Buffalo, New York

Coordinates: 42°53′11″N 78°52′41″W / 42.88639°N 78.87806°W / 42.88639; -78.87806
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Buffalo
Delaware Park
Deputy Mayor
Rashied McDuffie (D), Callie Johnson 36-11000
GNIS feature ID0973345[7]
Websitewww.buffalony.gov

Buffalo is a

49th-largest MSA
in the United States.

Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic

Holland Land Purchase, and a small village was established at its headwaters. In 1825, after its harbor was improved, Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the Erie Canal, which led to its incorporation in 1832. The canal stimulated its growth as the primary inland port between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Transshipment made Buffalo the world's largest grain port of that era. After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal's importance, the city became the second-largest railway hub (after Chicago). During the mid-19th century, Buffalo transitioned to manufacturing, which came to be dominated by steel production. Later, deindustrialization and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw the city's economy decline and diversify. It developed its service industries, such as health care, retail, tourism, logistics, and education, while retaining some manufacturing. In 2019, the gross domestic product
of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA was $53 billion (~$60.1 billion in 2023).

The city's cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States, the Buffalo AKG Art Museum, the Buffalo History Museum, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Buffalo Museum of Science, and several annual festivals. Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo, Buffalo State University, Canisius University, and D'Youville University. Buffalo is also known for its winter weather, Buffalo wings, and three major-league sports teams: the National Football League's Buffalo Bills, the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres and the National Lacrosse League's Buffalo Bandits.

History

Pre-Columbian era to European exploration

Color map of New York with Wenro territory highlighted from the mouth of Buffalo Creek east to the Genesee River
Approximate extent of Wenro territory c. 1630

Before the

Jesuit missionaries were the first Europeans to visit the area.[13]

During

Neutral Nation in the north, with a relatively small tribe, the Wenrohronon, between and the Senecas, an Iroquois tribe, occupying the land just east of the region.[11] The Neutral grew tobacco and hemp to trade with the Iroquois, who traded furs with the French for European goods.[11] The tribes used animal- and war paths to travel and move goods across what today is New York State. (Centuries later, these same paths were gradually improved, then paved, then developed into major modern roads.)[11] During the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century the Senecas conquered the Erie and Neutrals in the region.[14][15][16] Native Americans did not settle along Buffalo Creek permanently until 1780, when displaced Senecas were relocated from Fort Niagara.[13]

Louis Hennepin and Sieur de La Salle explored the upper Niagara and Ontario regions in the late 1670s.[17] In 1679, La Salle's ship, Le Griffon, became the first to sail above Niagara Falls near Cayuga Creek.[18] Baron de Lahontan visited the site of Buffalo in 1687.[19] A small French settlement along Buffalo Creek lasted for only a year (1758). After the French and Indian War, the region was ruled by Britain.[13] After the American Revolution, the Province of New York—now a U.S. state—began westward expansion, looking for arable land by following the Iroquois.[20]

New York and

Holland Land Purchase gave the Senecas three reservations, and the Holland Land Company received 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km2) for about thirty-three cents per acre.[22]

Permanent white settlers along the creek were prisoners captured during the Revolutionary War.[24][13] Early landowners were Iroquois interpreter Captain William Johnston, former enslaved man Joseph "Black Joe" Hodges and Cornelius Winney, a Dutch trader who arrived in 1789.[13][25] As a result of the war, in which the Iroquois sided with the British Army, Iroquois territory was gradually reduced in the late 1700s by European settlers through successive statewide treaties which included the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) and the First Treaty of Buffalo Creek (1788).[26] The Iroquois were moved onto reservations, including Buffalo Creek. By the end of the 18th century, only 338 sq mi (216,000 acres; 880 km2; 88,000 ha) of reservations remained.[27]

After the Treaty of Big Tree removed Iroquois title to lands west of the Genesee River in 1797, Joseph Ellicott surveyed land at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.[24][28] In the middle of the village was an intersection of eight streets at present-day Niagara Square. Originally named New Amsterdam, its name was soon changed to Buffalo.[29]

Erie Canal, grain and commerce

Sketch of a harbor in the early 1800s
Buffalo in 1813

The village of Buffalo was named for Buffalo Creek.[b][31] British military engineer John Montresor referred to "Buffalo Creek" in his 1764 journal, the earliest recorded appearance of the name.[32] A road to Pennsylvania from Buffalo was built in 1802 for migrants traveling to the Connecticut Western Reserve in Ohio.[33] Before an east–west turnpike across the state was completed, traveling from Albany to Buffalo would take a week; a trip from nearby Williamsville to Batavia could take over three days.[34][c]

