Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires | |
|---|---|
Obelisk on 9 July Avenue | |
 Logo | |
| Nicknames: | |
  Buenos Aires Location in Argentina  Buenos Aires Buenos Aires (South America) | |
| Coordinates: 34°36′12″S 58°22′54″W / 34.60333°S 58.38167°W | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Established |
|
| Government | |
| • Type | 25 |
| • National Senators | |
| Area | |
| • 011 | |
| ISO 3166 code | AR-B[10] |
| HDI (2021) | 0.882 very high (1st)[11] |
| Website | buenosaires.gob.ar |
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Buenos Aires (/ˌbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /-ˈaɪrɪs/;[12] Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbwenos‿ˈaiɾes] ⓘ),[13] officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires,[a] is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South America's southeastern coast. "Buenos aires" is Spanish for "fair winds" or "good airs". Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha global city, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2020 ranking.[14]
The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of
The Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the fifth-most populous metropolitan area in the Americas, with a population of around 13.8 million.[16] It is also the second largest city south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The quality of life in Buenos Aires was ranked 91st in the world in 2018, being one of the best in Latin America.[17][18]
It is known for its preserved
Etymology
At the foundation of Buenos Aires, Spanish sailors arrived in the Río de la Plata giving thanks to the blessings of "Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires", "Holy Mary of the Good Winds", who they believed to have given them the good winds to reach the coast of what is today the modern city.[25] Pedro de Mendoza called the city "Holy Mary of the Fair Winds", a name suggested by the chaplain of Mendoza's expedition – a devotee of the Virgin of Buen Ayre – after the Madonna of Bonaria from Sardinia[26] (which is still to this day the patroness of the Mediterranean island[27]). Mendoza's settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people and was abandoned in 1541.[25]
For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, who is said to have exclaimed: How fair are the winds of this land! as he arrived. In 1882, after conducting extensive research in Spanish archives, Argentine merchant Eduardo Madero ultimately concluded that the name was instead closely linked with the devotion of the sailors to Our Lady of Buen Ayre.[28] A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción, now the capital of Paraguay. Garay preserved the name originally chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire ("City of the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds"). The short form that eventually became the city's name, "Buenos Aires", became commonly used during the 17th century.[29]
The usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs.As.[30] It is also common to refer to it as "B.A." or "BA".[31] When referring specifically to the autonomous city, it is very common to colloquially call it "Capital" in Spanish. Since the autonomy obtained in 1994, it has been called "CABA" (per Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires).
History
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2020) |
Historical affiliations
Kingdom of Spain - Habsburg, 1536–1700
Kingdom of Spain - Bourbon, 1700–1808
Kingdom of Spain - Bonaparte, 1808–1810
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, 1810–1831
Argentine Confederation, 1831–1852
State of Buenos Aires, 1852–1861
Argentina, 1861–present
Viceregal times
In 1516, navigator and explorer
More attacks by the indigenous people forced the settlers away, and in 1542, the site was thusly abandoned.[32][33] A second (and permanent) settlement was established on 11 June 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires."[29]
From its earliest days, Buenos Aires depended primarily on trade. During most of the 17th century, Spanish ships were menaced by pirates, so they developed a complex system where ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port allowed to trade with the American colonies) to Lima, Peru, and from there to the other cities of the viceroyalty. Because of this, products took a very long time to arrive in Buenos Aires, and the taxes generated by the transport made them prohibitive. This scheme frustrated the traders of Buenos Aires, and a thriving informal, yet tolerated by the authorities, contraband industry developed inside the viceroyalties and with the Portuguese. This also instilled a deep resentment among porteños towards the Spanish authorities.[3]
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Sensing these feelings, Charles III of Spain progressively eased the trade restrictions before finally declaring Buenos Aires an open port in the late 18th century. The capture of Portobelo in Panama by British forces also fueled the need to foster commerce via the Atlantic route, to the detriment of Lima-based trade. One of his rulings was to split a region from the Viceroyalty of Perú and create instead the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, with Buenos Aires as the capital. However, Charles's placating actions did not have the desired effect, and the porteños, some of them versed in the ideology of the French Revolution, instead became even more convinced of the need for independence from Spain.
War of Independence
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During the
An attempt by the peninsular merchant Martín de Álzaga to remove Liniers and replace him with a Junta was defeated by the criollo armies. However, by 1810 it would be those same armies who would support a new revolutionary attempt, successfully removing the new viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. This is known as the May Revolution, which is now celebrated as a national holiday. This event started the Argentine War of Independence, and many armies left Buenos Aires to fight the diverse strongholds of royalist resistance, with varying levels of success. The government was held first by two Juntas of many members, then by two triumvirates, and finally by a unipersonal office, the Supreme Director. Formal independence from Spain was declared in 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán. Buenos Aires managed to endure the whole Spanish American wars of independence without falling again under royalist rule.
