 in 2022) for the construction of new schools to accommodate 10,000 new students.
- Introduced Civil Service Code to all city employees, eliminating patronage jobs.
- German Americans wanted to enjoy their local beer gardens on the Sabbath, in violation of state "dry" laws and the demands of local puritanical clergy. Low's compromise solution was that saloons could stay open as long as they were orderly. At the first sign of rowdiness, they would be closed.
- Served as a member of the board of the New York Bridge Company, the company that built the Brooklyn Bridge, and led an unsuccessful effort to remove Washington Roebling as the chief engineer on that project.[43]
- Raised the tax rate from 2.33% of $100 assessed valuation in 1881 to 2.59% in 1883.[42] He also went after property owners who had not paid back taxes. This increase in city revenue enabled him to reduce the city's debt and increase services. However, raising taxes proved extremely unpopular.
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until 1898, after which it was consolidated into the
Mayor | Start year | End year | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
George Hall | Democratic-Republican | 1834 | 1834 | |
Jonathan Trotter | Democratic | 1835 | 1836 | |
Jeremiah Johnson | Whig | 1837 | 1838 | |
Cyrus P. Smith | Whig | 1839 | 1841 | |
Henry C. Murphy | Democratic | 1842 | 1842 | |
Joseph Sprague | Democratic | 1843 | 1844 | |
Thomas G. Talmage | Democratic | 1845 | 1845 | |
Francis B. Stryker | Whig | 1846 | 1848 | |
Edward Copland | Whig | 1849 | 1849 | |
Samuel Smith
|
Democratic | 1850 | 1850 | |
Conklin Brush | Whig | 1851 | 1852 | |
Edward A. Lambert | Democratic | 1853 | 1854 | |
George Hall | Know Nothing
|
1855 | 1856 | |
Samuel S. Powell | Democratic | 1857 | 1860 | |
Martin Kalbfleisch | Democratic | 1861 | 1863 | |
Alfred M. Wood | Republican | 1864 | 1865 | |
Samuel Booth | Republican | 1866 | 1867 | |
Martin Kalbfleisch | Democratic | 1868 | 1871 | |
Samuel S. Powell | Democratic | 1872 | 1873 | |
John W. Hunter | Democratic | 1874 | 1875 | |
Frederick A. Schroeder | Republican | 1876 | 1877 | |
James Howell
|
Democratic | 1878 | 1881 | |
Seth Low | Republican | 1882 | 1885 | |
Daniel D. Whitney | Democratic | 1886 | 1887 | |
Alfred C. Chapin | Democratic | 1888 | 1891 | |
David A. Boody | Democratic | 1892 | 1893 | |
Charles A. Schieren | Republican | 1894 | 1895 | |
Frederick W. Wurster | Republican | 1896 | 1897 |
New York City borough
In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.
The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of
Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. Many newspapers of the day called the merger the "Great Mistake of 1898", and the phrase still elicits Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.[46]
Geography
Brooklyn is 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest by land area among the New York City's boroughs. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest
Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including
Climate
Under the
Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (normals 1981–2010,[50] extremes 1948–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) |
71 (22) |
85 (29) |
90 (32) |
99 (37) |
99 (37) |
104 (40) |
101 (38) |
98 (37) |
90 (32) |
77 (25) |
75 (24) |
104 (40) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.8 (13.8) |
57.9 (14.4) |
68.5 (20.3) |
78.1 (25.6) |
84.9 (29.4) |
92.1 (33.4) |
94.5 (34.7) |
92.7 (33.7) |
87.4 (30.8) |
78.0 (25.6) |
69.1 (20.6) |
60.1 (15.6) |
96.6 (35.9) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.1 (3.9) |
41.8 (5.4) |
49.0 (9.4) |
59.0 (15.0) |
68.5 (20.3) |
78.0 (25.6) |
83.2 (28.4) |
81.9 (27.7) |
75.3 (24.1) |
64.5 (18.1) |
54.3 (12.4) |
44.0 (6.7) |
61.6 (16.4) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 26.3 (−3.2) |
28.1 (−2.2) |
34.2 (1.2) |
43.5 (6.4) |
52.8 (11.6) |
62.8 (17.1) |
68.5 (20.3) |
67.8 (19.9) |
60.8 (16.0) |
49.6 (9.8) |
40.7 (4.8) |
31.5 (−0.3) |
47.3 (8.5) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 9.8 (−12.3) |
13.4 (−10.3) |
19.1 (−7.2) |
32.6 (0.3) |
42.6 (5.9) |
52.7 (11.5) |
60.7 (15.9) |
58.6 (14.8) |
49.2 (9.6) |
37.6 (3.1) |
27.4 (−2.6) |
16.3 (−8.7) |
7.5 (−13.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | −2 (−19) |
−2 (−19) |
4 (−16) |
20 (−7) |
34 (1) |
45 (7) |
55 (13) |
46 (8) |
40 (4) |
30 (−1) |
19 (−7) |
2 (−17) |
−2 (−19) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.16 (80) |
2.59 (66) |
3.78 (96) |
3.87 (98) |
3.94 (100) |
3.86 (98) |
4.08 (104) |
3.68 (93) |
3.50 (89) |
3.62 (92) |
