Buffalo, New York
Buffalo | |||
---|---|---|---|
Delaware Park | |||
Deputy Mayor Rashied McDuffie (D),
Callie Johnson | FIPS code 36-11000 | | |
GNIS feature ID | 0973345[7] | ||
Website | www |
Buffalo is a
Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic
The city's cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States, the Buffalo AKG Art Museum, the Buffalo History Museum, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Buffalo Museum of Science, and several annual festivals. Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo, Buffalo State University, Canisius University, and D'Youville University. Buffalo is also known for its winter weather, Buffalo wings, and three major-league sports teams: the National Football League's Buffalo Bills, the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres and the National Lacrosse League's Buffalo Bandits.
History
Pre-Columbian era to European exploration
Before the
During
Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s.[17] In 1679, La Salle's ship, Le Griffon, became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near Cayuga Creek.[18] Baron de Lahontan visited the site of Buffalo in 1687.[19] A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year (1758). After the French and Indian War, the region was ruled by Britain.[13] After the American Revolution, the Province of New York—now a U.S. state—began westward expansion, looking for arable land by following the Iroquois.[20]
New York and
Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War.[24][13] Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston, former enslaved man Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789.[13][25] As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army, Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1788).[26] The Iroquois were moved onto reservations, including Buffalo Creek. By the end of the 18th century, only 338 sq mi (216,000 acres; 880 km2; 88,000 ha) of reservations remained.[27]
After the Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797, Joseph Ellicott surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.[24][28] In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present-day Niagara Square. Originally named New Amsterdam, its name was soon changed to Buffalo.[29]
Erie Canal, grain and commerce
The village of Buffalo was named for Buffalo Creek.[b][31] British military engineer John Montresor referred to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, the earliest recorded appearance of the name.[32] A road to Pennsylvania from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio.[33] Before an east–west turnpike across the state was completed, traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week; a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take over three days.[34][c]
British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813.[35] The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara-on-the-Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the War of 1812.[36][37][13] Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815.[38][37] As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area.[22] To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock.[13] It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and hydropower.[22] By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km2) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo.[27] Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[39] During the 1830s, businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district.[22] The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) Irish and German Catholics.[40][41]
By the 1860s, many railroads terminated in Buffalo; they included the
Steel, challenges, and the modern era
At the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was the world's leading grain port and a national flour-milling hub.
Attorney
During
The St. Lawrence Seaway was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe, and later as part of a bi-national hydroelectric project with Canada.[56] Its combination with an expanded Welland Canal led to a grim outlook for Buffalo's economy. After its 1959 opening, the city's port and barge canal became largely irrelevant. Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity, ending an industry which had been part of the city's economy since 1812.[58] Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts.[56] Racial tensions culminated in riots in 1967.[56] Suburbanization led to the selection of the town of Amherst for the new University at Buffalo campus by 1970.[56] Unwilling to modernize its plant, Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid-1970s before closing it in 1983.[54] The region lost at least 70,000 jobs between 1970 and 1984.[54] Like much of the Rust Belt, Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late-20th-century deindustrialization.[59]
Geography
Topography
Buffalo is on the eastern end of Lake Erie opposite Fort Erie, Ontario. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario.
The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the
According to Fox Weather, Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.
Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant
According to the United States Census Bureau, Buffalo has an area of 52.5 sq mi (136 km2); 40.38 sq mi (104.6 km2) is land, and the rest is water.[68] The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.[68]
Cityscape
Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings.
Neighborhoods
According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements".
Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the
The Buffalo Common Council adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing zoning regulations which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the New Urbanism conference.[87]
Climate
Buffalo has a
Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.[89] Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate humidity and temperatures;[89] the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.[89][61] Temperatures rise above 90 °F (32.2 °C) an average of three times a year.[89] No official recording of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) reached on August 27, 1948.[97] Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.[89][98] August is usually rainier and muggier, as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.[89]
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[d] extremes 1871–present[e] | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 72 (22) |
71 (22) |
82 (28) |
94 (34) |
94 (34) |
97 (36) |
98 (37) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
92 (33) |
80 (27) |
74 (23) |
99 (37) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.4 (13.6) |
54.5 (12.5) |
66.0 (18.9) |
77.9 (25.5) |
84.3 (29.1) |
88.1 (31.2) |
89.5 (31.9) |
88.5 (31.4) |
86.4 (30.2) |
77.9 (25.5) |
67.4 (19.7) |
56.8 (13.8) |
91.5 (33.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.1 (0.1) |
33.3 (0.7) |
41.8 (5.4) |
54.7 (12.6) |
67.4 (19.7) |
75.6 (24.2) |
80.2 (26.8) |
79.0 (26.1) |
72.3 (22.4) |
59.6 (15.3) |
47.8 (8.8) |
37.2 (2.9) |
56.8 (13.8) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.5 (−3.6) |
26.4 (−3.1) |
34.1 (1.2) |
45.6 (7.6) |
57.9 (14.4) |
66.9 (19.4) |
71.7 (22.1) |
70.4 (21.3) |
63.4 (17.4) |
51.7 (10.9) |
41.0 (5.0) |
31.4 (−0.3) |
48.8 (9.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 19.0 (−7.2) |
19.5 (−6.9) |
26.4 (−3.1) |
36.5 (2.5) |
48.3 (9.1) |
58.1 (14.5) |
63.1 (17.3) |
61.7 (16.5) |
54.5 (12.5) |
43.9 (6.6) |
34.2 (1.2) |
25.6 (−3.6) |
40.9 (4.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 0.8 (−17.3) |
1.7 (−16.8) |
9.3 (−12.6) |
24.6 (−4.1) |
35.6 (2.0) |
45.6 (7.6) |
52.8 (11.6) |
51.0 (10.6) |
41.0 (5.0) |
30.7 (−0.7) |
20.4 (−6.4) |
8.5 (−13.1) |
−2.8 (−19.3) |
Record low °F (°C) | −16 (−27) |
−20 (−29) |
−7 (−22) |
5 (−15) |
25 (−4) |
35 (2) |
43 (6) |
38 (3) |
32 (0) |
20 (−7) |
2 (−17) |
−10 (−23) |
−20 (−29) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.35 (85) |
2.49 (63) |
2.89 (73) |
3.37 (86) |
3.37 (86) |
3.37 (86) |
3.23 (82) |
3.23 (82) |
4.10 (104) |
4.03 (102) |
3.50 (89) |
3.75 (95) |
40.68 (1,033) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 26.7 (68) |
18.1 (46) |
14.1 (36) |
2.5 (6.4) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.9 (2.3) |
7.8 (20) |
25.3 (64) |
95.4 (242) |
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 10.8 (27) |
8.4 (21) |
7.6 (19) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
3.7 (9.4) |
9.0 (23) |
15.5 (39) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 19.2 | 15.8 | 14.8 | 13.4 | 12.8 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 17.7 | 165.8 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 16.4 | 13.5 | 9.1 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 4.7 | 12.2 | 59.5 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
76.0 | 75.9 | 73.3 | 67.8 | 67.2 | 68.6 | 68.1 | 72.1 | 74.0 | 72.9 | 75.8 | 77.6 | 72.4 |
Average dew point °F (°C) | 16.9 (−8.4) |
17.6 (−8.0) |
25.2 (−3.8) |
33.4 (0.8) |
44.2 (6.8) |
54.1 (12.3) |
59.0 (15.0) |
58.8 (14.9) |
52.5 (11.4) |
41.7 (5.4) |
32.7 (0.4) |
22.6 (−5.2) |
38.2 (3.5) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 91.3 | 108.0 | 163.7 | 204.7 | 258.3 | 287.1 | 306.7 | 266.4 | 207.6 | 159.4 | 84.4 | 69.0 | 2,206.6 |
Percent possible sunshine | 31 | 37 | 44 | 51 | 57 | 63 | 66 | 62 | 55 | 47 | 29 | 25 | 49 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[99][100][101] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas[102] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1810 | 1,508 | — | |
