Religion in Asia
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Asia is the largest and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism, and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. Asia is noted for its diversity of culture. Islam is the largest religion in Asia with approximately 1.3 billion adherents.
History
Asia is the birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include
Indian religions
Dharmic religions are the oldest religions of Asia. All Indian religions originated in the Indian subcontinent. These religions all have the similar concepts like dharma, karma, and reincarnation, but the interpretation of these concepts varies with each religion.
Hinduism
Hinduism is a fusion that resulted from incorporating the tribal cultures, tribal and folk religions, and tribal deities, Its principles like karma, moksha, rebirth, reincarnation, renunciation, samsara are incorporated into Sramana traditions like Buddhism, Jainism, and the traditions predating the Buddha and Mahavira.
Buddhism
Buddhism was founded by
Before the advent of Islam, Buddhism was one of the most widely practiced religions in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia.[12][13][14]
Jainism
Jainism is an Indian religion. Jains are mostly found in India but are increasingly found throughout the world.[15] Jains have significantly influenced and contributed to ethical, political and economic spheres in India. Jains have an ancient tradition of scholarship and have the highest degree of literacy for a religious community in India.[16][17] Jain libraries are the oldest in the country.[18][19] It has traditionally been confined to the Indian subcontinent. It is based on the teachings of Vardhaman Mahavir and also on 23 other Tirthankaras.
Sikhism
Sikhism is the fifth largest organized religion in the world,
This system of religious philosophy and expression has been traditionally known as the Gurmat (literally the counsel of the gurus) or the Sikh Dharm. Sikhism originated from the word Sikh, which in turn comes from the Sanskrit root śhiṣhya meaning "disciple" or "learner", or śhikṣha meaning "instruction".
Sikhism is the 4th largest religion in India with 2% of the total population being Sikh. There is also a large concentration of Sikhs in
.Abrahamic religions
Judaism
Judaism is the predominant religion in Israel (75.6%), which has a nominal Jewish population of about 6.1 million.[23]
Outside of Israel there are small diaspora communities of
Christianity
.Only six countries are
Asian countries with large
There are still large ancient communities of Middle Eastern Christians and Arab Christians in Lebanon,[39] Iraq,[39] Iran,[51] Turkey,[52][39] Syria,[39] Jordan,[39] Israel and Palestine numbering more than 3 million in West Asia. There are also a large populations of expatriate workers which include a sizeable Christian communities live in Arabian Peninsula numbering more than 3 million.[53]
Islam
Indonesia is 86% Muslim and is the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Pakistan is 97% Muslim, Bangladesh is 89%. India's Muslim population is 14% of the total, approximately 200 million people, which grew because of pluralist mindset of native Indian religions.[57] Around 6-11 percent, some 6 - 12 million people in the Philippines are Muslim.[58][59][60][61][62] Thailand's Muslims make up 4.6 percent of the population, or approximately 3 million people.[63] Also Sri Lanka's Muslims make up 10 percent of the population, or approximately 2.5 million people
Baháʼí Faith
The
In modern-day Iran, the religion is severely persecuted (see Persecution of Baháʼís). In neighboring Turkmenistan, Baháʼí Faith is effectively banned,[68] and individuals have had their homes raided for Baháʼí literature.[69]
Druze
The number of Druze people worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the Levant.[82] The Institute of Druze Studies estimates that 40–50% of Druze live in Syria, 30–40% in Lebanon, 6–7% in Israel, and 1–2% in Jordan. About 2% of the Druze population are also scattered within other countries in the Middle East.[83]
