Bruges
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Bruges
Brugge (Dutch) | ||
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City and municipality | ||
Southwestern view from the Belfry, with the Church of Our Lady and St. Salvator's Cathedral in the background Canal view with Belfry in the background | ||
Location in Belgium
Location of Bruges in West Flanders Region Flemish Region | | |
Province | West Flanders | |
Arrondissement | Bruges | |
Government | ||
• Mayor | Dirk De fauw (CD&V) | |
• Governing party/ies | CD&V, Vooruit, Open VLD | |
Area | ||
• Total | 140.99 km2 (54.44 sq mi) | |
Population (2022-01-01)[1] | ||
• Total | 118,509 | |
• Density | 840/km2 (2,200/sq mi) | |
Postal codes | 8000, 8200, 8310, 8380 | |
NIS code | 31005 | |
Area codes | 050 | |
Website | visitbruges.be | |
Official name | Historic Centre of Brugge | |
Criteria | Cultural: (ii)(iv)(vi) | |
Reference | 996 | |
Inscription | 2000 (24th Session) | |
Area | 410 ha (1,000 acres) | |
Buffer zone | 168 ha (420 acres) | |
Logo of Brugge |
Bruges (/bruːʒ/ ⓘ BROOZH, French: [bʁyʒ] ⓘ; Dutch: Brugge [ˈbrʏɣə] ⓘ; German: Brügge German pronunciation: [ˈbʁʏɡə] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country. It is the sixth most populous city in the country.
The area of the whole city amounts to more than 14,099 hectares (140.99 km2; 54.44 sq miles), including 1,075 hectares off the coast, at Zeebrugge (from Brugge aan zee,[2] meaning 'Bruges by the Sea').[3] The historic city centre is a prominent World Heritage Site of UNESCO. It is oval and about 430 hectares in size. The city's total population is 117,073 (1 January 2008),[4] of whom around 20,000 live in the city centre. The metropolitan area, including the outer commuter zone, covers an area of 616 km2 (238 sq mi) and had a total of 255,844 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008.[5]
Along with a few other canal-based northern cities, such as Amsterdam and Saint Petersburg, it is sometimes referred to as the Venice of the North. Bruges has significant economic importance, thanks to its port, and was once one of the world's chief commercial cities.[6][7] Bruges is a major tourism destination within Belgium and is well known as the seat of the College of Europe, a university institute for European studies.[8]
Etymology
The earliest mention of the location's name is as Bruggas, Brvggas or Brvccia in AD 840–875. Afterwards, it appears as Bruciam and Bruociam (892); as Brutgis uico (late ninth century); as in portu Bruggensi (c. 1010); as Bruggis (1012); as Bricge in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1037); as Brugensis (1046); as Brycge in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1049–1052); as Brugias (1072); as Bruges (1080–1085); as Bruggas (c. 1084); as Brugis (1089); and as Brugge (1116).[9]
The name probably derives from the
History
Origins
Bruges was a location of coastal settlement during prehistory. This Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement are unrelated to medieval city development. In the Bruges area, the first fortifications were built after
Golden age (12th to 15th centuries)
In 1089, Bruges became the capital of the
Bruges had a strategic location at the crossroads of the northern Hanseatic League trade, who had a kontor in the city, and the southern trade routes. Bruges was already included in the circuit of the Flemish and French cloth fairs at the beginning of the 13th century, but when the old system of fairs broke down, the entrepreneurs of Bruges innovated. They developed, or borrowed from Italy, new forms of merchant capitalism, whereby several merchants would share the risks and profits and pool their knowledge of markets. They employed new forms of economic exchange, including bills of exchange (i.e. promissory notes) and letters of credit.[17] The city eagerly welcomed foreign traders, most notably the Portuguese traders selling pepper and other spices.[18]
With the reawakening of town life in the 12th century, a wool market, a woollens weaving industry, and the cloth market all profited from the shelter of city walls, where surpluses could be safely accumulated under the patronage of the
In 1277, the first merchant fleet from the Republic of Genoa appeared in the port of Bruges, the first of the merchant colony that made Bruges the main link to the trade of the Mediterranean.[20] This development opened not only the trade in spices from the Levant but also advanced commercial and financial techniques and a flood of capital that soon took over the banking of Bruges. The building where the Genoese Republic housed its commercial representation in the city still survives, now housing the Frietmuseum.[21]