Historically, Buenos Aires has been Argentina's main venue of
In the 19th century the city was blockaded twice by naval forces: by the French from 1838 to 1840, and later by an Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades failed to bring the Argentine government to the negotiating table, and the foreign powers eventually desisted from their demands.
19th and 20th century
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During most of the 19th century, the political status of the city remained a sensitive subject. It was already the capital of Buenos Aires Province, and between 1853 and 1860 it was the capital of the seceded State of Buenos Aires. The issue was fought out more than once on the battlefield, until the matter was finally settled in 1880 when the city was federalized and became the seat of government, with its mayor appointed by the president. The Casa Rosada became the seat of the president.[29]
Health conditions in poor areas were appalling, with high rates of tuberculosis. Contemporaneous public health physicians and politicians typically blamed both the poor themselves and their ramshackle tenement houses (conventillos) for the spread of the dreaded disease. People ignored public-health campaigns to limit the spread of contagious diseases, such as the prohibition of spitting on the streets, the strict guidelines to care for infants and young children, and quarantines that separated families from ill loved ones.[34]
In addition to the wealth generated by
Buenos Aires also attracted migrants from Argentina's provinces and neighboring countries. Shanty towns (villas miseria) started growing around the city's industrial areas during the 1930s, leading to pervasive social problems and social contrasts with the largely upwardly mobile Buenos Aires population. These laborers became the political base of Peronism, which emerged in Buenos Aires during the pivotal demonstration of 17 October 1945, at the Plaza de Mayo.[35] Industrial workers of the Greater Buenos Aires industrial belt have been Peronism's main support base ever since, and Plaza de Mayo became the site for demonstrations and many of the country's political events; on 16 June 1955, however, a splinter faction of the Navy bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing 364 civilians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo). This was the only time the city was attacked from the air, and the event was followed by a military uprising which deposed President Perón, three months later (see Revolución Libertadora).
In the 1970s the city suffered from the fighting between left-wing revolutionary movements (Montoneros, ERP and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A, supported by Isabel Perón, who became president of Argentina in 1974 after Juan Perón's death.
The
The city was visited by Pope John Paul II twice, firstly in 1982 and again in 1987; on these occasions gathered some of the largest crowds in the city's history. The return of democracy in 1983 coincided with a cultural revival, and the 1990s saw an economic revival, particularly in the construction and financial sectors.
On 17 March 1992, a bomb
21st century
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In 1996, following the
De la Rúa's successor,
PRO is established in the most affluent area of the city and in those over fifty years of age.[38]
The 2015 elections were the first to use an
Geography
The city of Buenos Aires lies in the
The region was formerly crossed by different
Parks
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Buenos Aires has over 250 parks and green spaces, the largest concentration of which are on the city's eastern side in the neighborhoods of Puerto Madero, Recoleta, Palermo, and Belgrano. Some of the most important are:
- Botanical Gardens, the adjoining Plaza Italia and the Rose Garden.
- Botanical Gardens, designed by French architect and landscape designer Carlos Thays, the garden was inaugurated on 7 September 1898. Thays and his family lived in an English style mansion, located within the gardens, between 1892 and 1898, when he served as director of parks and walks in the city. The mansion, built in 1881, is currently the main building of the complex.
- Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens Is the largest of its type in the world, outside Japan. Completed in 1967, the gardens were inaugurated on the occasion of a State visit to Argentina by Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko of Japan.
- Plaza de Mayo Since being the scene of May Revolution of 1810 that led to Argentinian independence, the plaza has been a hub of political life in Argentina.
- Santa Fe Avenue(S), and Leandro Alem Av. (E).
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Buenos Aires has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with four distinct seasons.[47][48] As a result of maritime influences from the adjoining Atlantic Ocean,[49] the climate is temperate with extreme temperatures being rare.[50] Because the city is located in an area where the Pampero and Sudestada winds pass by,[51] the weather is variable due to these contrasting air masses.[52]
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Summers are hot and humid.
