Brown trout

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Brown trout

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes
Family: Salmonidae
Genus: Salmo
Species:
S. trutta
Binomial name
Salmo trutta
Morphs

Salmo trutta morpha trutta

Salmo trutta morpha fario
Salmo trutta morpha lacustris

Synonyms[2]
previous scientific names
  • Trutta fluviatilis (Duhamel, 1771) Trutta salmonata (Rutty, 1772) Fario trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta trutta (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Fario lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo trutta lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Salmo eriox (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758) Trutta marina (Duhamel, 1771) Salmo illanca (Wartmann, 1783) Trutta salmanata (Strøm, 1784) Salmo albus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Salmo stroemii (Gmelin, 1789) Salmo sylvaticus (Gmelin, 1789) Salmo cornubiensis (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo fario loensis (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo albus (Walbaum, 1792) Salmo saxatilis (Schrank, 1798) Salmo fario var. forestensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Salmo faris var. forestensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Salmo cumberland (Lacepède, 1803) Salmo gadoides (Lacepède, 1803) Salmo phinoc (Shaw, 1804) Salmo cambricus (Donovan, 1806) Salmo taurinus (Walker, 1812) Salmo montana (Walker, 1812) Salmo spurius (Pallas, 1814) Salmo lemanus (Cuvier, 1829) Salmo truttula (Nilsson, 1832) Salmo caecifer (Parnell, 1838) Salmo levenensis (Yarrell, 1839) Salmo orientalis (McClelland, 1842) Salar ausonii (Valenciennes, 1848) Fario argenteus (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar bailloni (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar gaimardi (Valenciennes, 1848) Salar spectabilis (Valenciennes, 1848) Salmo estuarius (Knox, 1855) Salar ausonii var. semipunctata (Heckel & Kner, 1858) Salar ausonii var. parcepunctata (Heckel & Kner, 1858) Salmo fario major (Walecki, 1863) Salmo venernensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo brachypoma (Günther, 1866) Salmo mistops (Günther, 1866) Salmo polyosteus (Günther, 1866) Salmo gallivensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo rappii (Günther, 1866) Salmo orcadensis (Günther, 1866) Salmo islayensis (Thomson, 1873) Salmo oxianus (Kessler, 1874) Salmo trutta oxianus (Kessler, 1874) Trutta variabilis (Lunel, 1874) Trutta marina (Moreau, 1881) Salmo lacustris rhenana (Fatio, 1890) Salmo lacustris septentrionalis (Fatio, 1890) Salmo lacustris romanovi (Kawraisky, 1896) Salmo trutta aralensis (Berg, 1908) Salmo trutta ezenami (non Berg, 1948) Salmo trutta ciscaucasicus (non Dorofeeva, 1967) Salmo abanticus Tortonese, 1954

The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a species of

native range
.

Brown trout are highly adaptable and have evolved numerous

headstreams.[citation needed] Sea trout in Ireland and Great Britain have many regional names: sewin in Wales, finnock in Scotland, peal in the West Country, mort in North West England
, and white trout in Ireland.

The lacustrine and riverine

potamodromous, meaning they are also migratory, though only between freshwater bodies. Lacustrine trout mainly inhabit large lakes with calm and stratified deep water, while riverine trout forms fluvial populations typically in large rivers but sometimes in shallower creeks and alpine streams, both still migrating upstream during reproductive seasons. Anadromous and potamodromous morphs coexisting in the same river appear genetically identical.[5]
What determines whether they migrate to sea or not remains unknown.

Taxonomy

The scientific name of the brown trout is Salmo trutta. The

anadromous or sea-run forms of brown trout. Linnaeus also described two other brown trout species in 1758. Salmo fario was used for riverine forms. Salmo lacustris was used for lake-dwelling forms.[6]

Range

A sea trout jumping a weir in Wales

The native range of brown trout extends from northern Norway and White Sea tributaries in Russia in the Arctic Ocean to the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. The western limit of their native range is Iceland in the north Atlantic, while the eastern limit is in Aral Sea tributaries in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[7]

Introduction outside their natural range

Brown trout have been widely introduced into suitable environments around the world, including North and South America, Australasia, Asia, and South and East Africa. Introduced brown trout have established self-sustaining, wild populations in many introduced countries.