The Bourse opened in 1309 (most likely the first stock exchange in the world) and developed into the most sophisticated money market of the Low Countries in the 14th century. By the time Venetian galleys first appeared, in 1314, they were latecomers.[22] Numerous foreign merchants were welcomed in Bruges, such as the Castilian wool merchants who first arrived in the 13th century. After the Castilian wool monopoly ended, the Basques, many hailing from Bilbao (Biscay), thrived as merchants (wool, iron commodities, etc.) and established their own commercial consulate in Bruges by the mid-15th century.[23] The foreign merchants expanded the city's trading zones. They maintained separate communities governed by their own laws until the economic collapse after 1700.[24]
Such wealth gave rise to social upheavals, which were for the most part harshly contained by the militia. In 1302, however, after the
At the end of the 14th century, Bruges became one of the Four Members, along with Brugse Vrije, Ghent, and Ypres. Together they formed a parliament; however, they frequently quarrelled amongst themselves.[25]
In the 15th century,
The new oil-painting techniques of the
Decline after 1500
Starting around 1500, the Zwin channel, (the Golden Inlet) which had given the city its prosperity, began silting up and the Golden Era ended.[16] The city soon fell behind Antwerp as the economic flagship of the Low Countries. During the 17th century, the lace industry took off, and various efforts to bring back the glorious past were made. During the 1650s, the city was the base for Charles II of England and his court in exile.[28] The maritime infrastructure was modernized, and new connections with the sea were built, but without much success, as Antwerp became increasingly dominant. Bruges became impoverished and gradually faded in importance.[29]
The symbolist novelist
19th century and later revival
In the second half of the 19th century, Bruges became one of the world's first tourist destinations, attracting wealthy British and French tourists. By 1909, the 'Bruges Forward: Society to Improve Tourist' association had come into operation.[32]
In World War I, German forces occupied Bruges. However, the city suffered virtually no damage, and was liberated on 19 October 1918 by the Allies. The city was occupied by the Germans from 1940 during World War II and was again spared destruction. On 12 September 1944, it was liberated by the 12th Manitoba Dragoons' Canadian troops. The liberation of the city was facilitated by the bridge, now known as the Canada Bridge , connecting the outer municipalities with the city centre.
After 1965, the original medieval city experienced a "renaissance". Restorations of residential and commercial structures, historic monuments, and churches generated a surge in tourism and economic activity in the downtown area. International tourism has boomed, and new efforts resulted in Bruges being designated European Capital of Culture in 2002. It attracts some eight million tourists annually.[33]
The
Geography
The
- The historic city centre of Bruges, Sint-Jozef and Sint-Pieters (I)
- Koolkerke (II)
- Sint-Andries (III)
- Sint-Michiels (IV)
- Assebroek (V)
- Sint-Kruis (VI)
- Dudzele (VII)
- Lissewege (with Zeebrugge and Zwankendamme) (VIII)
Climate
Bruges has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb).
Climate data for Bruges (1981–2010 normals, sunshine 1984–2013) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.5 (72.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
11.3 (52.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.5 (43.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 66.5 (2.62) |
55.8 (2.20) |
58.0 (2.28) |
44.2 (1.74) |
61.5 (2.42) |
68.5 (2.70) |
71.3 (2.81) |
79.0 (3.11) |
79.2 (3.12) |
84.8 (3.34) |
86.1 (3.39) |
81.1 (3.19) |
836.2 (32.92) |
Average precipitation days | 12.6 | 10.6 | 11.8 | 9.7 | 10.7 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 12.1 | 13.7 | 13.3 | 135.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63 | 83 | 130 | 187 | 217 | 211 | 221 | 208 | 152 | 118 | 65 | 51 | 1,705 |
Source: Royal Meteorological Institute[34] |
Landmarks, arts, and culture
The
Bruges' best-known landmark is the
In addition to the "Historic Centre of Bruges" and the tower included in the "Belfries of Belgium and France", Bruges is also home to a third UNESCO World Heritage Site; the Ten Wijngaerde Béguinage, a beguinage built in the 13th century, is included in the World Heritage Site of "Flemish Béguinages".