Winters are cool with mild temperatures during the day and chilly nights.[50] Highs during the season average 16.6 °C (61.9 °F) while lows average 8.3 °C (46.9 °F).[58] Relative humidity averages in the upper 70s%, which means the city is noted for moderate-to-heavy fogs during autumn and winter.[59] July is the coolest month, with an average temperature of 11.0 °C (51.8 °F).[53] Cold spells originating from Antarctica occur almost every year, and can persist for several days.[58] Occasionally, warm air masses from the north bring warmer temperatures.[60] The lowest temperature ever recorded in central Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Central Observatory) was −5.4 °C (22 °F) on 9 July 1918.[56] Snow is very rare in the city: the last snowfall occurred on 9 July 2007 when, during the coldest winter in Argentina in almost 30 years, severe snowfalls and blizzards hit the country. It was the first major snowfall in the city in 89 years.[61][62]
Spring and autumn are characterized by changeable weather conditions.[63] Cold air from the south can bring cooler temperatures while hot humid air from the north brings hot temperatures.[52]
The city receives 1,257.6 mm (50 in) of precipitation per year.[53] Because of its geomorphology along with an inadequate drainage network, the city is highly vulnerable to flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.[64][65][66][67]
| Climate data for Buenos Aires Central Observatory, located in Agronomía (1991–2020, extremes 1906–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 43.3 (109.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.9 (102.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.3 (95.5) |
36.3 (97.3) |
36.8 (98.2) |
40.5 (104.9) |
43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
29.0 (84.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.9 (76.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.0 (55.4) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.7 (63.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
8.9 (48.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−4 (25) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−4 (25) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−2 (28) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 134.4 (5.29) |
129.3 (5.09) |
120.0 (4.72) |
130.3 (5.13) |
93.5 (3.68) |
61.5 (2.42) |
74.4 (2.93) |
70.3 (2.77) |
80.6 (3.17) |
122.9 (4.84) |
117.6 (4.63) |
122.8 (4.83) |
1,257.6 (49.51) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.9 | 8.0 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 98.3 |
| Average snowy days | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%)
|
64.6 | 69.1 | 72.0 | 75.6 | 78.7 | 78.2 | 77.0 | 72.6 | 69.5 | 69.4 | 65.3 | 62.8 | 71.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 272.8 | 223.2 | 217.0 | 168.0 | 158.1 | 135.0 | 142.6 | 170.5 | 180.0 | 204.6 | 246.0 | 266.6 | 2,384.4 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.8 | 7.9 | 7.0 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.6 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 6.5 |
| Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[53][68][69][70] | |||||||||||||
Government and politics
Government structure
Since the adoption of the city's Constitution in 1996, Buenos Aires has counted with a democratically elected executive; Article 61 of the Constitution of the states that "Suffrage is free, equal, secret, universal, compulsory and non-accumulative. Resident aliens enjoy this same right, with its corresponding obligations, on equal terms with Argentine citizens registered in the district, under the terms established by law."
The Chief of Government and the Legislature are both elected for four-year terms; half of the Legislature's members are renewed every two years. Elections use the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the Council of Magistracy (Consejo de la Magistratura), the Public Ministry, and other city courts.
Legally, the city has less autonomy than the
Beginning in 2007, the city has embarked on a new decentralization scheme, creating new
Law enforcement
The Guardia Urbana de Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Urban Guard) was a specialized civilian force of the city of Buenos Aires,
The Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police was the police force under the authority of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The force was created in 2010 and was composed of 1,850 officers. In 2016, the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police and part of the Argentine Federal Police were merged to create the new Buenos Aires City Police force. The Buenos Aires City Police force began operations on 1 January 2017. Security in the city is now the responsibility of the Buenos Aires City Police.[75] The police is headed by the Chief of Police who is appointed by the head of the executive branch of the city of Buenos Aires. Geographically, the force is divided into 56 stations throughout the city. All police station employees are civilians. The Buenos Aires City Police force is composed of over 25,000 officers.
