Buddleja davidii
Buddleja davidii | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Scrophulariaceae |
Genus: | Buddleja |
Species: | B. davidii
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Binomial name | |
Buddleja davidii Franch. | |
Synonyms | |
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Buddleja davidii (spelling variant Buddleia davidii), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a
B. davidii was accorded the RHS Award of Merit (AM) in 1898, and the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) in 1941.[4]
Description
Buddleja davidii is a vigorous shrub with an arching habit, growing to 5 m (16 ft) in height. The pale brown bark becomes deeply fissured with age. The branches are quadrangular in section, the younger shoots covered in a dense
Buddleja davidii, after Leeuwenberg
In his 1979 revision of the taxonomy of the African and Asiatic species of Buddleja, the Dutch botanist Anthonius Leeuwenberg sank the six varieties of the species as synonyms of the type, considering them to be within the natural variation of a species, and unworthy of varietal recognition.[7] It was Leeuwenberg's taxonomy which was adopted in the Flora of China[8] published in 1996. However, as the distinctions of the former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here:
Cultivation
Buddleja davidii cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly. However, the plant does not provide food for butterfly larvae, and buddlejas might out-compete the host plants that caterpillars require.[9][10]
The species and its cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).
Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about six weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller.
Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9.[11]
There are approximately 180 davidii
A plant-evaluation manager at the
Other notable cultivars and hybrids include 'Golden Glow' and 'Silver Frost'.[14][15]
Invasive species
Buddleja davidii has been designated as an
B. davidii was first documented as an invasive species in the United Kingdom during 1922. It is now often seen there along railway lines and on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings.[18] The plant frequently grew on urban bomb sites during the aftermath of World War II, earning it the nickname of "the bomb site plant".[19]
B. davidii is widely marketed throughout the United States, where it has reportedly become invasive in some, but not all, areas within which it has been planted.[20][21][22] Although its flowers feed many native butterflies and other pollinators, plantings of the species are now controversial.[21][23][24] To prevent seeding and to promote further flowering, its blossoms need to be removed ("deadheaded") as soon as they are spent.[20]
"Non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars
A number of
Dennis J. Werner developed the "Lo and Behold" Buddleja hybrid series and the 'Miss Ruby' and 'Miss Violet' Buddleja hybrids at North Carolina State University's JC Raulston Arboretum in Raleigh and at the university's Sandhills Research Station in Jackson Springs.[29] He selected most of the hybrids to have a very low seed-set and to be non-invasive.[30] Members of the "Lo and Behold" series vary from 30 centimetres (11.8 in) in spread and height to about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height.[30]
Werner introduced the first of the cultivars (Blue Chip) around 2008.[30] He derived several of the more recent introductions from his earlier hybrids.[30] While some, such as "Lo and Behold" 'Blue Chip Jr', 'Ice Chip', 'Lilac Chip' and 'Pink Micro Chip', produce no viable pollen and are highly female-sterile,[31] the plants are not necessarily fully sterile.[30] Most were still available in 2022.[30]
Peter Podaras developed the "Flutterby" Buddleja series during the 2000s while at Cornell University's Department of Horticulture in Ithaca, New York and patented them in 2011. Podaras selected each of the cultivars for their sterility or low fertility. Although innovative when introduced, several members of the series are no longer commercially available and are rare in cultivation.[32] Monarch Watch recommends planting only male-sterile "Flutterby" cultivars.[33]
Vendors have marketed the following "non-invasive" Buddleja cultivars:
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Gallery
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Monarch butterfly feeding on a Buddleja flower, Connecticut, United States
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Buddleja davidii flowers with painted lady, peacock and (underneath) small tortoiseshell butterflies
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A snowberry clearwing moth carrying pollen on its proboscis while hovering at a Buddleja blossom
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Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii cultivar flowers
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Close-up of purple Buddleja davidii flowers photographed in visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light
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Buddleja davidii 'White Profusion' cultivar flowers
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Seed capsules
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Seeds
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Leaves
See also
- Index: Buddleja — for Buddleja davidii cultivars.
References
- ^ Phillips, R. and Martin Rix, Shrubs, Macmillan, 1994, p210
- ^ "Buddleja davidii - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
- ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia"
- ISBN 0-7153-67447
- ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
- .