Madras.[10] In the 1950s and 1960s, Edgar Albert de la Rue [fr], a French geologist, began the introduction of several species of salmonids on the remote Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean. Of the seven species introduced, only brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and brown trout survived to establish wild populations.[11]

Introduction to Americas

The first introductions in Canada occurred in 1883 in

Falklands.[9] Sea-run forms of brown trout exceeding 20 lb (9.1 kg) are caught by local anglers on a regular basis.[citation needed
]

Map of U.S. ranges of brown trout
U.S. range of brown trout

The first introductions into the U.S. started in 1883 when Fred Mather, a New York pisciculturist and angler, under the authority of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, Spencer Baird, obtained brown trout eggs from a Baron Lucius von Behr, president of the German Fishing Society [de]. The von Behr brown trout came from both mountain streams and large lakes in the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg.[7] The original shipment of "von Behr" brown trout eggs were handled by three hatcheries, one on Long Island, the Cold Spring Hatchery operated by Mather, one in Caledonia, New York, operated by pisciculturalist Seth Green, and other hatchery in Northville, Michigan. Additional shipments of "von Behr" brown trout eggs arrived in 1884. In 1885, brown trout eggs from Loch Leven, Scotland, arrived in New York. These "Loch Leven" brown trout were distributed to the same hatcheries. Over the next few years, additional eggs from Scotland, England, and Germany were shipped to U.S. hatcheries. Behnke (2007) believed all life forms of brown trout—anadromous, riverine, and lacustrine—were imported into the U.S. and intermingled genetically to create what he calls the American generic brown trout and a single subspecies the North European brown trout (S. t. trutta).[7]

In April 1884, the U.S. Fish Commission released 4900 brown trout fry into the Baldwin River, a tributary of the Pere Marquette River in Michigan. This was the first release of brown trout into U.S. waters. Between 1884 and 1890, brown trout were introduced into suitable habitats throughout the U.S.[7] By 1900, 38 states and two territories had received stocks of brown trout. Their adaptability resulted in most of these introductions establishing wild, self-sustaining populations.[9]

Conservation status

Infographic about the brown trout

The fish is not considered to be

oxygenated water is not accessible to the fish. This phenomenon can be further exacerbated by eutrophication of rivers due to pollution—often from the use of agricultural fertilizers within the drainage basin.[citation needed
]

Overfishing is a problem where anglers fail to identify and return mature female fish into the lake or stream. Each large female removed can result in thousands fewer eggs released back into the system when the remaining fish spawn.[citation needed]

In small streams, brown trout are important predators of macroinvertebrates, and declining brown trout populations in these specific areas affect the entire aquatic food web.[13]

Global climate change is also of concern. S. trutta morpha fario prefers well-oxygenated water in the temperature range of 60 to 65 °F (16 to 18 °C). S. trutta bones from an archaeological site in Italy, and ancient DNA extracted from some of these bones, indicate that both abundance and genetic diversity increased markedly during the colder

Bølling-Allerød event.[14]

Cover or structure is important to trout, and they are more likely to be found near submerged rocks and logs, undercut banks, and overhanging vegetation. Structure provides protection from predators, bright sunlight, and higher water temperatures. Access to deep water for protection in winter freezes, or fast water for protection from low oxygen levels in summer are also ideal. Trout are more often found in heavy and strong currents.[citation needed]

Characteristics

Defining characteristics include a slender body with a long, narrow head. The mouth is large, and on its roof, vomerine teeth are developed in a zig-zag pattern.

adipose fin, with dark blotches along their sides that also become inconspicuous with age.[16]

Freshwater brown trout range in colour from largely silver with relatively few spots and a white belly, to the more well-known brassy reddish-brown cast fading to creamy white on the fish's belly, with medium-sized spots surrounded by lighter halos. The more silver forms can be mistaken for rainbow trout. Regional variants include the so-called "Loch Leven" trout, distinguished by larger fins, a slimmer body, and heavy black spotting, but lacking red spots. The continental European strain features a lighter golden cast with some red spotting and fewer dark spots. Notably, both strains can show considerable individual variation from this general description. Early stocking efforts in the United States used fish taken from Scotland and Germany.

A 2.7-kg (6 lb), 60-cm (2 ft) sea trout, from Galway Bay in the west of Ireland bearing scars from a fishing net
Brown trout in a creek
Brown trout in Värmland, Sweden, after the first summer
A young brown trout from the River Derwent in North East England
Brown trout from a western Wyoming creek

The brown trout is a medium-sized fish, growing to 20 kg (44 lb) or more and a length of about 100 cm (39 in) in some localities, although in many smaller rivers, a mature weight of 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) or less is common. S. t. lacustris reaches an average length of 40–80 cm (16–31 in) with a maximum length of 140 cm (55 in) and about 60 pounds (27 kg).[citation needed]

On September 11, 2009, a 41.45-lb (18.80-kg) brown trout was caught by Tom Healy in the

Twizel, New Zealand on 27 October 2020. The all-tackle length IGFA world record is a 97-centimetre (38 in) fish caught in Milwaukee Harbor, Wisconsin on 16 December 2011.[18]

Waxworms

The spawning behaviour of brown trout is similar to that of the closely related Atlantic salmon. A typical female produces about 2,000 eggs per kg (900 eggs per lb) of body weight at spawning.