Demographics
Census data
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 5,166,140 | — |
| 1960 | 6,761,837 | +30.9% |
| 1970 | 8,416,170 | +24.5% |
| 1980 | 9,919,781 | +17.9% |
| 1990 | 11,147,566 | +12.4% |
| 2000 | 12,503,871 | +12.2% |
| 2010 | 14,245,871 | +13.9% |
| 2019 | 15,057,273 | +5.7% |
| for Buenos Aires Agglomeration:[76] | ||
In the census of 2010, there were 2,891,082 people residing in the city.[77] The population of Greater Buenos Aires was 13,147,638 according to 2010 census data.[78] The population density in Buenos Aires proper was 13,680 inhabitants per square kilometer (35,400 inhabitants/sq mi), but only about 2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi) in the suburbs.[79]
Buenos Aires' population has hovered around 3 million since 1947, due to low birth rates and a slow migration to the suburbs. However, the surrounding districts have expanded over fivefold (to around 10 million) since then.[77]
The 2001 census showed a relatively aged population: with 17% under the age of fifteen and 22% over sixty, the people of Buenos Aires have an age structure similar to those in most European cities. They are older than Argentines as a whole (of whom 28% were under 15, and 14% over 60).[80]
Two-thirds of the city's residents live in apartment buildings and 30% in single-family homes; 4% live in sub-standard housing.[81] Measured in terms of income, the city's poverty rate was 8.4% in 2007 and, including the metro area, 20.6%.[82] Other studies estimate that 4 million people in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area live in poverty.[83]
The city's resident labor force of 1.2 million in 2001 was mostly employed in the services sector, particularly social services (25%), commerce and tourism (20%) and business and financial services (17%); despite the city's role as Argentina's capital, public administration employed only 6%. Manufacturing still employed 10%.[81]
Districts
The city is divided into
L. P. Liniers |
|
Population origin
The majority of
Other significant European origins include
The
Most
In the 2010 census [INDEC], 2.1% of the population or 61,876 persons declared to be Indigenous or first-generation descendants of Indigenous people in Buenos Aires (not including the 24 adjacent Partidos that make up Greater Buenos Aires).[96] Amongst the 61,876 persons who are of indigenous origin, 15.9% are Quechua people, 15.9% are Guaraní, 15.5% are Aymara and 11% are Mapuche.[96] Within the 24 adjacent Partidos, 186,640 persons or 1.9% of the total population declared themselves to be Indigenous.[96] Amongst the 186,640 persons who are of indigenous origin, 21.2% are Guaraní, 19% are Toba, 11.3% are Mapuche, 10.5% are Quechua and 7.6% are Diaguita.[96]
In the city, 15,764 people identified themselves as
Urban problems
Buenos Aires has below 2 m2 (22 sq ft) of green space per person, which is 90% less than New York, 85% less than Madrid and 80% less than Paris. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concern for public health, produced a document stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 (97 sq ft) of green space per person; an optimal amount of space per person would range from 10 to 15 m2 (161 sq ft).[99][100]
Language
Buenos Aires' dialect of Spanish, which is known as
The
Religion
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Buenos Aires was the second-largest
Buenos Aires is also home to the largest Jewish community in Latin America and the second largest in the Western Hemisphere after the United States.[108][109] The Jewish community of Buenos Aires has historically been characterized by its high level of assimilation, organization and influence in the cultural history of the city.[110]
Buenos Aires is the seat of a Roman Catholic
Education
Primary education comprises grades 1–7. Most primary schools in the city still adhere to the traditional seven-year primary school, but kids can do grades 1–6 if their high school lasts 6 years, such as
There are many public universities in Argentina, as well as a number of private universities. The University of Buenos Aires, one of the top learning institutions in South America, has produced five Nobel Prize winners and provides taxpayer-funded education for students from all around the globe.[113][114][115] Buenos Aires is a major center for psychoanalysis, particularly the Lacanian school. Buenos Aires is home to several private universities of different quality, such as: Universidad Argentina de la Empresa, Buenos Aires Institute of Technology, CEMA University, Favaloro University, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, University of Belgrano, University of Palermo, University of Salvador, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Universidad Argentina John F. Kennedy, Universidad de Ciencias Empresariales y Sociales, Universidad del Museo Social Argentino, Universidad Austral, Universidad CAECE and Torcuato di Tella University.
Economy
_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg)
Buenos Aires is the financial, industrial, and commercial hub of Argentina. The economy in the city proper alone, measured by Gross Geographic Product (adjusted for purchasing power), totaled US$102.7 billion (US$34,200 per capita) in 2020[117] and amounts to nearly a quarter of Argentina's as a whole.[118] Metro Buenos Aires, according to one well-quoted study, constitutes the 13th largest economy among the world's cities in 2005.[119] The Buenos Aires Human Development Index (0.889 in 2019) is likewise high by international standards.[120]
The city's services sector is diversified and well-developed by international standards, and accounts for 76 percent of its economy (compared to 59% for all of Argentina's).[121] Advertising, in particular, plays a prominent role in the export of services at home and abroad. However, the financial and real estate services sector is the largest and contributes to 31 percent of the city's economy. Finance (about a third of this) in Buenos Aires is especially important to Argentina's banking system, accounting for nearly half the nation's bank deposits and lending.[121] Nearly 300 hotels and another 300 hostels and bed & breakfasts are licensed for tourism, and nearly half the rooms available were in four-star establishments or higher.[122]
Manufacturing is, nevertheless, still prominent in the city's economy (16 percent) and, concentrated mainly in the southern part of the city. It benefits as much from high local purchasing power and a large local supply of skilled labor as it does from its relationship to massive agriculture and industry just outside the city limits. Construction activity in Buenos Aires has historically been among the most accurate indicators of national economic fortunes, and since 2006 around 3 million square meters (32×106 sq ft) of construction has been authorized annually.[121] Meat, dairy, grain, tobacco, wool and leather products are processed or manufactured in the Buenos Aires metro area. Other leading industries are automobile manufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, machine-building, and the production of textiles, chemicals, clothing and beverages.