3.30 (84) |
3.39 (86) |
42.77 (1,086) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.3 (16) |
8.3 (21) |
3.5 (8.9) |
0.8 (2.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
4.7 (12) |
23.8 (60) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 10.5 | 9.6 | 11.0 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 119.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch) | 4.6 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 13.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
64.9 | 64.4 | 63.4 | 64.1 | 69.5 | 71.5 | 71.4 | 71.7 | 71.9 | 69.1 | 67.9 | 66.3 | 68.0 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[51][52][53] |
Climate data for Brooklyn, New York City (Avenue V) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.7 (4.3) |
42.4 (5.8) |
49.7 (9.8) |
60.5 (15.8) |
70.5 (21.4) |
79.3 (26.3) |
84.8 (29.3) |
83.3 (28.5) |
76.5 (24.7) |
65.0 (18.3) |
54.3 (12.4) |
44.5 (6.9) |
62.5 (16.9) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 27.5 (−2.5) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
35.2 (1.8) |
44.8 (7.1) |
54.4 (12.4) |
64.0 (17.8) |
70.3 (21.3) |
68.9 (20.5) |
62.4 (16.9) |
51.2 (10.7) |
41.4 (5.2) |
33.2 (0.7) |
48.5 (9.2) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.53 (90) |
2.97 (75) |
4.37 (111) |
3.85 (98) |
4.03 (102) |
4.44 (113) |
4.85 (123) |
3.92 (100) |
3.92 (100) |
4.02 (102) |
3.23 (82) |
4.00 (102) |
47.13 (1,197) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.5 (17) |
8.5 (22) |
4.4 (11) |
0.6 (1.5) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
4.3 (11) |
24.5 (62) |
Source: NOAA[54] |
Boroughscape
Neighborhoods
Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century,
The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62]
Community diversity
Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations.[63] In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.[64] Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:
Jewish American
Over 600,000
The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of
Many non-Orthodox Jews (ranging from observant members of various denominations to
Chinese American
Over 200,000
Caribbean and African American
Brooklyn's
Hispanic American
In the aftermath of
Bushwick has since emerged as the largest hub of Brooklyn's Hispanic American community. Like other Hispanic neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans and Mexicans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Hispanic, its residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Hispanic, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Hispanic groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans and Ecuadorians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg's South Side and East New York. Mexicans (especially from the state of Puebla) now predominate alongside Chinese immigrants in Sunset Park, although remnants of the neighborhood's once-substantial postwar Puerto Rican and Dominican communities continue to reside below 39th Street. Save for Red Hook (which remained roughly one-fifth Hispanic American as of the 2010 Census), the South Side and Sunset Park, similar postwar communities in other waterfront neighborhoods—including western Park Slope, the north end of Greenpoint,[73] and Boerum Hill, long considered the northern subsection of Gowanus—largely disappeared by the turn of the century due to various factors, including deindustrialization, ensuing gentrification and suburbanization among more affluent Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. A Panamanian enclave exists in Crown Heights.
Russian and Ukrainian American
Brooklyn is also home to many
Polish American
Brooklyn's
Italian American
Despite widespread migration to
Arab American & Muslim
In the early 20th century, many Lebanese and Syrian Christians settled around Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue in Boerum Hill; more recently, this area has evolved into a Yemeni commercial district. More recent, predominantly Muslim Arab immigrants, especially Egyptians and Lebanese, have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal grocers, Islamic shops and mosques line the commercial thoroughfares of Fifth and Third Avenues below 86th Street. Brighton Beach is home to a growing Pakistani American community, while Midwood is home to Little Pakistan along Coney Island Avenue (recently co-named Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way). Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Just to the north, Kensington is one of New York's several emerging Bangladeshi enclaves.