- ^ Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen B. V., Wageningen, Nederland.
- ^ Zerbe, Leah (2018-06-18). "Why You Should Never Plant a Butterfly Bush Again". Good Housekeeping. Hearst Media. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
- ^ Gupta, Tanya (2014-07-15). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
- ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0
- ^ Hawke, Richard (August 2015). "Beyond the basic Butterfly Bush: Plant Trial Results" (PDF). Fine Gardening. Newtown, Connecticut: Taunton Press. pp. 31–36. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ "Buddleia" (PDF). New Brunswick, New Jersey: New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station: Rutgers Office of Continuing Education. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- .
- ^ "Buddleja 'Silver Frost' - Trees and Shrubs Online". treesandshrubsonline.org. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)". Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2021. Archivedfrom the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.Dhuill, E.N.; Smyth, N. (2021). "Invasive non-native and alien garden escape plant species on the southern cliffs of Howth, Co. Dublin (H21)". Irish Naturalists. 37 (2): 102–108.
- Tallent-Halsell, Nita G.; Watt, Michael S. (September 2009). "The Invasive Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush)". Botanical Review. 75 (3). New York: S2CID 46039523. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021 – via ResearchGate.
- "Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)". Invasive Species Compendium.
- ^ "Buddleja davidii". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ^ Gupta, Tanya (July 15, 2014). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". BBC News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
- on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
These popular garden flowers can even survive in post-war circumstances, earning the name, "the bomb site plant".
- ^ a b c d Young-Mathews, Ann (2011). "Plant fact sheet for orange eye butterflybush (Buddleja davidii)" (PDF). Corvallis, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Corvallis Plant Materials Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ a b Hurwitz, Jane, ed. (Summer 2012). "The Great Butterfly Bush Debate" (PDF). Butterfly Gardener. 7 (2). North American Butterfly Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 22, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "butterflybush: Buddleja davidii Franch". Invasive Plant Atlas Of The United States. October 2018. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- Brusati, Elizabeth D. (June 21, 2016). "Buddleja davidii Risk Assessment". Berkeley, California: California Invasive Plant Council. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- ^ ThoughtCo. Archivedfrom the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Butterfly Bush Approved Cultivars". Oregon Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Noxious Weed Pest Risk Assessment for Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii: Buddlejaceae" (PDF). Plant Pest Risk Assessment. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture: Noxious Weed Control Program. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- Altland, James (January 2005). "How to keep butterfly bush from spreading noxiously". Oregon State University Extension Service. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii". Olympia, Washington: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
- "Washington Administrative Code: Title 16: Section 16-752-610 (WAC 16-752-610). Regulated Articles". Olympia, Washington: Washington State Legislature. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
Buddleia davidii: butterfly bush (except accepted sterile cultivars)
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Dennis Werner". Horticultural Science. Raleigh, North Carolina: NC State University. Archived from the original on September 23, 2023. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
- Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience. 46 (9). from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- "Buddleja 'Blue Chip' Lo and Behold". Plant Finder. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip'". Google Patents. USPP19991P3. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip Jr'". Google Patents. USPP26581P3. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Ice Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24015P3. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Lilac Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24016P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Pink Micro Chip'". Google Patents. USPP26547P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Miss Ruby'". Google Patents. USPP19950P3. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Miss Violet'". Google Patents. USPP28448P3. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- "Sandhills Research Station". Jackson Springs, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Lo and Behold® Buddleja Hybrids". The Buddleja Garden. July 2022. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience. 46 (9). from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip Jr'". Google Patents. USPP26581P3. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Ice Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24015P3. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Lilac Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24016P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Buddleja plant named 'Pink Micro Chip'". Google Patents. USPP26547P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- ^ Large, Andrew (2021). "Buddleja FLUTTERBY™ Series". Trees and Shrubs Online. International Dendrology Society. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