The city's budget, per Mayor Macri's 2011 proposal, included US$6 billion in revenues and US$6.3 billion in expenditures. The city relies on local income and capital gains taxes for 61 percent of its revenues, while federal revenue sharing contributes 11 percent, property taxes, 9 percent, and vehicle taxes, 6 percent. Other revenues include user fees, fines, and gambling duties. The city devotes 26 percent of its budget to education, 22 percent for health, 17 percent for public services and infrastructure, 16 percent for social welfare and culture, 12 percent in administrative costs and 4 percent for law enforcement. Buenos Aires maintains low debt levels and its service requires less than 3 percent of the budget.[123]
Tourism
According to the World Travel & Tourism Council,[125] tourism has been growing in the Argentine capital since 2002. In a survey by the travel and tourism publication Travel + Leisure Magazine in 2008, visitors voted Buenos Aires the second most desirable city to visit after Florence, Italy.[126] In 2008, an estimated 2.5 million visitors visited the city.[127] Buenos Aires is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.[128][129][130]
Visitors have many options for travel such as going to a tango show, an
The most popular tourist sites are found in the historic core of the city, specifically, in the
Buenos Aires has become a recipient of
Buenos Aires has various types of accommodation ranging from luxurious five star hotels in the city center to budget hotels located in suburban neighborhoods. Nonetheless, the city's transportation system allows easy and inexpensive access to the city. There were, as of February 2008[update], 23 five-star, 61 four-star, 59 three-star and 87 two or one-star hotels, as well as 25
Transportation
According to data released by Moovit in July 2017, the average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Buenos Aires, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 79 min. 23% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 20 percent of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[135]
Roads
Buenos Aires is based on a rectangular
Two diagonal
In the 1940s and 1950s, the construction of the
Toll motorways opened in the late 1970s by mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore, now used by over a million vehicles daily, provide convenient access to the city center.[139] Cacciatore likewise had financial district streets (roughly 1 square kilometer (0.39 sq mi) in area) closed to private cars during daytime. Most major avenues are, however, gridlocked at peak hours. Following the economic mini-boom of the 1990s, record numbers started commuting by car and congestion increased, as did the time-honored Argentine custom of taking weekends off in the countryside.
Airports
The Ministro Pistarini International Airport, commonly known as Ezeiza Airport, is located in the suburb of Ezeiza, in Buenos Aires Province, approximately 22 km south of the city. This airport handles most international air traffic to and from Argentina as well as some domestic flights.
The Aeroparque Jorge Newbery airport, located in the Palermo district of the city next to the riverbank, is only within the city limits and serves primarily domestic traffic within Argentina and some regional flights to neighboring South American countries.
Other minor airports near the city are El Palomar Airport, which is located 18 km west of the city and handles some scheduled domestic flights to a number of destinations in Argentina, and the smaller San Fernando Airport which serves only general aviation.
Urban rail
The Buenos Aires Underground (locally known as subte, from "subterráneo" meaning underground or subway), is a high-yield[clarification needed] system providing access to various parts of the city. Opened in 1913, it is the oldest underground system in the Southern Hemisphere and oldest in the Spanish-speaking world. The system has six underground lines and one overground line, named by letters (A to E, and H) and there are 107 stations, and 58.8 km (37 mi) of route, including the Premetro line.[140] An expansion program is underway to extend existing lines into the outer neighborhoods and add a new north–south line. Route length is expected to reach 89 km (55 mi) by 2011.
Line A is the oldest one (service opened to public in 1913) and stations kept the "belle-époque" decoration, while the original rolling stock from 1913, affectionately known as Las Brujas were retired from the line in 2013. Daily ridership on weekdays is 1.7 million and on the increase.[141][142] Fares remain relatively cheap, although the city government raised fares by over 125% in January 2012. A single journey, with unlimited interchanges between lines, costs AR$42, which is roughly US$0.23 as of January 2023.[143]
The most recent expansions to the network were the addition of numerous stations to the network in 2013: San José de Flores and San Pedrito to Line A, Echeverría and Juan Manuel de Rosas to Line B and Hospitales to Line H. Current works include the completion of Line H northwards and addition of three new stations to Line E in the city center.[144][145] The construction of Line F is due to commence in 2015,[146] while two other lines are planned for construction in the future.