1820 | 2,095 | 38.9% | |
1830 | 8,668 | 313.7% | |
1840 | 18,213 | 110.1% | |
1850 | 42,261 | 132.0% | |
1860 | 81,129 | 92.0% | |
1870 | 117,714 | 45.1% | |
1880 | 155,134 | 31.8% | |
1890 | 255,664 | 64.8% | |
1900 | 352,387 | 37.8% | |
1910 | 423,715 | 20.2% | |
1920 | 506,775 | 19.6% | |
1930 | 573,076 | 13.1% | |
1940 | 575,901 | 0.5% | |
1950 | 580,132 | 0.7% | |
1960 | 532,759 | −8.2% | |
1970 | 462,768 | −13.1% | |
1980 | 357,870 | −22.7% | |
1990 | 328,123 | −8.3% | |
2000 | 292,648 | −10.8% | |
2010 | 261,310 | −10.7% | |
2020 | 278,349 | 6.5% | |
2022 (est.) | 276,486 | −0.7% | |
Historical Population Figures[103] U.S. Decennial Census[104] |
Racial composition | 2023[105] | 2020[68] | 2010[106] | 1990[107] | 1970[107] | 1940[107] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White
|
47.8% | 41.9% | 50.4% | 64.7% | 78.7% | 96.8% |
—Non-Hispanic | 44.7% | 39.0% | 45.8% | 63.1% | n/a | n/a |
African Americans | 33.3% | 36.9% | 38.6% | 30.7% | 20.4% | 3.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 12.2% | 12.8% | 10.5% | 4.9% | 1.6%[f] | n/a |
Asian Americans | 6.7% | 7.6% | 3.2% | 1.0% | 0.2% | n/a |
Other race | 6.3% | 5.3% | 3.1% | 2.8% | 0.2% | n/a |
Several hundred Seneca, Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800, concentrated along Buffalo Creek.[108] After the Revolutionary War, settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area.
From the 1830s to the 1850s, they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe, both peasants and working class, who settled in enclaves on the city's south and east sides.[40] At the turn of the 20th century, Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side, who moved to newer housing; Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city, primarily on the lower West Side.[78]
During the 1830s, Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of Black Americans who began settling on the city's East Side.[40][g] In the 20th century, wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted Black Americans from the South during the First and Second Great Migrations. In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970, the city's Black population rose by 433 percent. They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side, who were moving out to suburbs.[109][110] However, the effects of redlining, steering,[111] social inequality, blockbusting, white flight[111] and other racial policies resulted in the city (and region) becoming one of the most segregated in the U.S.[110][112][113]
During the 1940s and 1950s, Puerto Rican migrants arrived en masse, also seeking industrial jobs, settling on the East Side and moving westward.[114] In the 21st century, Buffalo is classified as a majority minority city, with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino.
Buffalo has experienced effects of urban decay since the 1970s, and also saw population loss to the suburbs and Sun Belt states, and experienced job losses from deindustrialization.[115] The city's population peaked at 580,132 in 1950, when Buffalo was the 15th-largest city in the United States – down from the eighth-largest city in 1900, after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s.[48] Buffalo's population began declining in the second half of the 20th century, due to suburbanization and loss of industrial jobs, and the city's population is now less than half its peak population in 1950. Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6.5% in the 2020 census, reversing a decades long trend of population decline. The city has 278,349 residents as of the 2020 census, making it the 76th-largest city in the United States.[10] Its metropolitan area had 1.1 million residents in 2020, the country's 49th-largest.[6]
Compared to other major US metropolitan areas, the number of foreign-born immigrants to Buffalo is low. New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees (especially from war- or disaster-affected nations) and refugees who had previously settled in other U.S. cities.