- ^ "Plants For Butterfly And Pollinator Gardens: Native and Non-native Plants Suitable for Gardens in the Northeastern United States" (PDF). Monarch Watch. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Renfro, Scott E.; Burkett, Brent M.; Dunn, Bruce L.; Lindstrom, Jon T. (October 2007). "'Asian Moon' Buddleja". HortScience. 42 (6). from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- "Buddleja 'Asian Moon'". Plant Finder. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- "Asian Moon Summer Lilac". Azusa, California: Monrovia Nursery Company. 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- "Fragrant, Long-blooming, Asian Moon Butterfly Bush is Sterile". Park Hill, Oklahoma: Greenleaf Nursery Company. 2021. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- "Asian Moon Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x 'Asian Moon'". Garden Debut. Park Hill, Oklahoma: Greenleaf Nursery Company. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
- "Asian Moon Sterile Butterfly Bush: Buddleia davidii 'Asian Moon'". Green County, Northeast Oklahoma: Sooner Plant Farm. Archived from the original on October 13, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #12'". Google Patents. USPP22098P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- "Buddleia Flutterby Flow® Lavendar". Ball Seed: Plant Information. West Chicago, Illinois: Ball Horticultural Company. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- "Flutterby Flow® Lavender". Hardy Hybrids. Longstock, Hampshire, England: Longstock Park Nursery: National Plant Collection: The Buddleia National Collection. 2016. Accession Number B231. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #7'". Google Patents. USPP22110P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- "Buddleia Flutterby Flow® Mauve Pink". Ball Seed: Plant Information. West Chicago, Illinois: Ball Horticultural Company. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #4'". Google Patents. USPP22109P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- "Flutterby Grande Blueberry Cobbler". Ball Seed: Plant Information. West Chicago, Illinois: Ball Horticultural Company. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- "Fluttery Grande® Blueberry Cobbler Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x 'Blueberry Cobbler'". Green County, Northeast Oklahoma: Sooner Plant Farm. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #5'". Google Patents. September 13, 2011. USPP22144P2. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Flutterby Grande® Peach Cobbler". Ball Seed: Plant Information. West Chicago, Illinois: Ball Horticultural Company. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #2'". Google Patents. August 17, 2021. USPP22109P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #3'". Google Patents. USPP22081P2. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #11'". Google Patents. USPP22067P2. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Flutterby® Lavender (Nectar Bush)". Ball Seed: Plant Information. West Chicago, Illinois: Ball Horticultural Company. August 17, 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- "Flutterby® Lavender". Hardy Hybrids. Longstock, Hampshire, England: Longstock Park Nursery: National Plant Collection: The Buddleia National Collection. 2016. Accession Number B187. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #6'". Google Patents. USPP22142P2. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #8'". Google Patents. USPP22069P2. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- "Flutterby Petite® Blue Heaven Butterfly Bush". Azusa, California: Monrovia Nursery Company. 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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- ^ "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #14'". Google Patents. USPP22367P2. Archived from the original on August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
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- "Butterfly Bush (Buddleja Flutterby Petite™ Pink)". Plants Database. The National Gardening Association (garden.org). 2021. Archived from the original on March 12, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Podaras #15'". Google Patents. USPP22143P2. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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- "Flutterby Petite® Tutti Fruitti Pink Butterfly Bush". Azusa, California: Monrovia Nursery Company. 2021. Archived from the original on August 6, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.|
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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- "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Blue Chip Jr.'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Ice Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24015P3. Archived from the original on August 7, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2021.
- "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Ice Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
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- "Lo & Behold® 'Ice Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Lilac Chip'". Google Patents. USPP24016P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Lilac Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Pink Micro Chip'". Google Patents. USPP26547P3. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Pink Micro Chip'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2021.
- "Lo & Behold® 'Pink Micro Chip' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Purple Haze'". Google Patents. USPP24514P2. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- "Buddleja Lo & Behold® 'Purple Haze'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- Werner, Dennis J.; Snelling, Layne K. (2011). "'Purple Haze', 'Miss Molly', and 'Ice Chip' Buddleja". HortScience. 46 (9). from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
- "Lo & Behold® 'Purple Haze' Butterfly Bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "Buddleja plant named 'Miss Ruby'". Google Patents. USPP19950P3. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
- "Buddleja 'Miss Ruby'". Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
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- ^ Multiple sources:
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- "'Miss Violet' Butterfly bush: Buddleia x". DeKalb, Illinois: Proven Winners North America LLC. 2021. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
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