The Buenos Aires commuter rail system has seven lines:
Commuter rail in the city is mostly operated by the state-owned Trenes Argentinos, though the Urquiza Line and Belgrano Norte Line are operated by private companies Metrovías and Ferrovías respectively.[147][148][149] All services had been operated by Ferrocarriles Argentinos until the company's privatization in 1993, and were then operated by a series of private companies until the lines were put back under state control following a series of high-profile accidents.[150][151]
Since 2013, there has been a series of large investments on the network, with all lines (with the exception of the Urquiza Line) receiving new rolling stock, along with widespread infrastructure improvements, track replacement, electrification work, refurbishments of stations and building entirely new stations.[152][153][154] Similarly, almost all level crossings have been replaced by underpasses and overpasses in the city, with plans to replace all of them in the near future.[155] One of the most major projects under way is the electrification of the remaining segments of the Roca Line – the most widely used in the network – and also moving the entire section of the Sarmiento Line which runs through the heart of the city's underground to allow for better frequencies on the line and reduce congestion above ground.[156][157]
There are also three other major projects on the table. The first would elevate a large segment of the San Martín Line which runs through the city center and electrify the line, while the second would see the electrification and extension of the Belgrano Sur Line to Constitucion station in the city center.[158][159] If these two projects are completed, then the Belgrano Norte Line would be the only diesel line to run through the city. The third and most ambitious is to build a series of tunnels between three of the city's railway terminals with a large underground central station underneath the Obelisk, connecting all the commuter railway lines in a network dubbed the Red de Expresos Regionales.[160]
.JPG)
Buenos Aires had an extensive
Cycling
In December 2010, the city government launched a
Buses
There are over 150 city bus lines called Colectivos, each one managed by an individual company. These compete with each other and attract exceptionally high use with virtually no public financial support.[164] Their frequency makes them equal to the underground systems of other cities, but buses cover a far wider area than the underground system. Colectivos in Buenos Aires do not have a fixed timetable, but run from four to several per hour, depending on the bus line and time of the day. With inexpensive tickets and extensive routes, usually no further than four blocks from commuters' residences, the colectivo is the most popular mode of transport around the city.[164]
Buenos Aires has recently opened a
Port
The port of Buenos Aires is one of the busiest in South America, as navigable rivers by way of the Rio de la Plata connect the port to northeastern Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the distribution hub for said vast area of the South American continent. The
Ferries
Buenos Aires is also served by a ferry system operated by the company Buquebus that connects the port of Buenos Aires with the main cities of Uruguay, (Colonia del Sacramento, Montevideo and Punta del Este). More than 2.2 million people per year travel between Argentina and Uruguay with Buquebus. One of these ships is a catamaran, which can reach a top speed of about 80 km/h (50 mph).[170]
Taxis
A fleet of 40,000 black-and-yellow taxis ply the streets at all hours. Some taxi drivers may try to take advantage of tourists.,[171] but radio-link companies provide reliable and safe service; many such companies provide incentives for frequent users. Low-fare limo services, known as remises, are also popular.[172][173] though currently giving way to ridesharing companies like Uber or Cabify, whose legal status has been the cause of much dispute with the city government[174]
Culture
As Buenos Aires is strongly influenced by
Buenos Aires is the home of the
The city has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network after it was named "City of Design" in 2005.[182]
Porteño identity
The identity of
Porteños are generally characterized as
Art
Buenos Aires has a thriving arts culture,
The first major artistic movements in Argentina coincided with the first signs of political liberty in the country, such as the 1913 sanction of the secret ballot and universal male suffrage, the
Examples include: the Paris Group – so named for being influenced by the
Buenos Aires has also become a prominent center of contemporary
Literature
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Buenos Aires has long been considered an intellectual and literary capital of
Buenos Aires is one of the most prolific book publishers in Latin America and has more bookstores per capita than any other major city in the world.[209][211] Buenos Aires has at least 734 bookstores—roughly 25 bookshops for every 100,000 inhabitants—far above other world cities like London, Paris, Madrid, Moscow and New York.[209][211] The city also has a thriving market for secondhand books, ranking third in terms of secondhand bookshops per inhabitant, most of them congregated along Avenida Corrientes.[211] Buenos Aires' book market has been described as "catholic in taste, immune to fads or fashion", with "wide and varied demand."[211] The popularity of reading among porteños has been variously linked to the wave of mass immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and to the city's "obsession" with psychoanalysis.[211]
The Buenos Aires International Book Fair has been a major event in the city since the first fair in 1975,[205] having been described as "perhaps the most important and largest annual literary event in the Spanish-speaking world,"[212] and "the most important cultural event in Latin America".[213] In its 2019 edition, the Book Fair was attended by 1.8 million people.[213]
Buenos Aires was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2011 by UNESCO.[214]
Music
According to the
.jpg)
The Río de la Plata is known for being the birthplace of
The city hosts several music festivals every year. A popular genre is electronic dance music, with festivals including Creamfields BA, SAMC, Moonpark, and a local edition of Ultra Music Festival. Other well-known events include the Buenos Aires Jazz Festival, Personal Fest, Quilmes Rock and Pepsi Music. Some music festivals are held in Greater Buenos Aires, like Lollapalooza, which takes place at the Hipódromo de San Isidro in San Isidro.