Craft
Bruges is known for its lace, a textile technique. Moreover, the city and its lace would go on to inspire the Thread Routes film series, the second episode of which, shot in 2011, was partly set in Bruges.[39]
Several beers are named after the city, such as Brugge Blond, Brugge Tripel, Brugs, Brugse Babbelaar, Brugse Straffe Hendrik, and Brugse Zot. However, only the latter two—Brugse Zot and Brugse Straffe Hendrik —are brewed in the city itself, in the De Halve Maan Brewery.
Entertainment
- Aquariustheater
- Boudewijn Seapark (an amusement park in Sint-Michiels)
- Biekorf
- Cinema Liberty
- Cinema Lumière (alternative movies)
- Concertgebouw
- De Dijk
- De Werf
- Het Entrepot
- Joseph Ryelandtzaal
- Kinepolis Bruges
- Magdalenazaal
- Sirkeltheater
- Stadsschouwburg Brugge
- Studio Hall
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Concertgebouw (Brugge) ("Concert Building")
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Exterior of the Boudewijn Seapark dolphinarium
Festivals
Music festivals:
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Cultural and food festivals :
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Musical culture festivals:
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Museums and historic sites (non-religious)
Bruges is home to many museums. Its art museums include the Arents House, as well as the Groeningemuseum, which has an extensive collection of medieval and early modern art. Members of the 15th century Early Netherlandish school of painters are represented, including works by Jan van Eyck. Van Eyck, as well as Hans Memling, lived and worked in Bruges.
The preserved old city gateways: the Kruispoort, the Gentpoort, the Smedenpoort and the Ezelpoort. The Dampoort, the Katelijnepoort and the Boeveriepoort are gone.
The Old St. John's Hospital (Hans Memling museum) and Our Lady of the Potteries are Hospital museums. The city is known for Bruggemuseum ("Bruges Museum"), the general name for a group of 11 different historical museums in the city, including:
- Gruuthusemuseum, a museum for the house of Louis de Gruuthuse.
- Archaeological Museum
- Gentpoort
- Belfry
- City Hall on the Burg (Bruges) square
- Provinciaal Hof (Provincial Court)
- Manor of the Brugse Vrije
- Museum of Folklore
- Guido Gezelle Museum
- Koelewei (Cool Meadow) Mill
- Sint-Janshuis (St. John's House) Mill
Bruges' non-municipal museums include the Brewery Museum, Hof Bladelin,
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The City Hall
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The Provinciaal Hof
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The Kruispoort
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The Béguinage
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The Groenerei (canal)
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View from the Rozenhoedkaai
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The Fish Market
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Part of the Markt (market square)
Religion and religious landmarks
The patron saint of both the city of Bruges and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bruges is Donatian of Reims.[41] The St. Salvator's Cathedral is therefore also known as Cathedral of the Saviour and St. Donat.
The
Other religious landmarks and museums include the
The sub-municipality (or deelgemeente) and former parish of Bruges Sint-Andries has its own patron saint Andrew the Apostle[42][43] to which the parish Church of St. Andrew & St. Anna is dedicated.
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The annualJesus Christ, UNESCO heritage
Transport
Road
Bruges has motorway connections in all directions:
- to Ostend
- to Ghent and Brussels
- to Veurne and France
- to Kortrijk and Tournai
- to Zeebrugge
- to Antwerp
Driving within the 'egg', the historical centre enclosed by the main circle of canals in Bruges is discouraged by traffic management schemes, including a network of one-way streets. The system encourages the use of set routes leading to central car parks and direct exit routes. The car parks are convenient for the central commercial and tourist areas; they are not expensive.