The
East Asian religions
East Asian religions (also known as
Confucianism
Confucianism was founded in ancient
Taoism
Taoism (also
Taoist propriety and ethics vary according to the particular school, but in general tends to emphasize
Significant Taoist communities can be found in China, Taiwan,
Chinese folk religion
Chinese folk religion is a label used to describe the ethnic religious traditions which have been a main belief system in China and among the Han Chinese ethnic group for most of the civilization's history. This group of diverse beliefs comprises Chinese mythology and includes the worship of various Shen (神, shén; "deities", "spirits", "awarenesses", "consciousnesses", "archetypes") which can be nature deities, Taizu or clan deities, city deities, national deities, cultural heroes and demigods, dragons and ancestors. Chinese folk religion is sometimes categorized with Taoism, since over the world institutional Taoism has been attempting to assimilate or administer local religions. More accurately, Taoism can be defined as a component of Chinese religion, since it sprang out of folk religion and Chinese philosophy. Chinese folk religion is sometimes seen as a constituent part of Chinese traditional religion, but more often, the two are regarded as synonymous. With around 454 million adherents or about 6.6% of the world population, Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to folk religions or Taoism.[94]
Shinto
Shinto is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as "Shintoists" in surveys.[95] According to surveys carried out in 2006 and 2008 show that 3% to 3.9% of the population of Japan are members of Shinto sects and derived religions.[96]
Vietnamese folk religion
Vietnamese folk religion or Vietnamese indigenous religion (Vietnamese: tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam, tôn giáo bản địa Việt Nam, sometimes just called đạo Lương, Chữ Hán: 道良), is the largest religion in Vietnam with about 45.3% of the Vietnamese population[97][98] that are associated with this religion. Vietnamese folk religion is not an organized religious system, but a set of local worship traditions devoted to the thần, a term which can be translated as "spirits", "gods" or with the more exhaustive locution "generative powers". These gods can be nature deities or national, community or kinship tutelary deities or ancestral gods and the ancestral gods of a specific family. Ancestral gods are often deified heroic persons. Vietnamese mythology preserves narratives telling of the actions of many of the cosmic gods and cultural heroes.
The Vietnamese indigenous religion is sometimes identified as Confucianism since it carries values that were emphasized by
Iranian religions
Zoroastrianism
In Zoroastrianism, the Creator Ahura Mazda is all good, and no evil originates from Him. Thus, in Zoroastrianism good and evil have distinct sources, with evil (druj) trying to destroy the creation of Mazda (asha), and good trying to sustain it. Mazda is not immanent in the world, and His creation is represented by the Amesha Spentas and the host of other Yazatas, through whom the works of God are evident to humanity, and through whom worship of Mazda is ultimately directed. The most important texts of the religion are those of the Avesta, of which a significant portion has been lost, and mostly only the liturgies of which have survived. The lost portions are known of only through references and brief quotations in the later works of (primarily) the 9th-11th centuries.
The total number of currently practicing adherents of
The largest number of Zoroastrians in Asia can be found in
Shamanism and animism
Shamanism and animism have historically been practised in Asia, and is still practiced in most of Asia.[105][106][107][108][109]
Mugyo