Irish American
Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation
South Asian American
While not as extensive as the Indian American population in Queens, younger professionals of Asian Indian origin are finding Brooklyn to be a convenient alternative to Manhattan to find housing. Nearly 30,000 Indian Americans call Brooklyn home.[citation needed]
Brighton Beach is home to a growing
Greek American
Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough. A historical concentration has endured in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas, where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools, businesses and cultural institutions. Other businesses are situated in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. As in much of the New York metropolitan area, Greek-owned diners are found throughout the borough.
LGBTQ community
Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples.
Artists-in-residence
Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1731 | 2,150 | — |
1756 | 2,707 | +25.9% |
1771 | 3,623 | +33.8% |
1786 | 3,966 | +9.5% |
1790 | 4,549 | +14.7% |
1800 | 5,740 | +26.2% |
1810 | 8,303 | +44.7% |
1820 | 11,187 | +34.7% |
1830 | 20,535 | +83.6% |
1840 | 47,613 | +131.9% |
1850 | 138,822 | +191.6% |
1860 | 279,122 | +101.1% |
1870 | 419,921 | +50.4% |
1880 | 599,495 | +42.8% |
1890 | 838,547 | +39.9% |
1900 | 1,166,582 | +39.1% |
1910 | 1,634,351 | +40.1% |
1920 | 2,018,356 | +23.5% |
1930 | 2,560,401 | +26.9% |
1940 | 2,698,285 | +5.4% |
1950 | 2,738,175 | +1.5% |
1960 | 2,627,319 | −4.0% |
1970 | 2,602,012 | −1.0% |
1980 | 2,230,936 | −14.3% |
1990 | 2,300,664 | +3.1% |
2000 | 2,465,326 | +7.2% |
2010 | 2,504,700 | +1.6% |
2020 | 2,736,074 | +9.2% |
1731–1786[81] U.S. Decennial Census[82] 1790–1960[83] 1900–1990[84] 1990–2000[85] 2010[86] 2020[1] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[87] |
Jurisdiction | Population | Land area | Density of population | GDP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Borough | County | Census (2020) |
square miles |
square km |
people/ sq. mile |
people/ sq. km |
billions (2022 US$) 2 | |
Bronx
|
1,472,654 | 42.2 | 109.2 | 34,920 | 13,482 | $43.7 | ||
Kings
|
2,736,074 | 69.4 | 179.7 | 39,438 | 15,227 | $107.3 | ||
New York
|
1,694,251 | 22.7 | 58.7 | 74,781 | 28,872 | $781.0 | ||
Queens
|
2,405,464 | 108.7 | 281.6 | 22,125 | 8,542 | $103.3 | ||
Richmond
|
495,747 | 57.5 | 149.0 | 8,618 | 3,327 | $17.5 | ||
8,804,190 | 300.5 | 778.2 | 29,303 | 11,314 | $1,052.8 | |||
20,201,249 | 47,123.6 | 122,049.5 | 429 | 166 | $1,763.5 | |||
Sources:[88][89][90][91] and see individual borough articles. |
Racial composition | 2020[92] | 2010[93] | 1990[55] | 1950[55] | 1900[55] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White |
37.6% | 42.8% | 46.9% | 92.2% | 98.3% |
—Non-Hispanic | 35.4% | 35.7% | 40.1% | n/a | n/a |
Black or African American |
26.7% | 34.3% | 37.9% | 7.6% | 1.6% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 18.9% | 19.8% | 20.1% | n/a | n/a |
Asian |
13.6% | 10.5% | 4.8% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Two or more races |
8.7% | 3.0% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
At the 2020 census, 2,736,074 people lived in Brooklyn. The United States Census Bureau had estimated Brooklyn's population increased by 2.2% to 2,559,903 between 2010 and 2019. Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,336,817; 33.5% of Long Island's population of 7,701,172; and 13.2% of New York State's population of 19,542,209.[94] In 2020, the government of New York City projected Brooklyn's population at 2,648,403.[95] The 2019 census estimates determined there were 958,567 households with an average of 2.66 persons per household.[96] There were 1,065,399 housing units in 2019 and a median gross rent of $1,426. Citing growth, Brooklyn gained 9,696 building permits at the 2019 census estimates program.