British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813.[35] The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara-on-the-Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the War of 1812.[36][37][13] Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815.[38][37] As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area.[22] To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock.[13] It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and hydropower.[22] By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km2) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo.[27] Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[39] During the 1830s, businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district.[22] The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) Irish and German Catholics.[40][41]

Dart's Elevator initially processed one thousand bushels per hour, speeding global distribution to consumers.[44] Buffalo was the transshipment hub of the Great Lakes, and weather, maritime and political events in other Great Lakes cities had a direct impact on the city's economy.[44] In addition to grain, Buffalo's primary imports included agricultural products from the Midwest (meat, whiskey, lumber and tobacco), and its exports included leather, ships and iron products. The mid-19th century saw the rise of new manufacturing capabilities, particularly with iron.[44]

By the 1860s, many railroads terminated in Buffalo; they included the

Buffalo and Erie Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Lehigh Valley Railroad.[19] During this time, Buffalo controlled one-quarter of all shipping traffic on Lake Erie.[19] After the Civil War, canal traffic began to drop as railroads expanded into Buffalo.[46] Unionization began to take hold in the late 19th century, highlighted by the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and 1892 Buffalo switchmen's strike.[47]

Steel, challenges, and the modern era

Aerial view of the Pan-American Exposition
Pan-American Exposition, 1901

At the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was the world's leading grain port and a national flour-milling hub.

anarchist Leon Czolgosz.[52] When McKinley died, Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion in Buffalo.[53]

Attorney

West Seneca in 1904. Employment was competitive, with many Eastern Europeans and Scrantonians vying for jobs.[46] From the late 19th century to the 1920s, mergers and acquisitions led to distant ownership of local companies; this had a negative effect on the city's economy.[54][55] Examples include the acquisition of Lackawanna Steel by Bethlehem Steel and, later, the relocation of Curtiss-Wright in the 1940s.[56] The Great Depression saw severe unemployment, especially among the working class. New Deal relief programs operated in full force, and the city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party.[57]

A black-and-white photograph of iron-ore rail cars at a ship dock
Iron ore unloaded at Buffalo, c. 1900

During

15th-most-populous US city in 1950, Buffalo's economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing; eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector.[56] The city also had over a dozen railway terminals, as railroads remained a significant industry.[55]

The St. Lawrence Seaway was proposed in the 19th century as a faster shipping route to Europe, and later as part of a bi-national hydroelectric project with Canada.[56] Its combination with an expanded Welland Canal led to a grim outlook for Buffalo's economy. After its 1959 opening, the city's port and barge canal became largely irrelevant. Shipbuilding in Buffalo wound down in the 1960s due to reduced waterfront activity, ending an industry which had been part of the city's economy since 1812.[58] Downsizing of the steel mills was attributed to the threat of higher wages and unionization efforts.[56] Racial tensions culminated in riots in 1967.[56] Suburbanization led to the selection of the town of Amherst for the new University at Buffalo campus by 1970.[56] Unwilling to modernize its plant, Bethlehem Steel began cutting thousands of jobs in Lackawanna during the mid-1970s before closing it in 1983.[54] The region lost at least 70,000 jobs between 1970 and 1984.[54] Like much of the Rust Belt, Buffalo has focused on recovering from the effects of late-20th-century deindustrialization.[59]

Aerial view of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880
Panorama of downtown Buffalo and its waterfront in 1880

Geography

Topography

A satellite photo shows two bodies of water and two peninsulas from space
Satellite image of the Niagara Peninsula and Niagara Frontier; Buffalo is at the lower right.

Buffalo is on the eastern end of Lake Erie opposite Fort Erie, Ontario. It is at the head of the Niagara River, which flows north over Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario.

The Buffalo metropolitan area is on the Erie/Ontario Lake Plain of the

Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands, a narrow plain extending east to Utica, New York.[60][61] The city is generally flat, except for elevation changes in the University Heights and Fruit Belt neighborhoods.[62] The Southtowns are hillier, leading to the Cattaraugus Hills in the Appalachian Upland.[60][61] Several types of shale, limestone and lagerstätten are prevalent in Buffalo and its surrounding area, lining their stream beds.[63]

According to Fox Weather, Buffalo is one of the top five snowiest large cities in the country, receiving, on average, 95 inches of snow annually.

Although the city has not experienced any recent or significant

Black Rock Canal, adjacent to the Niagara River.[66] The city's Bureau of Forestry maintains a database of over seventy thousand trees.[67]

According to the United States Census Bureau, Buffalo has an area of 52.5 sq mi (136 km2); 40.38 sq mi (104.6 km2) is land, and the rest is water.[68] The city's total area is 22.66 percent water. In 2010, its population density was 6,470.6 per square mile.[68]

Cityscape

Buffalo's architecture is diverse, with a collection of 19th- and 20th-century buildings.