Poverty has remained an issue for the city; in 2019, it was estimated that 30.1 percent of individuals and 24.8 percent of families lived below the
Health disparities exist compared to the rest of
Religion
During the early 19th century,
A
With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city's East Side,[126] Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence. In this area, new residents have converted empty churches into mosques and temples.[127] Hinduism maintains a small, active presence in the area, including the town of Amherst.[128]
A 2016 American Bible Society survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth-least "Bible-minded" city in the United States; 13 percent of its residents associate with the Bible.[129]
Economy
Rank | Employer | Employees |
---|---|---|
1 | Kaleida Health | 8,359 |
2 | Catholic Health | 7,623 |
3 | M&T Bank | 7,400 |
4 | Tops Friendly Markets | 5,374 |
5 | Seneca Gaming Corp. | 3,402 |
6 | Roswell Park Cancer Institute |
3,328 |
7 | GEICO | 3,250 |
8 | Wegmans | 3,102 |
9 | HSBC Bank USA | 3,000 |
10 | General Motors | 2,981 |
The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo's economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest. Later, manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city's economy.[131] When these industries downsized in the region, Buffalo's economy became service-based. Its primary sectors include health care, business services (banking, accounting, and insurance), retail, tourism and logistics, especially with Canada.[131] Despite the loss of large-scale manufacturing, some manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region.[132] Advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on research and development (R&D) and automation.[132] In 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA at $53 billion (~$60.1 billion in 2023).[133]
The
.Buffalo weathered the
The Buffalo area has a larger-than-average pay disparity than the rest of the U.S. The average salary ($43,580) was six percent less than the national average in 2017, with the pay gap increasing to ten percent with increased career specialization.[132] Workforce productivity is higher and turnover lower than other regions.[132]
Culture
Performing arts and music
Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies, with many centered in the downtown Theatre District.[143] Shea's Performing Arts Center is the city's largest theater. Designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and built in 1926, the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts.[144] Shakespeare in Delaware Park has been held outdoors every summer since 1976.[145]
Stand-up comedy can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club, which hosts both local talent and national touring acts.
The
The
of the 20th century and to contemporary operas of the 20th and 21st centuries. [153] These operas are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs.The
The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1935 and performs at Kleinhans Music Hall, whose acoustics have been praised.[159] Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding, philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it.[160] Under the direction of JoAnn Falletta, the orchestra has received a number of Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2009.[161]
KeyBank Center draws national music acts year-round. Sahlen Field hosts the annual WYRK Taste of Country music festival every summer with national country music acts. Canalside regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts, a tradition that spun off from the defunct Thursday at the Square concert series.[162][163] Colored Musicians Club, an extension of what was a separate musicians'-union chapter, maintains jazz history.[164]
The Goo Goo Dolls, an alternative rock group which formed in 1986, had 19 top-ten singles. Singer-songwriter and activist Ani DiFranco has released over 20 folk and indie rock albums on Righteous Babe Records, her Buffalo-based label.[169]
Underground hip-hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo-based Griselda Records, whose artists include Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine, and occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics.[170]
Cuisine
The city's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities. In 2015, the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on its "World's Top Ten Food Cities" list.[171] Teressa Bellissimo first prepared Buffalo wings (seasoned chicken wings) at the Anchor Bar in 1964.[172] The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with Duff's Famous Wings, but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city (some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles).[173][174] Buffalo wings are traditionally served with blue cheese dressing and celery.[174] In 2003, the Anchor Bar received a James Beard Foundation Award in the America's Classics category.[175]
The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias, estimated at more per capita than New York City.