Ethnic groups
The 2020 American Community Survey estimated the racial and ethnic makeup of Brooklyn was 35.4% non-Hispanic white, 26.7% Black or African American, 0.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 13.6% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 4.1% two or more races, and 18.9% Hispanic or Latin American of any race.[100] According to the 2010 United States census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.[101] In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.[102]
Languages
Brooklyn has a high degree of
Culture
Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture, including literature, cinema, and theater. Brooklyn's accent has often been portrayed as "the typical New Yorker accent" in American media, although this accent and its stereotypes are supposedly diminishing in currency.[104] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.[105]
Cultural venues
Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second-largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.
The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.
The
Media
Local periodicals
Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The
The borough is home to the arts and politics monthly
Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others are now defunct, including BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").[109]
Ethnic press
Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press.
Television
The City of New York has an official television station, run by
Events
- The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.[113]
- Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4).[113]
- The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.
- The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.[114]
Economy
Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.[115]
Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.[115]
Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial
Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.[116] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns in packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.[117]
First established as a
Construction and services are the fastest-growing sectors.[119] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.[120] As of August 2008[update], the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.[121]
Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.[122][123]
The
Parks and other attractions
- Brooklyn Botanic Garden: adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill, and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.
- Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built-in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s but has undergone a renaissance.[125]
- National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains.
- Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers.
- Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area
- New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line.
- Audubon Center;[127]Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.
- Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners during the Revolutionary War.
Sports
Brooklyn's major professional sports team is the
Barclays Center was also the home arena for the
Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.
In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval.[129] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.[130]
Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.[131] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club.
After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the
The minor-league
Brooklyn once had a
In
Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay. Species caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.[135][136][137]
Government and politics
Each of New York City's five counties (coterminous with each
Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid
The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Main Post Office is located at 271 Cadman Plaza East in Downtown Brooklyn.[138]
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 202,772 | 22.14% | 703,310 | 76.78% | 9,927 | 1.08% |
2016 | 141,044 | 17.51% | 640,553 | 79.51% | 24,008 | 2.98% |
2012 | 124,551 | 16.90% | 604,443 | 82.02% | 7,988 | 1.08% |
2008 | 151,872 | 19.99% | 603,525 | 79.43% | 4,451 | 0.59% |
2004 | 167,149 | 24.30% | 514,973 | 74.86% | 5,762 | 0.84% |
2000 | 96,609 | 15.65% | 497,513 | 80.60% | 23,115 | 3.74% |
1996 | 81,406 | 15.08% | 432,232 | 80.07% | 26,195 | 4.85% |
1992 | 133,344 | 22.93% | 411,183 | 70.70% | 37,067 | 6.37% |
1988 | 178,961 | 32.60% | 363,916 | 66.28% | 6,142 | 1.12% |
1984 | 230,064 | 38.29% | 368,518 | 61.34% | 2,189 | 0.36% |
1980 | 200,306 | 38.44% | 288,893 | 55.44% | 31,893 | 6.12% |
1976 | 190,728 | 31.08% | 419,382 | 68.34% | 3,533 | 0.58% |
1972 | 373,903 | 48.96% | 387,768 | 50.78% | 1,949 | 0.26% |
1968 | 247,936 | 31.99% | 489,174 | 63.12% | 37,859 | 4.89% |
1964 | 229,291 | 25.05% | 684,839 | 74.80% | 1,373 | 0.15% |
1960 | 327,497 | 33.51% | 646,582 | 66.16% | 3,227 | 0.33% |
1956 | 460,456 | 45.23% | 557,655 | 54.77% | 0 | 0.00% |
1952 | 446,708 | 39.82% | 656,229 | 58.50% | 18,765 | 1.67% |
1948 | 330,494 | 30.49% | 579,922 | 53.51% | 173,401 | 16.00% |
1944 | 393,926 | 34.01% | 758,270 | 65.46% | 6,168 | 0.53% |