Women are enlisted by those who want the help of the spirit world. Shamans hold gut, or services, in order to gain good fortune for clients, cure illnesses by exorcising negative or 'bad' spirits that cling to people, or propitiate local or village gods. Such services are also held to guide the spirit of a deceased person to higher realms. Today this religion is a minority, but has in recent years seen a resurgence.[114]
Irreligion
According to a Pew Research Center survey in 2012 religiously unaffiliated (including agnostics and atheists) make up about 21.2% of Asia population.[115] According to the same survey, the religiously unaffiliated are the majority of the population in four Asian countries/territories: North Korea (71%), Japan (57%), Hong Kong (56%), and Mainland China (52%).[115]
Other sources say that in the
Religious distribution
Eastern Asia
Country | Population | Christian | Muslim | Irreligion | Hindu | Buddhist | Folk religion | Other religion | Jewish | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
China | 1,341,340,000 | 68,408,340 | 5.10 | 24,144,120 | 1.80 | 700,179,480 | 52.20 | 100,000 | 0.01 | 244,123,880 | 18.20 | 293,753,460 | 21.90 | 9,389,380 | 0.70 | 600 - 1,000 | <0.01 |
Hong Kong | 7,053,947 | 1,048,150 | 14.30 | 126,900 | 1.80 | 3,955,050 | 56.10 | 35,000 | 0.53 | 930,600 | 13.20 | 902,400 | 12.80 | 105,750 | 1.50 | 0 | 0.00 |
Macau | 540,560 | 38,880 | 7.20 | 1,080 | 0.20 | 83,160 | 15.40 | 200 | 0.04 | 93,420 | 17.30 | 318,060 | 58.90 | 5,400 | 1.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Taiwan | 23,220,670 | 1,277,100 | 5.50 | 10,000 | 0.04 | 2,948,940 | 12.70 | 9,000 | 0.01 | 4,945,860 | 21.30 | 10,263,240 | 44.20 | 3,761,640 | 16.20 | 0 | 0.00 |
Japan | 126,540,000 | 2,024,640 | 1.60 | 233,080 | 0.16 | 72,127,800 | 57.00 | 160,000 | 0.12 | 45,807,480 | 36.20 | 506,160 | 0.40 | 5,947,380 | 4.70 | 0 | 0.00 |
North Korea | 24,350,000 | 487,000 | 2.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 17,361,550 | 71.30 | 10 | 0.00 | 365,250 | 1.50 | 2,995,050 | 12.30 | 3,141,150 | 12.90 | 0 | 0.00 |
South Korea | 48,180,000 | 14,164,920 | 29.40 | 103,773 | 0.20 | 22,355,520 | 46.40 | 50,000 | 0.11 | 11,033,220 | 22.90 | 385,440 | 0.80 | 96,360 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 |
Mongolia[118] | 3,296,866 | 42,859 | 1.3 | 105,500 | 3.2 | 1,338,528 | 40.6 | N/A | N/A | 1,704,480 | 51.7 | 82,422 | 2.5 | 23,078 | 0.7 | N/A | N/A |
Total | 1,573,980,000 | 87,472,510 | 5.56 | 24,719,860 | 1.57 | 820,002,340 | 52.10 | 260,000 | 0.01 | 308,820,470 | 19.62 | 309,220,410 | 19.65 | 22,447,060 | 1.43 | 600 - 1,000 | <0.01 |
Southeastern Asia
Country | Population | Christian | Muslim | Irreligion | Hindu | Buddhist | Folk religion | Other religion | Jewish | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Brunei | 408,540 | 37,600 | 9.40 | 300,400 | 75.10 | 1,600 | 0.40 | 2,000 | 0.50 | 34,400 | 8.60 | 24,800 | 6.20 | 400 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 |
Cambodia | 14,143,680 | 56,560 | 0.40 | 282,800 | 2.00 | 28,280 | 0.20 | 10,000 | 0.10 | 13,701,660 | 96.90 | 84,840 | 0.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Indonesia | 280,725,428 | 29,403,015 | 10.41 | 231,069,932 | 83.91 | 8,385,396 | 3.04 | 4,677,535 | 1.69 | 2,023,719 | 0.73 | 122,043 | 0.04 | 73,911 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.00 |
Laos | 6,200,000 | 93,000 | 1.50 | 0 | 0.00 | 55,800 | 0.90 | 1,000 | 0.01 | 4,092,000 | 66.00 | 1,903,400 | 30.70 | 43,400 | 0.70 | 0 | 0.00 |
Malaysia[119] | 33,200,000 | 3,021,200 | 9.10 | 21,082,000 | 63.50 | 597,600 | 1.80 | 2,025,200 | 6.10 | 6,208,400 | 18.70 | 0 | 0.00 | 298,800 | 0.90 | 0 | 0.00 |
Myanmar[120] | 51,483,949 | 3,192,005 | 6.20 | 2,213,810 | 4.30 | 51,483 | 0.10 | 257,419 | 0.50 | 45,254,391 | 87.90 | 411,872 | 0.80 | 102,967 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 |