Railway
A third track is being constructed between Bruges and Dudzele, the junction for Zeebrugge to alleviate congestion. Similarly, two extra tracks are being built between Bruges and Ghent.[45]
Bus links to the centre are frequent, though the railway station is just a 10-minute walk from the main shopping streets and a 20-minute walk from Market Square.
Air
The national
Public city transport
Bruges has an extensive web of bus lines, operated by De Lijn, providing access to the city centre and the suburbs (city lines, Dutch: stadslijnen) and to many towns and villages in the region around the city (regional lines, Dutch: streeklijnen).
In support of the municipal traffic management (see "Road" above), free public transport is available for those who park their cars in the main railway station car park.
Cycling
Although a few streets are restricted, no part of Bruges is car-free.[46]
Cars are required to yield to pedestrians and cyclists. Plans have long been underway to ban cars altogether from the historic center of Bruges or to restrict traffic much more than it currently is, but these plans have yet to come to fruition. In 2005, signs were changed for the convenience of cyclists, allowing two-way cycle traffic on more streets; however, car traffic has not decreased.[citation needed] Nevertheless, in common with many cities in the region, there are thousands of cyclists in the city of Bruges.[citation needed]
Port
The port of Bruges is Zeebrugge (Flemish for Bruges-on-Sea).
On 6 March 1987, the British ferry MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsized after leaving the port, killing 187 people, in the worst disaster involving a British civilian vessel since 1919; it had set sail with its bow door open.[47] The Herald of Free Enterprise was a passenger ship bound for the Port of Dover in Kent. Most of the occupants had taken advantage of a newspaper promotion offering a £1 return trip from Dover to Zeebrugge.[48]
Demographics
Group of origin | Year | |
---|---|---|
2023[49] | ||
Number | % | |
Belgians with Belgian background | 97,936 | 81.93% |
Belgians with foreign background | 12,006 | 10.04% |
Neighbouring country | 2,433 | 2.04% |
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) | 1,350 | 1.13% |
Outside EU 27 | 8,223 | 6.88% |
Non-Belgians | 9,599 | 8.03% |
Neighbouring country | 1,541 | 1.29% |
EU27 (excluding neighbouring country) | 3,266 | 2.73% |
Outside EU 27 | 4,792 | 4.01% |
Total | 119,541 | 100% |
Sports
Between 1998 and 2016, Bruges hosted the start of the annual Tour of Flanders cycle race, held in April and one of the biggest sporting events in Belgium.
In 2000, Bruges was one of the eight host cities for the UEFA European Football Championship, co-hosted by Belgium and its neighbour the Netherlands.
In 2021, Bruges, along with Leuven, is to host the UCI Road Racing Championship.
Education
Bruges is a centre for education in West Flanders. Next to the several common primary and secondary schools, there are a few colleges, like the VIVES (a fusion of the former KHBO (Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge Oostende) and the KATHO (katholieke hogeschool) or the HOWEST (Hogeschool West-Vlaanderen) and Sint-Leocollege. Furthermore, the city is home to the College of Europe, a prestigious institution of postgraduate studies in European Economics, Law, and Politics, and of the United Nations University Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS), a Research and Training Institute[51] of the United Nations University specialising in the comparative study of regional integration.
Town twinning policy
Bruges has never formally ratified any
Bruges has had the following international contacts:
- Bastogne, Luxembourg, Belgium
- After World War II and into the 1970s, Bruges, more specifically the Fire Brigade of Bruges, entertained friendly relations with Bastogne. Each year a free holiday was offered at the seaside in Zeebrugge, to children from the Nuts city.
- Arolsen, Hesse, Germany
- From the 1950s until the 1980s, Bruges was the patron of the Belgian Arolsen.
- Castilla y León, Spain
- Both towns having been made European Capital of Culture in 2002, Bruges had some exchanges organized with Salamanca.
- Hainaut, Belgium
- In 2007, cultural and artistic cooperation between Mons and Bruges was inaugurated.
- Castilla y León, Spain
- On 29 January 2007, the mayors of Burgos and Bruges signed a declaration of intent about future cooperation on cultural, touristic and economic matters.