1940 | 394,534 | 34.44% | 742,668 | 64.83% | 8,365 | 0.73% |
1936 | 212,852 | 21.85% | 738,306 | 75.78% | 23,143 | 2.38% |
1932 | 192,536 | 25.04% | 514,172 | 66.86% | 62,300 | 8.10% |
1928 | 245,622 | 36.13% | 404,393 | 59.48% | 29,822 | 4.39% |
1924 | 236,877 | 47.50% | 158,907 | 31.87% | 102,903 | 20.63% |
1920 | 292,692 | 63.32% | 119,612 | 25.88% | 49,944 | 10.80% |
1916 | 120,752 | 46.90% | 125,625 | 48.79% | 11,080 | 4.30% |
1912 | 51,239 | 20.94% | 109,748 | 44.86% | 83,676 | 34.20% |
1908 | 119,789 | 50.64% | 96,756 | 40.90% | 20,025 | 8.46% |
1904 | 113,246 | 48.12% | 111,855 | 47.53% | 10,216 | 4.34% |
1900 | 108,977 | 49.57% | 106,232 | 48.32% | 4,639 | 2.11% |
1896 | 109,135 | 56.35% | 76,882 | 39.70% | 7,659 | 3.95% |
1892 | 70,505 | 39.97% | 100,160 | 56.78% | 5,720 | 3.24% |
1888 | 70,052 | 45.49% | 82,507 | 53.58% | 1,430 | 0.93% |
1884 | 53,516 | 42.37% | 69,264 | 54.83% | 3,541 | 2.80% |
1880 | 51,751 | 45.66% | 61,062 | 53.88% | 516 | 0.46% |
1876 | 39,066 | 40.41% | 57,556 | 59.53% | 62 | 0.06% |
1872 | 33,369 | 46.68% | 38,108 | 53.31% | 10 | 0.01% |
1868 | 27,707 | 41.02% | 39,838 | 58.98% | 0 | 0.00% |
1864 | 20,838 | 44.75% | 25,726 | 55.25% | 0 | 0.00% |
1860 | 15,883 | 43.56% | 20,583 | 56.44% | 0 | 0.00% |
1856 | 7,846 | 25.58% | 14,174 | 46.22% | 8,647 | 28.20% |
1852 | 8,496 | 43.97% | 10,628 | 55.00% | 199 | 1.03% |
1848 | 7,511 | 56.59% | 4,882 | 36.78% | 879 | 6.62% |
1844 | 5,107 | 51.94% | 4,648 | 47.27% | 77 | 0.78% |
1840 | 3,293 | 50.86% | 3,157 | 48.76% | 24 | 0.37% |
1836 | 1,868 | 44.59% | 2,321 | 55.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
1832 | 1,264 | 42.06% | 1,741 | 57.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
1828 | 1,053 | 43.84% | 1,349 | 56.16% | 0 | 0.00% |
As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 16.9%.
Federal representation
As of 2023, four Democrats and one Republican represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.[142]
- Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Boerum Hill, Brooklyn Heights, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[142]
- Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[142]
- Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace.[142]
- Dan Goldman (first elected in 2022) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan.[142]
- Nicole Malliotakis (first elected in 2020) represents New York's 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island.[142]
Party | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic
|
69.7 | 69.2 | 70.0 | 70.1 | 70.6 | 70.3 | 70.7 | 70.8 | 70.8 | 71.0 |
Republican
|
10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 11.5 |
Other | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
No affiliation | 16.5 | 16.9 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 16.3 | 16.5 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.2 |
Housing
Brooklyn offers a wide array of private housing, as well as public housing, which is administered by the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA). Affordable rental and co-operative housing units throughout the borough were created under the Mitchell–Lama Housing Program.[143] There were 1,101,441 housing units in 2022[86] at an average density of 15,876 units per square mile (6,130/km2). Public housing administered by NYCHA accounts for more than 100,000 residents in nearly 50,000 units in 2023.[144]
Education
Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Non-charter public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education,[145] the largest public school system in the United States.
Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.[146] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6 million and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.[147] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[148] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and a large number of graduates attending prestigious universities.
Higher education
Public colleges
CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.
Private colleges
Adelphi University, based in Garden City, moved its Manhattan Campus in 2023 to a new location on Livingston Street in Downtown Brooklyn. The move marks a return to Brooklyn for the university, which originated on Adelphi Street with the Adelphi Academy. The facility is shared with St. Francis College, which has created a new campus at 179 Livingston Street.[149]
Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for the quality of students.[150]
Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.
Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include a library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.
The
St. Francis College is a Catholic college in Downtown Brooklyn founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, over 2,400 students attend the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.[155][156][157]
Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as
Community colleges
Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system in Manhattan Beach.
Brooklyn Public Library
As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[158] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.
There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half-mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography, and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.