Cinema
In response to large studio productions, the "Generation of the 60s" appeared, a group of filmmakers that produced the first modernist films in Argentina during the early years of that decade. These included Manuel Antín, Lautaro Murúa and René Mugica, among others.[221]
During the second half of the decade, films of social protest were presented in clandestine exhibitions, the work of
Located in Buenos Aires is the Pablo Ducrós Hicken Museum of Cinema, the only one in the country dedicated to Argentine cinema and a pioneer of its kind in Latin America.[222] Every year, the city hosts the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema (BAFICI), which, in its 2015 edition, featured 412 films from 37 countries, and an attendance of 380 thousand people.[223] Buenos Aires also hosts various other festivals and film cycles, like the Buenos Aires Rojo Sangre, devoted to horror.
Media
Buenos Aires is home to five Argentine television networks: America,
Fashion
Buenos Aires' inhabitants have been historically characterized as "fashion-conscious".
The fashionable
Architecture
Buenos Aires architecture is characterized by its eclectic nature, with elements resembling
In 1912, the Basilica del Santisimo Sacramento was opened to the public; its construction was funded by the generous donation of Argentine philanthropist Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena, a member of Argentina's most prominent family. The church is an excellent example of French neo-classicism. With extremely high-grade decorations in its interior, the magnificent Mutin-Cavaillé coll organ (the biggest ever installed in an Argentine church with more than four thousand tubes and four manuals) presided the nave. The altar is full of marble and was the biggest ever built in South America at that time.[237]
In 1919, the construction of Palacio Barolo began. This was South America's tallest building at the time and was the first Argentine skyscraper built with concrete (1919–1923).[238] The building was equipped with 9 elevators, plus a twenty-meter-high (65 ft) lobby hall with paintings in the ceiling and Latin phrases embossed in golden bronze letters. A 300,000-candela beacon was installed at the top (110 m), making the building visible even from Uruguay. In 2009, the Barolo Palace went under an exhaustive restoration, and the beacon was made operational again.
In 1936, the 120-meter-tall (395 ft) Kavanagh Building was inaugurated. The building, with its 12 elevators (provided by Otis) and the world's first central air conditioning system (provided by the North American company Carrier), is still an architectural landmark in Buenos Aires.[239]
The architecture of the second half of the 19th century continued to reproduce French neoclassic models, such as the headquarters of the Banco de la Nación Argentina built by Alejandro Bustillo, and the Museo Hispanoamericano de Buenos Aires of Martín Noel. However, since the 1930s, the influence of Le Corbusier and European rationalism consolidated in a group of young architects from the University of Tucumán, among whom Amancio Williams stands out. The construction of skyscrapers proliferated in Buenos Aires until the 1950s. Newer modern high-technology buildings by Argentine architects in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st include the Le Parc Tower by Mario Álvarez, the Torre Fortabat by Sánchez Elía, and the Repsol-YPF Tower by César Pelli.
Theaters
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Buenos Aires has over 280 theaters, more than any other city in the world.[240] Because of this, Buenos Aires is declared the "World's Capital of Theater".[241] They show everything from musicals to ballet, comedy to circuses.[242] Some of them are:
- Ferrocarril Oeste's Plaza Parque station.
- Córdoba Avenue and two blocks north of Buenos Aires' renowned opera house, the Colón Theater, the Cervantes houses three performance halls, of which the María Guerrero Salon serves as its main hall. Its 456 m2 (4,910 sq ft) stage features a 12 m (39 ft) rotating circular platform and can be extended by a further 2.7 m (8.9 ft). The Guerrero Salon can seat 860 spectators, including 512 in the galleries. A secondary hall, the Orestes Caviglia Salon, can seat 150 and is mostly reserved for chamber music concerts. The Luisa Vehíl Salon is a multipurpose room known for its extensive gold leafdecor.
- Teatro Gran Rex opened on 8 July 1937 as the largest cinema in South America of its time; it is an Art Deco-style theater.
- theater directorwho popularized classical drama in Argentina during the late 19th century and would establish the important Cervantes Theater (Teatro Nacional Cervantes) in 1921.
Sports
Buenos Aires has been a candidate city for the Summer Olympic Games on three occasions: for the
In 1912, the practice of basketball in Argentina was started by the Asociación Cristiana de Jóvenes (YMCA) of Buenos Aires,[248] when Canadian professor Paul Phillip was in charge of teaching basketball at the YMCA of Paseo Colón Avenue. The first basketball clubs in Argentina, Hindú and Independiente, were located at the YMCAs of the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area. By 1912 the first basketball games were held by YMCA headquarters in Buenos Aires. Nowadays, the Argentine Basketball Confederation is headquartered in Buenos Aires.