Broadway-Fillmore neighborhood in 1929; the Richardson Olmsted Complex, built in 1881, was an insane asylum[73] until its closure in the 1970s.[74] Urban renewal from the 1950s to the 1970s spawned the Brutalist-style Buffalo City Court Building and Seneca One Tower, the city's tallest building.[75] In the city's Parkside neighborhood, the Darwin D. Martin House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in his Prairie School style.[76]
Since 2016, Washington DC real estate developer Douglas Jemal has been acquiring, and redeveloping iconic properties throughout the city.[77]

Panorama of downtown Buffalo, NY from Lake Erie
Skyline of Buffalo, looking east from Lake Erie

Neighborhoods

Allentown

According to Mark Goldman, the city has a "tradition of separate and independent settlements".

Main Street divides Buffalo's east and west sides, and the west side was fully developed earlier.[78] This division is seen in architectural styles, street names, neighborhood and district boundaries, demographics, and socioeconomic conditions; Buffalo's West Side is generally more affluent than its East Side.[80][81]

Several neighborhoods in Buffalo have had increased investment since the 1990s, beginning with the

Grant-Amherst neighborhood, and Hertel Avenue in Parkside.[82][86]

The Buffalo Common Council adopted its Green Code in 2017, replacing zoning regulations which were over sixty years old. Its emphasis on regulations promoting pedestrian safety and mixed land use received an award at the 2019 Congress for the New Urbanism conference.[87]

Climate

Snowy city streets, seen from above
Buffalo in winter, 2019

Buffalo has a

snow bands (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie.[91] However, Buffalo is rarely the snowiest city in the state.[92][93] The Blizzard of 1977 resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen Lake Erie.[94] Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the October 2006 storm did).[95] In November 2014 (called "Snowvember"), the region had a record-breaking storm which produced over 5+12 ft (66 in; 170 cm) of snow.[96] Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was −20 °F (−29 °C), which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.[97]

Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.[89] Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate humidity and temperatures;[89] the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.[89][61] Temperatures rise above 90 °F (32.2 °C) an average of three times a year.[89] No official recording of 100 °F (37.8 °C) or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of 99 °F (37 °C) reached on August 27, 1948.[97] Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.[89][98] August is usually rainier and muggier, as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.[89]

Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[d] extremes 1871–present[e]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 72
(22)
71
(22)
82
(28)
94
(34)
94
(34)
97
(36)
98
(37)
99
(37)
98
(37)
92
(33)
80
(27)
74
(23)
99
(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 56.4
(13.6)
54.5
(12.5)
66.0
(18.9)
77.9
(25.5)
84.3
(29.1)
88.1
(31.2)
89.5
(31.9)
88.5
(31.4)
86.4
(30.2)
77.9
(25.5)
67.4
(19.7)
56.8
(13.8)
91.5
(33.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.1
(0.1)
33.3
(0.7)
41.8
(5.4)
54.7
(12.6)
67.4
(19.7)
75.6
(24.2)
80.2
(26.8)
79.0
(26.1)
72.3
(22.4)
59.6
(15.3)
47.8
(8.8)
37.2
(2.9)
56.8
(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 25.5
(−3.6)
26.4
(−3.1)
34.1
(1.2)
45.6
(7.6)
57.9
(14.4)
66.9
(19.4)
71.7
(22.1)
70.4
(21.3)
63.4
(17.4)
51.7
(10.9)
41.0
(5.0)
31.4
(−0.3)
48.8
(9.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 19.0
(−7.2)
19.5
(−6.9)
26.4
(−3.1)
36.5
(2.5)
48.3
(9.1)
58.1
(14.5)
63.1
(17.3)
61.7
(16.5)
54.5
(12.5)
43.9
(6.6)
34.2
(1.2)
25.6
(−3.6)
40.9
(4.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 0.8
(−17.3)
1.7
(−16.8)
9.3
(−12.6)
24.6
(−4.1)
35.6
(2.0)
45.6
(7.6)
52.8
(11.6)
51.0
(10.6)
41.0
(5.0)
30.7
(−0.7)
20.4
(−6.4)
8.5
(−13.1)
−2.8
(−19.3)
Record low °F (°C) −16
(−27)
−20
(−29)
−7
(−22)
5
(−15)
25
(−4)
35
(2)
43
(6)
38
(3)
32
(0)
20
(−7)
2
(−17)
−10
(−23)
−20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.35
(85)
2.49
(63)
2.89
(73)
3.37
(86)
3.37
(86)
3.37
(86)
3.23
(82)
3.23
(82)
4.10
(104)
4.03
(102)
3.50
(89)
3.75
(95)
40.68
(1,033)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 26.7
(68)
18.1
(46)
14.1
(36)
2.5
(6.4)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.9
(2.3)
7.8
(20)
25.3
(64)
95.4
(242)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 10.8
(27)
8.4
(21)
7.6
(19)
1.0
(2.5)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.1
(0.25)
3.7
(9.4)
9.0
(23)
15.5
(39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 19.2 15.8 14.8 13.4 12.8 11.9 10.8 10.0 10.9 14.1 14.4 17.7 165.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 16.4 13.5 9.1 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.7 12.2 59.5
Average
relative humidity
(%)
76.0 75.9 73.3 67.8 67.2 68.6 68.1 72.1 74.0 72.9 75.8 77.6 72.4
Average dew point °F (°C) 16.9
(−8.4)
17.6
(−8.0)
25.2
(−3.8)
33.4
(0.8)
44.2
(6.8)
54.1
(12.3)
59.0
(15.0)
58.8
(14.9)
52.5
(11.4)
41.7
(5.4)
32.7
(0.4)
22.6
(−5.2)
38.2
(3.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 91.3 108.0 163.7 204.7 258.3 287.1 306.7 266.4 207.6 159.4 84.4 69.0 2,206.6
Percent possible sunshine 31 37 44 51 57 63 66 62 55 47 29 25 49
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 8 8 6 4 2 1 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[99][100][101]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[102]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18101,508
18202,09538.9%
18308,668313.7%
184018,213110.1%
185042,261132.0%
186081,12992.0%
1870117,71445.1%
1880155,13431.8%
1890255,66464.8%
1900352,38737.8%
1910423,71520.2%
1920506,77519.6%
1930573,07613.1%
1940575,9010.5%
1950580,1320.7%
1960532,759−8.2%
1970462,768−13.1%
1980357,870−22.7%
1990328,123−8.3%
2000292,648−10.8%
2010261,310−10.7%
2020278,3496.5%
2022 (est.)276,486−0.7%
Historical Population Figures[103]
U.S. Decennial Census[104]
Racial composition 2023[105] 2020[68] 2010[106] 1990[107] 1970[107] 1940[107]
White
47.8% 41.9% 50.4% 64.7% 78.7% 96.8%
—Non-Hispanic 44.7% 39.0% 45.8% 63.1% n/a n/a
African Americans 33.3% 36.9% 38.6% 30.7% 20.4% 3.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 12.2% 12.8% 10.5% 4.9% 1.6%[f] n/a
Asian Americans 6.7% 7.6% 3.2% 1.0% 0.2% n/a
Other race 6.3% 5.3% 3.1% 2.8% 0.2% n/a

Several hundred Seneca, Tuscarora and other Iroquois tribal peoples were the primary residents of the Buffalo area before 1800, concentrated along Buffalo Creek.[108] After the Revolutionary War, settlers from New England and eastern New York began to move into the area.

From the 1830s to the 1850s, they were joined by Irish and German immigrants from Europe, both peasants and working class, who settled in enclaves on the city's south and east sides.[40] At the turn of the 20th century, Polish immigrants replaced Germans on the East Side, who moved to newer housing; Italian immigrant families settled throughout the city, primarily on the lower West Side.[78]

During the 1830s, Buffalo residents were generally intolerant of the small groups of Black Americans who began settling on the city's East Side.[40][g] In the 20th century, wartime and manufacturing jobs attracted Black Americans from the South during the First and Second Great Migrations. In the World War II and postwar years from 1940 to 1970, the city's Black population rose by 433 percent. They replaced most of the Polish community on the East Side, who were moving out to suburbs.[109][110] However, the effects of redlining, steering,[111] social inequality, blockbusting, white flight[111] and other racial policies resulted in the city (and region) becoming one of the most segregated in the U.S.[110][112][113]

During the 1940s and 1950s, Puerto Rican migrants arrived en masse, also seeking industrial jobs, settling on the East Side and moving westward.[114] In the 21st century, Buffalo is classified as a majority minority city, with a plurality of residents who are Black and Latino.

Ethnic origins in Buffalo

Buffalo has experienced effects of urban decay since the 1970s, and also saw population loss to the suburbs and Sun Belt states, and experienced job losses from deindustrialization.[115] The city's population peaked at 580,132 in 1950, when Buffalo was the 15th-largest city in the United States – down from the eighth-largest city in 1900, after its growth rate slowed during the 1920s.[48] Buffalo's population began declining in the second half of the 20th century, due to suburbanization and loss of industrial jobs, and the city's population is now less than half its peak population in 1950. Buffalo finally saw a population gain of 6.5% in the 2020 census, reversing a decades long trend of population decline. The city has 278,349 residents as of the 2020 census, making it the 76th-largest city in the United States.[10] Its metropolitan area had 1.1 million residents in 2020, the country's 49th-largest.[6]

See caption
Racial distribution in Buffalo in 2010: Each dot represents 25 residents.  White  Black  Asian  Hispanic  Other

Compared to other major US metropolitan areas, the number of foreign-born immigrants to Buffalo is low. New immigrants are primarily resettled refugees (especially from war- or disaster-affected nations) and refugees who had previously settled in other U.S. cities.