Brown trout can live 20 years, but as with the Atlantic salmon, a high proportion of males die after spawning, and probably fewer than 20% of anadromous female kelts recover from spawning [

baitfish
.

Brown trout rarely form hybrids with other species; if they do, they are almost invariably infertile. One such example is the tiger trout, a hybrid with the brook trout.

Diet

Field studies have demonstrated that brown trout fed on several animal prey species, aquatic invertebrates being the most abundant prey items. However, brown trout also feed on other taxa such as terrestrial invertebrates (e.g. Hymenoptera) or other fish.[19] Moreover, in brown trout, as in many other fish species, a change in the diet composition normally occurs during the life of the fish,[20] and piscivorous behaviour is most frequent in large brown trout.[21] These shifts in the diet during fish lifecycle transitions may be accompanied by a marked reduction in intraspecific competition in the fish population, facilitating the partitioning of resources.[22][23]

First feeding of newly emerged fry is very important for brown trout survival in this phase of the lifecycle, and first feeding can occur even prior to emergence.[24][25] Fry start to feed before complete yolk absorption and the diet composition of newly emerged brown trout is composed of small prey such as chironomid larvae or baetid nymphs.[26]

Stocking, farming and non-native brown trout

S. t. fario in a Faroese stamp issued in 1994

The species has been widely

allopatric genomes) probably exist only in isolated places, for example in Corsica or in high alpine valleys on the European mainland.[citation needed
]

Farming of brown trout has included the production of infertile

diploid trout. Proponents of stocking triploids argue, because they are infertile, they can be introduced into an environment that contains wild brown trout without the negative effects of cross-breeding. However, stocking triploids may damage wild stocks in other ways. Triploids certainly compete with diploid fish for food, space, and other resources. They could also be more aggressive than diploid fish and they may disturb spawning behaviour.[citation needed
]

Angling

Frontis and title page from The Fly-fisher's Entomology, 1849, by Alfred Ronalds, showing a brown trout and a grayling

The brown trout has been a popular

O.S.B is considered a foundational work in the history of recreational fishing
, especially fly fishing. One of the most prominent fish described in the work is the brown trout of English rivers and streams:

The trout, because he is a right dainty fish and also a right fervent biter, we shall speak of next. He is in season from March until Michaelmas. He is on clean gravel bottom and in a stream.

— Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle (1496)[31]

The renowned The Compleat Angler (1653) by Izaak Walton is replete with advice on "the trout":

The Trout is a fish highly valued, both in this and foreign nations. He may be justly said, as the old poet said of wine, and we English say of venison, to be a generous fish: a fish that is so like the buck, that he also has his seasons; for it is observed, that he comes in and goes out of season with the stag and buck. Gesner says, his name is of a German offspring; and says he is a fish that feeds clean and purely, in the swiftest streams, and on the hardest gravel; and that he may justly contend with all fresh water fish, as the Mullet may with all sea fish, for precedency and daintiness of taste; and that being in right season, the most dainty palates have allowed precedency to him.

— The Compleat Angler, (1653)[32]

Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, angling authors, mostly British, some French, and later American, writing about trout fishing were writing about fishing for brown trout. Once brown trout were introduced into the U.S. in the 1880s, they became a major subject of American angling literature. In 1889, Frederic M. Halford, a British angler, author published Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice, a seminal work codifying a half century of evolution of fly fishing with floating flies for brown trout. In the late 19th century, American angler and writer Theodore Gordon, often called the "Father of American Dry Fly Fishing", perfected dry-fly techniques for the newly arrived, but difficult-to-catch brown trout in Catskill rivers such as the Beaverkill and Neversink Rivers.[33] In the early 20th century, British angler and author G. E. M. Skues pioneered nymphing techniques for brown trout on English chalk streams. His Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream (1910) began a revolution in fly fishing techniques for trout.[34] In 1917, Scottish author Hamish Stuart published the first comprehensive text, The Book of The Sea Trout, specifically addressing angling techniques for the anadromous forms of brown trout.[35]

Photo of brown trout and fly rod on river bank
Firehole river brown trout

Introductions of brown trout into the American West created new angling opportunities, none so successful from an angling perspective as was the introduction of browns into the upper Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park in 1890.[36] One of the earliest accounts of trout fishing in the park is from Mary Trowbridge Townsend's 1897 article in Outing Magazine "A Woman's Trout Fishing in Yellowstone Park" in which she talks about catching the von Behr trout in the river:

Long dashes down stream taxed my unsteady footing; the sharp click and whirr of the reel resounded in desperate efforts to hold him somewhat in check; another headlong dash, then a vicious bulldog shake of the head as he sawed back and forth across the rocks. Every wile inherited from generations of wily ancestors was tried until, in a moment of exhaustion, the net was slipped under him. Wading ashore with my prize, I had barely time to notice his size—a good four-pounder, and unusual markings, large yellow spots encircled by black, with great brilliancy of iridescent color—when back he flopped into the water and was gone. However, I took afterward several of the same variety, known in the Park as the Von Baer [sic] trout, and which I have since found to be the Salmo fario, the veritable trout of Izaak Walton.