In popular culture
Notable people
The following people were born in Bruges: | In the 15th century, the city became the magnet for several prominent personalities: |
|
|
Literature
- Hendrik Conscience's The Lion of Flanders, or the Battle of the Golden Spurs (1836, Dutch: De Leeuw van Vlaenderen, of de Slag der Gulden Sporen), is a historical-fiction novel based on the medieval Franco-Flemish War and the Battle of the Golden Spurs, both of which historically include Bruges.
- Bruges cathedral with the innkeeper's son, the sisters meet a dozen little schoolgirls. This would mark the first appearance of Bemelmans' best-known character, Madeline.[52]: 86
- The last chapter of Saul Bellow's 1953 novel The Adventures of Augie March features the titular character driving through France on his way to Bruges on business.
- Die Tote Stadt(1920) is based on this book.
- The detective stories of Belgian writer Pieter Aspe are situated in Bruges.
- Niccolò Rising (1986), the first volume of Dorothy Dunnett's eight-book series, House of Niccolò, is largely set in Bruges. Other books in the series also have sections set in the Belgian city.
- Alan Hollinghurst's 1994 novel The Folding Star is set in a Flemish town that is recognisably Bruges.
- L'Astrologue de Bruges ("The Astrologer of Bruges," 1994), a Belgian bande dessinée in the Yoko Tsunocomic series, is entirely set in both contemporary and 1545's Bruges.
Film
- Fred Zinneman's The Nun's Story is a 1959 dramatic film starring Audrey Hepburn that is primarily set in Bruges.
- giallo filmset in Bruges.
- The main antagonist of the Austin Powers film series, Dr. Evil, was raised in Bruges.
- The 2008 film In Bruges, starring Colin Farrell and Brendan Gleeson, is set almost entirely in Bruges. Throughout the film, which was directed by British-Irish director Martin McDonagh, the city's major landmarks and history are mentioned repeatedly, as are the contrasted viewpoints of the two lead characters of the story.
- In 2014 Bollywood film PK, opening scenes involving Anushka Sharma and Sushant Singh Rajput (including song Chaar Kadam) are set in Bruges.
- The story of the Madonna of Bruges being removed by the Nazis and then returned is told in the fact-based 2014 movie The Monuments Men.
- The 2019 Hallmark movie Love, Romance & Chocolate, starring Lacey Chabert, takes place in Bruges.
Television and music
- The song "Marieke" by Belgian singer Jacques Brel is about a Flemish girl, Marieke, whom Brel once loved and lived "between the towers of Bruges and Ghent."
- Floris, a Dutch television action series written by Gerard Soeteman, depicts castles located in Belgian cities, including Bruges.
- In the seventh episode of Where Is My Friend's Home (2015–2016), a South-Korean reality-travel TV show, the cast tours Bruges as part of the second season's trip to Belgium.
- Some scenes from episode 6 of season 2 of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. take place in Bruges, where a local beer, "Straffe Hendrik," is mentioned and shown.[53]
- The 2022 Nu-Core album The Generation of Danger by the band Tallah is a concept album about a world class scientist fed up of being swept under the rug, and decides to force the whole world to participate in "the greatest experiment the world of science has ever seen". The entire story takes place in the city of Bruges.
Notes
- ^ "Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2022". Statbel.
- ^ Degraer, Hugo (1968). Repertorium van de pers in West-Vlaanderen 1807-1914. Nauwelaerts, University of Michigan. p. 143., Snippet pages 143
- ISBN 978-0-7506-4231-6., page 140
- ^ Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008 (excel-file) Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Population of all municipalities in Belgium, as of 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 19 October 2008.
- ^ Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001 (pdf-file) Archived 29 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Bruges is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (agglomeratie), which in this case is Bruges municipality, with 117,073 inhabitants (1 January 2008). Adding the closest surroundings (banlieue) gives a total of 166,502. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 255,844. Retrieved on 19 October 2008.
- ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 158.
- JSTOR 25737011.
Rise, fall, and resurrection make up the life story of Bruges, a city that glittered in Northern Europe with as much panache as Venice did in the Mediterranean World.