Bangladeshi immigrants.[116] Between 2008 and 2016, Burmese, Somali, Bhutanese, and Iraqi Americans were the four largest ethnic immigrant groups in Erie County.[116]

Poverty has remained an issue for the city; in 2019, it was estimated that 30.1 percent of individuals and 24.8 percent of families lived below the

household income was $37,354: much less than the national average.[117][68] A 2008 report noted that although food deserts were seen in larger cities and not in Buffalo, the city's neighborhoods of color have access only to smaller grocery stores and lack the supermarkets more typical of newer, white neighborhoods.[118] A 2018 report noted that over fifty city blocks on Buffalo's East Side lacked adequate access to a supermarket.[110]

Health disparities exist compared to the rest of

smoking and 30-percent obesity rates were slightly higher than the state average.[119] According to the Partnership for the Public Good, educational achievement in the city is lower than in the surrounding area; city residents are almost twice as likely as adults in the metropolitan area to lack a high-school diploma.[120]

Religion

Temple Beth Zion

During the early 19th century,

Pentecostals are also significant, and approximately 20,000 persons are non-denominational adherents.[needs update][123]

A

Lithuanian Jews settled in Buffalo before 1880. Buffalo's first synagogue, Temple Beth El, was established in 1847.[124] The city's Temple Beth Zion is the region's largest synagogue.[125]

With changing demographics and an increased number of refugees from other areas on the city's East Side,[126] Islam and Buddhism have expanded their presence. In this area, new residents have converted empty churches into mosques and temples.[127] Hinduism maintains a small, active presence in the area, including the town of Amherst.[128]

A 2016 American Bible Society survey reported that Buffalo is the fifth-least "Bible-minded" city in the United States; 13 percent of its residents associate with the Bible.[129]

Economy

Top private-sector Buffalo area employers, 2020
Source: Invest Buffalo Niagara[130]
Rank Employer Employees
1 Kaleida Health 8,359
2 Catholic Health 7,623
3 M&T Bank 7,400
4 Tops Friendly Markets 5,374
5 Seneca Gaming Corp. 3,402
6
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
3,328
7 GEICO 3,250
8 Wegmans 3,102
9 HSBC Bank USA 3,000
10 General Motors 2,981

The Erie Canal was the impetus for Buffalo's economic growth as a transshipment hub for grain and other agricultural products headed east from the Midwest. Later, manufacturing of steel and automotive parts became central to the city's economy.[131] When these industries downsized in the region, Buffalo's economy became service-based. Its primary sectors include health care, business services (banking, accounting, and insurance), retail, tourism and logistics, especially with Canada.[131] Despite the loss of large-scale manufacturing, some manufacturing of metals, chemicals, machinery, food products, and electronics remains in the region.[132] Advanced manufacturing has increased, with an emphasis on research and development (R&D) and automation.[132] In 2019, the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis valued the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls MSA at $53 billion (~$60.1 billion in 2023).[133]

The

East Aurora. National Fuel Gas and Life Storage are headquartered in Williamsville, New York
.

Buffalo weathered the

Giga New York plant opened in South Buffalo in 2017.[139] The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, however, increased the local unemployment rate to 7.5 percent by December 2020.[140] The local unemployment rate had been 4.2 percent in 2019,[141] higher than the national average of 3.5 percent.[142]

The Buffalo area has a larger-than-average pay disparity than the rest of the U.S. The average salary ($43,580) was six percent less than the national average in 2017, with the pay gap increasing to ten percent with increased career specialization.[132] Workforce productivity is higher and turnover lower than other regions.[132]

Culture

Performing arts and music

Buffalo is home to over 20 theater companies, with many centered in the downtown Theatre District.[143] Shea's Performing Arts Center is the city's largest theater. Designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and built in 1926, the theater presents Broadway musicals and concerts.[144] Shakespeare in Delaware Park has been held outdoors every summer since 1976.[145]

Stand-up comedy can be found throughout the city and is anchored by Helium Comedy Club, which hosts both local talent and national touring acts.

Shea's Performing Arts Center

The

USA and, with more than 3,000 seats, one of the largest opera houses in the world.[147] Founded in 2004 by Valerian Ruminski, the Nickel City Opera has commissioned operas, and has staged world premieres of notable works.[148][149] Matthias Manasi was music director and chief conductor of NCO from 2017 to 2021,[150] his predecessor Michael Ching was music director and chief conductor of NCO from 2012 to 2017.[151][152]

The

operas, from 18th-century Baroque and 19th-century Bel canto to the Minimalism
of the 20th century and to contemporary operas of the 20th and 21st centuries. [153] These operas are presented in staged productions that range in style from those with elaborate traditional decors to others that feature modern conceptual designs.