Philippines[121] | 108,667,043 | 92,746,021 | 85.34 | 6,981,710 | 6.42 | 1,095,000 | 1.00 | 30,634 | 0.02 | 2,173,400 | 2.00 | 259,000 | 0.23 | 5,352,805 | 4.92 | 28,473 | 0.02 |
Singapore[122] | 5,700,000 | 1,077,300 | 18.90 | 889,200 | 15.60 | 1,140,000 | 20.00 | 285,000 | 5.00 | 1,772,700 | 31.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 535,800 | 9.40 | 0 | 0.00 |
Thailand | 69,120,000 | 622,080 | 0.90 | 3,801,600 | 5.50 | 207,360 | 0.30 | 100,120 | 0.20 | 64,419,840 | 93.20 | 60,000 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Timor-Leste[123]
|
1,343,875 | 1,338,500 | 99.60 | 2,690 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 271 | 0.02 | 0 | 0.00 | 1,120 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Vietnam | 94,700,000 | 7,765,400 | 8.20 | 175,700 | 0.20 | 28,031,200 | 29.60 | 201,200 | 0.21 | 15,530,800 | 16.40 | 42,899,100 | 45.30 | 351,400 | 0.40 | 0 | 0.00 |
Total | 660,328,354 | 138,958,397 | 21.04 | 266,477,182 | 40.35 | 39,593,719 | 6.00 | 9,312,430 | 1.40 | 155,211,310 | 23.50 | 45,766,175 | 6.90 | 6,759,483 | 1.00 | 28,493 | 0.00 |
Southern Asia
Country | Population | Christian | Muslim | Irreligion | Hindu | Buddhist | Folk religion | Other religion | Sikh | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Afghanistan | 31,415,280 | 30,000 | 0.01 | 31,315,770 | 99.7 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 20,000 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 |
Bangladesh[124] | 165,158,620 | 450,000 | 0.3 | 150,360,405 | 91.04 | 0 | 0 | 13,130,110 | 7.95 | 1,107,466 | 0.61 | 594,760 | 0.40 | 198,190 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.00 |
Bhutan | 730,440 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 170,980 | 25.00 | 545,310 | 74.70 | 13,870 | 1.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
India[125] | 1,210,854,977 | 27,819,588 | 2.30 | 172,245,158 | 14.23 | 2,867,303 | 0.24 | 966,257,353 | 79.80 | 8,442,972 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 | 12,389,437 | 1.04 | 20,833,116 | 1.72 |
Maldives
|
320,000 | 0 | 0 | 320,000 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Nepal | 28,760,000 | 140,000 | 0.45 | 1,370,000 | 4.6 | 0 | 0 | 24,170,000 | 84 | 3,080,000 | 10 | 1,108,520 | 3.70 | 20,000 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.00 |
Pakistan[126] | 207,684,000 | 2,637,586 | 1.27 | 200,560,446 | 96.47 | 0 | 0 | 4,444,437 | 2.14 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 20,767 | 0.01 | 20,768 | 0.01 |
Sri Lanka[127] | 20,860,000 | 1,552,161 | 7.62 | 1,967,523 | 9.66 | 0 | 0.00 | 2,561,299 | 12.8 | 19,455,980 | 70.30 | 0 | 0.00 | 6,400 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Total | 1,665,783,317 | 31,077,174 | 1.87 | 556,171,779 | 33.39 | 2,867,303 | 0.17 | 1,011,009,840 | 60.69 | 32,631,728 | 1.96 | 1,717,150 | 0.10 | 12,648,394 | 0.76 | 20,853,884 | 1.25 |
Central Asia
Country | Population | Christian | Muslim | Irreligion | Hindu | Buddhist | Folk religion | Other religion | Jewish | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Kazakhstan | 16,030,460 | 3,975,440 | 24.8 | 11,285,120 | 70.4 | 673,260 | 4.2 | 5,000 | 0.01 | 32,060 | 0.2 | 48,090 | 0.3 | 16,030 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 |
Kyrgyzstan | 5,333,440 | 607,620 | 11.40 | 4,690,400 | 88.0 | 21,320 | 0.40 | 1,000 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 5,330 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Tajikistan | 6,880,000 | 110,080 | 1.6 | 6,652,960 | 96.7 | 103,200 | 1.5 | 9,000 | 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Turkmenistan | 5,040,000 | 322,560 | 6.4 | 4,687,200 | 93.0 | 25,200 | 0.5 | 6,000 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Uzbekistan | 27,440,000 | 631,120 | 2.3 | 26,534,480 | 96.7 | 219,520 | 0.8 | 16,000 | 0.01 | 1,000 | < 0.01 | 1,000 | < 0.01 | 0 | 0.00 | 1,000 | < 0.01 |
Total | 60,720,000 | 5,646,820 | 9.30 | 53,850,160 | 88.69 | 1,042,500 | 1.72 | 55000 | 0.01 | 33,060 | < 0.05 | 54,420 | 0.10 | 16,030 | < 0.05 | 1,000 | < 0.01 |