- ^ Fleming, Adam (25 October 2013). "College of Europe in Bruges: Home of Thatcher speech". BBC. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ Maurits Gysseling, Toponymisch woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226), Brussel 1960, p. 195.
- ^ "brug". etymologiebank.nl. 5 April 1922. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs (2003–2009), Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, AUP: Amsterdam.
- ISBN 9780395090664.
- ISBN 9780773464216.
- ISBN 978-0-521-26644-4.
- ^ JSTOR 25737011.
- ^ S2CID 131619959.
- ISBN 9781412847421.
- ISBN 9780521457354.
- ^ Nimmo, William; Gillespie, Robert (1880). The history of Stirlingshire (3rd ed.). Glasgow: Thomas D. Morison. p. 369. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
- ISBN 9789061532804.
- ^ "Frietmuseum, Bruges - Museum". www.frietmuseum.be. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
- ^ Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, in Vol. III Civilization and Capitalism, 1984
- ISBN 978-0631175650.
- S2CID 165895860.
- ^ Philip the Good: the apogee of Burgundy by Richard Vaughan, p201
- S2CID 153711918.
- ^ De Brugse stadsmagistraat in de late 14e eeuw - Een prosopografische studie voor de periode 1359-1375
- ^ Plant, David (10 September 2007). "Charles, Prince of Wales, (later Charles II), 1630-85". British-civil-wars.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
- ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 160.
- ISBN 9780199837335.
- ^ (Excelsior Series 11, No. 51, Albert Sugg a Gand; ca. 1905): Cranenburg, from the windows of which, in olden times, the Counts of Flanders, with the lords and ladies of their Court, used to watch the tournaments and pageants for which Bruges was celebrated, and in which Maximilian was imprisoned by the burghers in 1488 (Bruges and West Flanders, George W. T. Omond, Illustrated by Amédée Forestier, 1906. Project Gutenberg Edition.)
- ISBN 9780419206101.
- ^ Mason, Antony (10 December 2018). "The Belgian city that solved the problem of a tourist invasion". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ "Klimaatstatistieken van de Belgische gemeenten" (PDF) (in Dutch). Royal Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
- ^ Hahn, Lindsay (6 August 2016). "Skip the Crowds at Venice: 5 Better Canal Towns to Visit". iExplore.com. Inside-Out Media. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ "Historic Centre of Brugge – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People. Silver, Burdett. p. 161.
- ^ "World Heritage List | Belfries of Belgium and France". UNESCO. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
- ^ [1] Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Diamond Museum". Diamond Museum. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
- ^ "Saint Donatian of Rheims". CatholicSaints.info. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "Blog Archive » Saint Andrew the Apostle". SQPN.com. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ "Geschiedenis van de parochie Sint-Andreas en Sint-Anna en haar kerk". 31 May 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ "How To Get To Bruges". 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Axis between Ghent ant the coast". TUC rail. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ "Car". Visit Bruges.
- ^ "The Merchant Shipping Act : mv Herald of Free Enterprise : Formal Investigation" (PDF). Maib.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
- ^ "Zeebrugge ferry disaster marked 30 years on". BBC News. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Origin | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- ^ "Club Brugge krijgt schitterend nieuws in verband met nieuw stadion". 22 October 2015.
- ^ University, United Nations. "Training Centres and Programmes - United Nations University".
- ^ Gillespie, John Thomas and Corinne J. Naden. 1996. The Newbery Companion: Booktalk and Related Materials for Newbery Medal and Honor Books (revised ed.). Libraries Unlimited (2001).
- ^ "Brugse Straffe Hendrik valt in de smaak bij Amerikaanse acti... (Brugge) - Het Nieuwsblad". nieuwsblad.be. 30 October 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
Further reading
- Murray, James M. (2005). Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism 1280–1390.
- Sewell, Abby (2018). "Discover Belgium's Beautiful Medieval City". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original (video+text) on 11 August 2018.
External links
- Media related to Bruges at Wikimedia Commons
- Bruges travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website (in English)
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Bruges". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 395–396.
- "Bruges". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 678–679.
- "Bruges". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.