The

Lewiston
.

Kleinhans Music Hall

The Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was formed in 1935 and performs at Kleinhans Music Hall, whose acoustics have been praised.[159] Although the orchestra nearly disbanded during the late 1990s due to a lack of funding, philanthropic contributions and state aid stabilized it.[160] Under the direction of JoAnn Falletta, the orchestra has received a number of Grammy Award nominations and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition in 2009.[161]

KeyBank Center draws national music acts year-round. Sahlen Field hosts the annual WYRK Taste of Country music festival every summer with national country music acts. Canalside regularly hosts outdoor summer concerts, a tradition that spun off from the defunct Thursday at the Square concert series.[162][163] Colored Musicians Club, an extension of what was a separate musicians'-union chapter, maintains jazz history.[164]

saxophonist Grover Washington Jr. also got their start in the city.[167][168]

The Goo Goo Dolls, an alternative rock group which formed in 1986, had 19 top-ten singles. Singer-songwriter and activist Ani DiFranco has released over 20 folk and indie rock albums on Righteous Babe Records, her Buffalo-based label.[169]

Underground hip-hop acts in the city partner with Buffalo-based Griselda Records, whose artists include Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine, and occasionally refer to Buffalo culture in their lyrics.[170]

Cuisine

Buffalo wings and celery, with a blue-cheese dip
Buffalo wings with celery and blue cheese

The city's cuisine encompasses a variety of cultures and ethnicities. In 2015, the National Geographic Society ranked Buffalo third on its "World's Top Ten Food Cities" list.[171] Teressa Bellissimo first prepared Buffalo wings (seasoned chicken wings) at the Anchor Bar in 1964.[172] The Anchor Bar has a crosstown rivalry with Duff's Famous Wings, but Buffalo wings are served at many bars and restaurants throughout the city (some with unique cooking styles and flavor profiles).[173][174] Buffalo wings are traditionally served with blue cheese dressing and celery.[174] In 2003, the Anchor Bar received a James Beard Foundation Award in the America's Classics category.[175]

The Buffalo area has over 600 pizzerias, estimated at more per capita than New York City.

sponge candy,[179] chicken finger subs (including the stinger - a version that also includes steak), and the fish fry (popular any time of year, but especially during Lent).[180] With an influx of refugees and other immigrants to Buffalo, its number of ethnic restaurants (including the West Side Bazaar kitchen incubator) has increased.[181][182] Some restaurants use food trucks to serve customers, and nearly fifty food trucks appeared at Larkin Square in 2019.[183][182]

Museums and tourism

The Albright–Knox Art Gallery, seen from Hoyt Lake in Delaware Park

Buffalo was ranked the seventh-best city in the United States to visit in 2021 by

Buffalo State College.[187] Buffalo is home to the Freedom Wall, a 2017 art installation commemorating civil-rights activists throughout history.[188] Near both museums is the Buffalo History Museum, featuring artwork, literature and exhibits related to the city's history and major events, and the Buffalo Museum of Science is on the city's East Side.[189][190]

Canalside, Buffalo's historic business district and harbor, attracts more than 1.5 million visitors annually.[191] It includes the Explore & More Children's Museum, the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park, LECOM Harborcenter, and a number of shops and restaurants. A restored 1924 carousel (now solar-powered) and a replica boathouse were added to Canalside in 2021.[192][193] Other city attractions include the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, the Michigan Street Baptist Church, Buffalo RiverWorks, Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino, Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum, and the Nash House Museum.[163]

The

Dyngus Day, the Elmwood Avenue Festival of the Arts, Juneteenth in Martin Luther King Jr. Park, the World's Largest Disco in October and Friendship Festival in summer, which celebrates Canada-US relations.[163]

Sports

Professional sports teams in Buffalo
Team Sport League Began Venue (capacity) Championships
Buffalo Bills American football NFL 1959 Highmark Stadium (71,608) 1964 and 1965[h]
Buffalo Bisons Baseball IL 1979 Sahlen Field (16,600) 1997, 1998, 2004
Buffalo eXtreme Basketball ABA 2023 XGen Elite Sports Complex
Buffalo Sabres Ice hockey NHL 1970 KeyBank Center (19,070)
Buffalo Bandits Lacrosse NLL 1992 KeyBank Center (19,070) 1992, 1993, 1996, 2008, 2023
FC Buffalo Soccer USL League Two 2009 Williamsville South High School (2,700)
FC Buffalo Women
Soccer UWS 2021 Williamsville South High School (2,700)