Argentina has been the home of world champions in professional
Argentines' love for horses can be experienced in several ways: horse racing at the Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo racetrack, polo in the Campo Argentino de Polo (located just across Libertador Avenue from the Hipódromo), and pato, a kind of basketball played on horseback that was declared the national game in 1953. Polo was brought to the country in the second half of the 19th century by English immigrants.
The first rugby union match in Argentina was played in 1873 in the
Buenos Aires native
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Buenos Aires is
Athens, Greece (since 1992)[250]
Beijing, China (since 1993)[251]
Berlin, Germany (since 19 May 1994)[252][253]
Bilbao, Spain (since 1992)[254]
Brasília, Brazil (since 1986)[255]
Cairo, Egypt (since 1992)[250][256]- Cádiz, Spain (since 1975)[257]
Calabria, Italy (region) (since 1987)[258]- Guadix, Spain (since 1987)[259]
Kyiv, Ukraine (since 1993)[260]
Miami, Florida, United States (since 1978)[261]
Moscow, Russia (since 1990)[262]- Naples, Italy (since 1990)[250]
Osaka, Japan (since 1990)[263]- Oviedo, Spain (since 1983)[264]
Prague, Czech Republic (since 1992)[265]
Rotterdam, Netherlands (since 1990)[266]- São Paulo, Brazil (since 2007)[267][268]
Seoul, South Korea (since 1992)[269]- Seville, Spain (since 1974)[270]
Tel Aviv, Israel (since 1976)[250]
Toulouse, France (since 1990)[271]- Vigo, Spain (since 1992)[272]
Warsaw, Poland (since 1992)[273]
Yerevan, Armenia (since 2000)[274]
Zagreb, Croatia (since 1998)[275]
Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities
Buenos Aires is part of the Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities[276] from 12 October 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:
Andorra la Vella, Andorra
Asunción, Paraguay
Bogotá, Colombia
Caracas, Venezuela
Guatemala City, Guatemala
Havana, Cuba
La Paz, Bolivia
Lima, Peru
Lisbon, Portugal- Madrid, Spain
Managua, Nicaragua
Mexico City, Mexico
Montevideo, Uruguay
Panama City, Panama
Quito, Ecuador- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
San José, Costa Rica
San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States
San Salvador, El Salvador
Santiago, Chile
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Partner cities
See also
- C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
- Cicerones de Buenos Aires
- Largest cities in the Americas
- List of mayors and chiefs of government of Buenos Aires
- List of twin towns and sister cities of Buenos Aires
- OPENCities
- Outline of Argentina
Notes
- ^ Spanish: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires was the second largest Catholic city in the world (after Paris)
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... BUENOS AYRES second largest Roman Catholic city in the world, the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world...
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Further reading
- Adelman, Jeremy. Republic of capital: Buenos Aires and the legal transformation of the Atlantic world (Stanford University Press, 1999)
- Baily, Samuel L. "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914." American Historical Review (1983): 281–305. in JSTOR Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Bao, Sandra, and Bridget Gleeson. Lonely Planet Buenos Aires (Travel Guide) (2011)
- Benson, Andrew. The Rough Guide to Buenos Aires (2011)
- Buenos Aires Travel Guide 2014: Essential Tourist Information, Maps & Photos (2014)
- Emerson, Charles. 1913: In Search of the World Before the Great War (2013) compares Buenos Aires to 20 major world cities; pp 252–66.
- Keeling, David J. Buenos Aires: Global dreams, local crises (Wiley, 1996)
- Moya, Jose C. Cousins and strangers: Spanish immigrants in Buenos Aires, 1850–1930 (University of California Press, 1998)
- Mulhall, Michael George, and Edward T. Mulhall. Handbook of the River Plate: Comprising Buenos Ayres, the Upper Provinces, Banda Oriental, Paraguay (2 vol. 1869) online Archived 26 February 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- Scobie, James R. Buenos Aires: plaza to suburb, 1870–1910 (Oxford University Press, 1974)
- Socolow, Susan Migden. The Merchants of Buenos Aires, 1778–1810: Family and Commerce (Cambridge University Press, 1978)
- Sofer, Eugene F. From Pale to Pampa: A social history of the Jews of Buenos Aires (Holmes & Meier, 1982)
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Texts from Wikisource
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
- Official website of the Government of Buenos Aires (in Spanish)
- OPENCities Monitor participant (archived 8 March 2011)
- Population estimates (archived 9 April 2014)
- Encyclopædia Britannica (archived 11 May 2006)
- Microsoft Encarta (archived 31 October 2009)
Geographic data related to Buenos Aires at OpenStreetMap
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