Museums and tourism
Buffalo was ranked the seventh-best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by
Canalside, Buffalo's historic business district and harbor, attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually.[191] It includes the Explore & More Children's Museum, the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, LECOM Harborcenter, and a number of shops and restaurants. A restored 1924 carousel (now solar-powered) and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021.[192][193] Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo RiverWorks, Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino, Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, and the Nash House Museum.[163]
The
Sports
Team | Sport | League | Began | Venue (capacity) | Championships |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buffalo Bills | American football | NFL | 1959 | Highmark Stadium (71,608) | 1964 and 1965[h] |
Buffalo Bisons | Baseball | IL | 1979 | Sahlen Field (16,600) | 1997, 1998, 2004 |
Buffalo eXtreme | Basketball | ABA | 2023 | XGen Elite Sports Complex | |
Buffalo Sabres | Ice hockey | NHL | 1970 | KeyBank Center (19,070) | |
Buffalo Bandits | Lacrosse | NLL | 1992 | KeyBank Center (19,070) | 1992, 1993, 1996, 2008, 2023 |
FC Buffalo | Soccer | USL League Two | 2009 | Williamsville South High School (2,700) | |
FC Buffalo Women |
Soccer | UWS | 2021 | Williamsville South High School (2,700) |
Buffalo has two major professional sports teams: the Buffalo Sabres (National Hockey League) and the Buffalo Bills (National Football League). The Bills were a founding member of the American Football League in 1960, and have played at Highmark Stadium in Orchard Park since they moved from War Memorial Stadium in 1973. They are the only NFL team based in New York State.[i] Before the Super Bowl era, the Bills won the American Football League Championship in 1964 and 1965. With mixed success throughout their history, the Bills had a close loss in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons (losing each time).[197] The Sabres, an expansion team in 1970, share KeyBank Center with the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League. The Bandits are the most decorated of the city's professional teams, with five championships.[198] The Bills, Sabres and Bandits are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment.
Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams; the
Parks and recreation
The city's Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities, seven recreational centers, twenty-one pools and
Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls.[209] Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions.[210] Under Mayor Byron Brown, Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow.[211] Summer events have included paddle-boating and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit ice skating, curling, and ice cycling in winter.[209] Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers.[212] The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.[213]
The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal.[214] The North Buffalo–Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park, near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo.[215]
Government
Buffalo has a
With its nine districts, the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget.[221] Pastor Darius Pridgen has been the Common Council president since 2014.[222] Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the Erie County seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.[223]
The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District. Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level.[224] Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate. At the federal level, the city takes up most of New York's 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Brian Higgins since 2005.
Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[225] and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.
In 2020, the city spent $519 million (~$581 million in 2023) on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[226] The proposed 2021–22 city budget was $534.5 million, a 2.3-percent increase over 2020,[needs update] supplemented by about $50 million in federal stimulus money. The proposed budget includes a slight increase in the commercial tax and a slight decrease in the residential tax to compensate for the pandemic.[227][228]
Public safety
Buffalo, New York | ||
---|---|---|
Crime rates* (2019 Larceny-theft 6,008 | | |
Motor vehicle theft | 678 | |
Total property crime | 8,295 | |
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244 Source: Buffalo City Police Department |
Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department. The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018.[230] Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s.[231] Before this, the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record-high crime levels.[231] In 2018, city police began wearing 300 body cameras.[232] A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo, Ohio.[233] The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments.[233] The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect[234] and a 2020 protest-shoving incident.[235]
The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response (AMR) handle fire-protection and emergency medical services (EMS) calls in the city.[236] The fire department has about 710 firefighters[237] and thirty-five stations, including twenty-three engine companies and twelve ladder companies.[238] The department also operates the Edward M. Cotter, considered the world's oldest active fireboat.[239]
With vacant and abandoned homes prone to
Media