Buffalo has two major professional sports teams: the Buffalo Sabres (National Hockey League) and the Buffalo Bills (National Football League). The Bills were a founding member of the American Football League in 1960, and have played at Highmark Stadium in Orchard Park since they moved from War Memorial Stadium in 1973. They are the only NFL team based in New York State.[i] Before the Super Bowl era, the Bills won the American Football League Championship in 1964 and 1965. With mixed success throughout their history, the Bills had a close loss in Super Bowl XXV and returned to consecutive Super Bowls after the 1991, 1992, and 1993 seasons (losing each time).[197] The Sabres, an expansion team in 1970, share KeyBank Center with the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League. The Bandits are the most decorated of the city's professional teams, with five championships.[198] The Bills, Sabres and Bandits are owned by Pegula Sports and Entertainment.

Several colleges and universities in the area field intercollegiate sports teams; the

West Seneca
.

Sahlen Field, home of the Buffalo Bisons since 1988

Parks and recreation

Boardwalk through a marsh
Tifft Nature Preserve

Forest Lawn Cemetery to amplify the amount of open space.[202] With construction of the system finishing in 1876, it is regarded as the country's oldest; however, some of Olmsted's plans were never fully realized.[201] Some parks later diminished and succumbed to diseases, highway construction, and weather events such as Lake Storm Aphid in 2006.[95][202] The non-profit Buffalo Olmsted Park Conservancy was created in 2004 to help preserve the 850 acres (340 ha) of parkland.[203] Olmsted's work in Buffalo inspired similar efforts in cities such as San Francisco, Chicago, and Boston.[202]

The city's Division of Parks and Recreation manages over 180 parks and facilities, seven recreational centers, twenty-one pools and

the Trust for Public Land, Buffalo's 2022 ParkScore ranking had high marks for access to parks, with 89 percent of city residents living within a ten-minute walk from a park. The city ranked lower in acreage, however; nine percent of city land is devoted to parks, compared with the national median of about fifteen percent.[208][needs update
]

Looking down Canalside's Central Wharf

Efforts to convert Buffalo's former industrial waterfront into recreational space have attracted national attention, with some writers comparing its appeal to that of Niagara Falls.[209] Redevelopment of the waterfront began in the early 2000s, with the reconstruction of historically aligned canals on the site of the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. Placemaking initiatives would lead to the area's popularity, rather than permanent buildings and attractions.[210] Under Mayor Byron Brown, Canalside was cited by the Brookings Institution as an example of waterfront revitalization for other U.S. cities to follow.[211] Summer events have included paddle-boating and fitness classes, and the frozen canals permit ice skating, curling, and ice cycling in winter.[209] Its success spurred the state to create Buffalo Harbor State Park in 2014; the park has trails, open recreation areas, bicycle paths and piers.[212] The park's Gallagher Beach, the city's only public beach, has prohibited swimming due to high bacteria levels and other environmental concerns.[213]

The Shoreline Trail passes through Buffalo near the Outer Harbor, Centennial Park, and the Black Rock Canal.[214] The North Buffalo–Tonawanda rail trail begins in Shoshone Park, near the LaSalle metro station in North Buffalo.[215]

Government

Common Council Chamber, Buffalo City Hall

Buffalo has a

Strong mayor–council government. As the chief executive of city government, the mayor oversees the heads of the city's departments, participates in ceremonies, boards and commissions, and is as the liaison between the city and local cultural institutions.[216] Some agencies, including utilities, urban renewal and public housing, are state- and federally-funded public benefit-corporations semi-independent of city government.[217] Byron Brown, the city's first African American mayor, has held the office since 2006, longer than anyone else. Brown, defeated by India Walton in the 2021 mayoral primary election, began a write-in campaign for the general election.[218] Brown initially denied Walton the chance to become the first female and socialist mayor of Buffalo, winning just under 60% of the votes.[219] No Republican has been mayor of Buffalo since Chester A. Kowal in 1965.[220]

With its nine districts, the Buffalo Common Council enacts laws, levies taxes, and approves mayoral appointees and the city budget.[221] Pastor Darius Pridgen has been the Common Council president since 2014.[222] Generally reflecting the city's electorate, all nine councilmen are members of the Democratic Party. Buffalo is the Erie County seat, and is within five of the county's eleven legislative districts.[223]

The city is part of the Eighth Judicial District. Court cases handled at the city level include misdemeanors, violations, housing matters, and claims under $15,000; more severe cases are handled at the county level.[224] Buffalo is represented by members of the New York State Assembly and New York State Senate. At the federal level, the city takes up most of New York's 26th congressional district and has been represented by Democrat Brian Higgins since 2005.