West Asia
Country | Population | Christian | Muslim | Irreligion | Hindu | Buddhist | Folk religion | Other religion | Jewish | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | ||
Armenia | 3,091,245 | 3,043,650 | 98.50 | <1,000 | 0.10 | 40,170 | 1.30 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 3,090 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 |
Azerbaijan | 9,191,720 | 275,700 | 3.00 | 8,905,110 | 96.90 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Bahrain | 1,260,000 | 182,700 | 14.50 | 885,780 | 70.30 | 23,940 | 1.90 | 123,480 | 9.80 | 31,500 | 2.50 | 0 | 0.00 | 2,520 | 0.20 | 7,560 | 0.60 |
Cyprus | 1,100,000 | 805,200 | 73.20 | 278,300 | 25.30 | 13,200 | 1.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 2,200 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Iran | 85,000,000 | 340,000 | 0.4 | 82,025,000 | 96.5 | 1,275,000 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1,360,000 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.00 |
Iraq | 31,670,000 | 253,360 | 0.80 | 31,353,300 | 99.00 | 31,670 | 0.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 20,000 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 |
Israel | 7,420,000 | 148,400 | 2.00 | 1,380,120 | 18.60 | 230,020 | 3.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 22,260 | 0.30 | 14,840 | 0.20 | 7,420 | 0.10 | 5,609,520 | 75.60 |
Jordan | 6,190,000 | 136,180 | 2.20 | 6,016,680 | 97.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 6,190 | 0.10 | 24,760 | 0.40 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Kuwait | 2,740,000 | 391,820 | 14.30 | 2,030,340 | 74.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 232,900 | 8.50 | 76,720 | 2.80 | 0 | 0.00 | 8,220 | 0.30 | 0 | 0.00 |
Lebanon | 4,230,000 | 2,170,090 | 47.30 | 2,592,990 | 55.30 | 12,690 | 0.30 | 0 | 0.00 | 8,460 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Oman | 2,780,000 | 180,700 | 6.50 | 2,388,020 | 85.90 | 5,560 | 0.20 | 152,900 | 5.50 | 22,240 | 0.80 | 0 | 0.00 | 27,800 | 1.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Palestine | 4,040,000 | 96,960 | 2.40 | 3,943,040 | 97.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Qatar | 1,760,000 | 242,880 | 14.2 | 1,152,800 | 65.5 | 15,840 | 0.90 | 242,880 | 15.1 | 54,560 | 3.10 | 0 | 0.00 | 12,320 | 0.70 | 0 | 0.00 |
Saudi Arabia | 27,450,000 | 1,207,800 | 4.40 | 25,528,500 | 93.00 | 192,150 | 0.70 | 301,950 | 1.10 | 82,350 | 0.30 | 82,350 | 0.30 | 82,350 | 0.30 | 0 | 0.00 |
Syria | 20,410,000 | 2,122,640 | 10 | 18,940,480 | 92.80 | 408,200 | 2.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Turkey | 72,750,000 | 291,000 | 0.40 | 71,295,000 | 98.00 | 873,000 | 1.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 40,000 | 0.05 | 20,000 | 0.03 | 145,500 | 0.20 | 20,000 | 0.03 |
UAE | 7,510,000 | 946,260 | 14 | 5,775,190 | 70 | 82,610 | 1.10 | 495,660 | 10 | 150,200 | 2.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 60,080 | 0.80 | 0 | 0.00 |
Yemen | 24,050,000 | 48,100 | 0.20 | 23,833,550 | 99.10 | 24,050 | 0.10 | 144,300 | 0.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
Total
|
310,787,248 | 12,759,354 | 3.87 | 290,758,294 | 92.59 | 4,238,495 | 1.16 | 1,562,736 | 0.28 | 514,257 | 0.10 | 172,635 | 0.10 | 712,838 | 0.30 | 5,821,928 | 2.02 |
See also
- Abrahamic religions
- Agnosticism
- Atheism
- Buddhism and Eastern religions
- Eastern religion
- History of religion
- Indian religions
- List of new religious movements
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of religious populations
- Major religious groups
- Monotheism
- Northeast China folk religion
- Paganism
- Polytheism
- Regional forms of shamanism
- Religions by country
- Religion in the Mongol Empire
- Tengrism (a Turko-Mongolic religion)
- Three Teachings (In Chinese philosophy, the Three Teachings are considered a harmonious aggregate of Confucianism, Taoism and Chinese Buddhism.)
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