Transportation
Public transport
About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without
Brooklyn features extensive
- Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center
- Broadway Junction
- DeKalb Avenue
- Jay Street–MetroTech
- Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue[160]
Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,[161] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.[162][163]
Brooklyn was once served by
In February 2015, Mayor
A
Roadways
Most of the
Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but
Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the
Waterways
Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the
In February 2015, Mayor
Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
- Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)
- Huế, Vietnam
- Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[175]
- Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[176]
- Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[177][178][179]
- London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom[180]
- Bnei Brak, Israel[181]
- Konak, İzmir, Turkey (since 2010)[182]
- Chaoyang District, Beijing, China (since 2014)[183]
- Yiwu, China (since 2014)[183]
- Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey (since 2015)[184]
Hospitals and healthcare
- Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center[185]
- Kings County Hospital Center
- Maimonides Medical Center
- Mount Sinai Brooklyn
- New York Community Hospital
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County
- NYU Langone Hospital – Brooklyn
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center
See also
General links
|
History of neighborhoods
|
General history
|
Notes
- Multiracial American, other Asian or other European ancestry
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Further reading
Published before 1941
- Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893). The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Vol. 1. Brooklyn : The Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
- W. Williams (1850), "Brooklyn", Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton
- OL 14012527M
- "Brooklyn", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
- Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). Almanac: 1898 (2nd ed.). Brooklyn: [S.l. : s.n.], Brooklyn Daily Eagle).
- Harrington Putnam (1899), "Brooklyn", in Lyman P. Powell (ed.), Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, OCLC 248109
- Ernest Ingersoll (1906), "Greater New York: Brooklyn", Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, OCLC 29277709
- Edward Hungerford (1913), "Across the East River", The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–649.
- .
Published 1941–present
- Berner, Thomas F. The Brooklyn Navy Yard (Arcadia, 1999) online.
- Carbone, Tommy, Growing Up Greenpoint – A Kid's Life in 1970s Brooklyn. (Burnt Jacket Publishing, 2018).
- Carroll, James T. "Neighbors to the East of the River: Cast of Leaders in the Diocese of Brooklyn, 1920–1960." Catholic Historical Review 108.2 (2022): 267–286.
- Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243–1258.
- Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427–1440.
- Edwards, Maurice. How music grew in Brooklyn: a biography of the Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra (Scarecrow Press, 2006).
- Gallagher, John J. Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 (Da Capo Press, 2009) online.
- Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier, 2010) online
- Harris, Lynn. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?" The New York Times May 18, 2008
- Haw, Richard. "American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman's Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge." Journal of American Studies 38.1 (2004): 1-22.
- Henke, Holger, The West Indian Americans ( Greenwood Press: 2001).
- Hughes, Evan. Literary Brooklyn: The writers of Brooklyn and the story of American city life (Holt, 2011).
- Kranzler, George. Hasidic Williamsburg: A contemporary American Hasidic community (Jason Aronson, 1995).
- Kurland, Gerald. Seth Low: The Reformer in an Urban and Industrial Age (Ardent Media, 1971); he was mayor of Brooklyn from 1881 to 1885.
- Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)
- McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos
- McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001)
- McNamara, Patrick. " 'Catholic Journalism With Its Sleeves Rolled Up': Patrick F. Scanlan and the Brooklyn Tablet, 1917-1968." US Catholic Historian 25.3 (2007): 87–107.
- Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979) excerpt
- Moore, Deborah Dash. At Home in America: Second Generation New York Jews (Columbia University Press, 1981).
- Podair, Jerald E. The strike that changed New York: Blacks, whites and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville crisis (Yale University Press, 2003). online
- Pritchett, Wendell E. Brownsville, Brooklyn: Blacks, Jews, and the changing face of the ghetto (University of Chicago Press, 2002) online.
- Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. (Workman Publishing, 2001).
- Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018)
- Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (1943) a semi-autobiographical novel set in the Williamsburg slums of Brooklyn, from 1902 to 1919.
- Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004)
- Sparr, Arnold. "Looking for Rosie: Women Defense Workers in the Brooklyn Navy Yard, 1942-1946." New York History 81.3 (2000): 313–340. online
- Trachtenberg, Alan. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol (University of Chicago Press, 1979). online dissertation version
- Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73–96.
- Weld, Ralph Foster. Brooklyn is America (Columbia University Press, 1950). online
- Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014)
- Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636–1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013)
External links
History
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Brooklyn, various dates.
- The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841–1902 (from the Brooklyn Public Library)
- Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman
- Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition. by Gabriel Furman
- "Becoming Wards One By One" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12.