— Outing Magazine, (1897)[37]

Within the US, brown trout introductions have created self-sustaining fisheries throughout the country. Many are considered "world-class" such as in the Great Lakes and in several Arkansas tailwaters.

Falklands.[41]

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19861A9050312.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Synonyms of Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758". Fishbase.org. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  3. ^ Derwent Publications, Thesaurus of Agricultural Organisms, Vol. 1, London: Chapman and Hall, 1990, p. 1058.
  4. ^ E. Brown, World Fish Farming: Cultivation and Economics, Connecticut: AVI, 1983, p. 93.
  5. ^ Lack of genetic differentiation between anadromous and resident sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Normandy population. Archived 2007-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. In Aquatic Living Resources, Volume 18, N° 1, January–March 2005. Pages 65–69.
  6. ISBN 978-1-59921-203-6
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  7. ^
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  8. ^ "Global Invasive Species Database-Salmo trutta-Distribution". Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-87691-129-7
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  11. ISBN 978-1-907110-44-3
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  12. ^ "Brown Trout". www.flr.gov.nl.ca.
  13. ^ "Climate Change and Freshwater". 11 February 2009 Archived February 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  14. PMID 27331397
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  15. ^ a b "Identification of Salmon and Brown Trout". Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  16. ^ a b c R.P. Jacobs; E.B. O'Donnell; Connecticut DEEP. "Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) - Introduced". Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  17. ^ a b "Record brown trout caught in Manistee River". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. 11 September 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  18. ^ "Trout, brown (Salmo trutta)". The International Game Fish Association. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  19. doi:10.1080/11250003.2012.670274
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  20. ISBN 978-953-51-0909-9
    , InTech, Croatia, 271–298 pp.
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  24. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb02612.x
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  25. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.00938.x
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  26. S2CID 23870995
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  27. ^ Brown Trout, Salmo trutta Archived 2010-06-07 at the Wayback Machine Sea Grant. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
  28. ^ Fuller, P.; Larson, J.; Fusaro, A.; Makled, T.H.; Neilson, M.; Bartos, A. (8 April 2022). "Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758". NOAA Great Lakes Aquatic Nonindigenous Species Information System. Gainesville, Florida & Ann Arbor, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  29. ^
    Ferguson, Andrew; Reed, Thomas; Cross, Tom; McGinnity, Philip; Prodohl, Paulo (2019). "Anadromy, potamodromy and residency in brown trout Salmo trutta: the role of genes and the environment".
    S2CID 164814120
    .
    This review cites this research.
    Marco-Rius, Francisco; Sotelo, Graciela; Caballero, Pablo; Morán, Paloma (2013). "Insights for planning an effective stocking program in anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 70 (7): 1092–1100.
    doi:10.1139/cjfas-2013-0084
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  30. ISBN 1-899600-19-1
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  31. ^ Andrew Herd. "Translation-Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle Fishes". Flyfishinghistory.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-27. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
  32. ^ Walton, Izaak (1653). The Compleat Angler. London.
  33. ISBN 0394469895
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  34. ISBN 9780876911570
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  35. ISBN 978-1-907110-44-3
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  36. ^ Franke, Mary Ann (Fall 1996). "A Grand Experiment—100 Years of Fisheries Management in Yellowstone: Part I" (PDF). Yellowstone Science. 4 (4).
  37. ^ Townsend, Mary Trowbridge (May 2, 1897), "A Woman's Trout Fishing in Yellowstone Park", Outing Magazine, XXX (2): 163
  38. ^ Price, Steve. Arkansas Monster Browns. Field and Stream. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  39. ^ McGinley, Morgan (January 26, 2010). "A Long Road to World-Class Fly Fishing in New Zealand". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  40. ^ Kaminsky, Peter (February 11, 2006). "At the End of the World, the Fish Stories Are True". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  41. ISBN 978-1-907110-44-3
    . The Chartres produces some great fishing ...When he was reunited with the party a few hours later, he had taken 15 sea trout from 7 lbs to 14 1/2 lbs – world-class fishing by any yardstick

Further reading

External links

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