Buffalo's major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000).[244] The newspaper announced in February 2023 that is had a pending sale on its building and was to be moving printing operations to the home of the Cleveland Plain Dealer.[245][246] Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include The Public, the Black-focused Challenger Community News,[247] The Record of Buffalo State College,[248] The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo,[249] and Buffalo Business First.[250]
Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College.[251] Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city.[252] Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include WKBW-TV (ABC), WIVB-TV (CBS), WGRZ (NBC), WUTV (Fox, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and WNED-TV (PBS); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the Greater Toronto Area.[253] According to Nielsen Media Research, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020[update].[254]
Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include
Education
Primary and secondary education
The
Colleges and universities
Founded by
Libraries
Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (donated by Mark Twain), and a collection of about two million books.[280] Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers.[281] A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square.[282] The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.[283]
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Nine hospitals are operated in the city: Oishei Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health, Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital (Catholic Health), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the county-run Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center.[284] John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown;[285] its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery.[286] The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[287]
Transportation
Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's
The
Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station, Buffalo–Exchange Street station, which was rebuilt in 2020.[308] The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's Buffalo–Depew station in Depew, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula; trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal, which operated from 1929 to 1979.[309] Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street.[310]
Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have bike lanes,[311] and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020.[312] Walk Score gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.[313]
Utilities
Buffalo's water system is operated by
The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's
To prevent
Notable residents
Sister cities
Buffalo has eighteen sister cities:[328]
- Aboadze, Ghana
- Baní, Dominican Republic
- Bursa, Turkey
- Cape Coast, Ghana (1976)
- Changzhou, China (2011)
- Dortmund, Germany (1972)
- Drohobych, Ukraine (2000)
- Horlivka, Ukraine (2007)
- Kanazawa, Japan (1962)
- Kiryat Gat, Israel (1977)
- Lille, France (2000)
- Rzeszów, Poland (1975)
- Saint Ann, Jamaica (2007)
- Siena, Italy (1961)
- Torremaggiore, Italy (2004)
- Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
- Yıldırım, Turkey (2010)
See also
- Architecture of Buffalo, New York
- Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
- Buffalo crime family
- Buffalo wing
- History of Buffalo, New York
- Index of New York (state)–related articles
- Inland Northern American English
- List of City of Buffalo landmarks and historic districts
- List of mayors of Buffalo, New York
- List of people from Buffalo, New York
- List of routes of City of Buffalo streetcars
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Buffalo, New York
- Sports in Buffalo
- Politics and government of Buffalo, New York
- Timeline of Buffalo, New York
- USS Buffalo, 4 ships
Explanatory notes
- ^ Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).
- ^ Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.[1][2][3] Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"),[1][2] Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).[3][30][21]
- ^ When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
- ^ From a 15-percent sample.
- ^ An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).
- AFL-NFL Merger
- ^ The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
- Average annual daily traffic, 2019.
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Further reading
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
- Kowsky, Francis R. (1985). Buffalo Architecture: a guide. Cambridge, MA: OCLC 637993088.
- Bohen, Timothy (2012). Against the Grain: The History of Buffalo's First Ward. Buffalo, N.Y.: Petit Printing. OCLC 815395883.
- Williams, Lillian Serence (1999). Strangers in the land of paradise: the creation of an African American community, Buffalo, New York, 1900–1940. ISBN 9780253335524.
- Leary, Thomas E; Sholes, Elizabeth C. (1997). Buffalo's waterfront. Charleston, SC: OCLC 38087547.
- Myers, Stephen G (2012). Buffalo. Arcadia. OCLC 835592368.
- Severance, Frank H. (1879). "Papers relating to the Burning of Buffalo". Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Harold B. Lee Library. Buffalo: Bigelow Bros.
- Builders' Association Exchange of Buffalo; National Association of Builders (1896). Queen of the lakes, Buffalo, the electric city of the future. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Co. Printers. OCLC 17204632.
- Gerber, David A. (1989). The making of an American pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825–60. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252015953.
External links
- Official website
- NYPL Digital Gallery, Media related to Buffalo
- Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division: Historical images related to Buffalo
- WNED Documentaries and Specials: Historical and cultural programming related to Buffalo from Buffalo–Toronto Public Media
- Buffalo, New York at Curlie
- Geographic data related to Buffalo, New York at OpenStreetMap