Federal offices in the city include the Buffalo District of the United States Army Corps of Engineers' Great Lakes and Ohio River Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,[225] and the United States District Court for the Western District of New York.

In 2020, the city spent $519 million (~$581 million in 2023) on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[226] The proposed 2021–22 city budget was $534.5 million, a 2.3-percent increase over 2020,[needs update] supplemented by about $50 million in federal stimulus money. The proposed budget includes a slight increase in the commercial tax and a slight decrease in the residential tax to compensate for the pandemic.[227][228]

Public safety

Buffalo, New York
Crime rates* (2019
Larceny-theft
6,008
Motor vehicle theft678
Total property crime8,295 Positive decrease
Notes

*Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population.

Arson data not provided; 2019 est. population: 255,244

Source: Buffalo City Police Department

Buffalo is served by the Buffalo Police Department. The police commissioner is Byron Lockwood, who was appointed by Mayor Byron Brown in 2018.[230] Although some criminal activity in the city remains higher than the national average, total crimes have decreased since the 1990s; one reason may be the gun buyback program implemented by the Brown administration in the mid-2000s.[231] Before this, the city was part of the nationwide crack epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its accompanying record-high crime levels.[231] In 2018, city police began wearing 300 body cameras.[232] A 2021 Partnership for the Public Good report noted that the BPD, which had a 2020–21 budget of about $145.7 million, had an above-average police-to-citizen ratio of 28.9 officers per 10,000 residents in 2020 – higher than peer cities Minneapolis and Toledo, Ohio.[233] The force had a roster of 740 officers during the year, about two-thirds of whom handled emergency requests, road patrol and other non-office assignments.[233] The department has been criticized for misconduct and brutality, including the 2004 wrongful termination of officer Cariol Horne for opposing police brutality toward a suspect[234] and a 2020 protest-shoving incident.[235]

The Buffalo Fire Department and American Medical Response (AMR) handle fire-protection and emergency medical services (EMS) calls in the city.[236] The fire department has about 710 firefighters[237] and thirty-five stations, including twenty-three engine companies and twelve ladder companies.[238] The department also operates the Edward M. Cotter, considered the world's oldest active fireboat.[239]

With vacant and abandoned homes prone to

white supremacist who was not a Buffalo native. Ten victims, all of whom were Black, were murdered and three were injured.[242][243]

Media

The Buffalo News headquarters

Buffalo's major daily newspaper is The Buffalo News. Established in 1880 as the Buffalo Evening News, the newspaper is estimated to have a daily circulation of 87,000 and 125,000 on Sundays (down from a high of 300,000).[244] The newspaper announced in February 2023 that is had a pending sale on its building and was to be moving printing operations to the home of the Cleveland Plain Dealer.[245][246] Other newspapers in the Buffalo area include The Public, the Black-focused Challenger Community News,[247] The Record of Buffalo State College,[248] The Spectrum of the University at Buffalo,[249] and Buffalo Business First.[250]

Eighteen radio stations are licensed in Buffalo, including an FM station at Buffalo State College.[251] Over ninety FM and AM radio signals can be received throughout the city.[252] Eight full-power television outlets serve the city. Major stations include WKBW-TV (ABC), WIVB-TV (CBS), WGRZ (NBC), WUTV (Fox, received in parts of Southern Ontario), and WNED-TV (PBS); WNED reported that most of the station's members live in the Greater Toronto Area.[253] According to Nielsen Media Research, the Buffalo television market was the 51st largest in the United States as of 2020.[254]

Movies shooting significant footage in Buffalo include

Tuck Everlasting (1981),[255] Best Friends (1982),[255] The Natural (1984),[255] Vamping (1984),[255] Canadian Bacon (1995),[255] Buffalo '66 (1998),[255] Manna from Heaven (2002),[255] Bruce Almighty (2003),[256] The Savages (2007),[255] Slime City Massacre (2010), Henry's Crime (2011),[255] Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014),[256] Killer Rack (2015), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (2016),[257] Marshall (2016),[256] The American Side (2017),[258] The First Purge (2018),[259] The True Adventures of Wolfboy (2019),[260] A Quiet Place Part II (2021)[261] and Guns of Eden (2022). Although higher Buffalo production costs led to some films being finished elsewhere, tax credits and other economic incentives have enabled new film studios and production facilities to open.[262] In 2021, several studio projects were in the planning stages.[263][264]

Education

Primary and secondary education

Multi-story school building
City Honors School

The

public schools, including thirty-six primary schools, five middle high schools, fourteen high schools and three alternative schools, with a total of about 3,500 teachers.[266] Its board of education, authorized by the state, has nine elected members who select the superintendent and oversee the budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities.[267][268] In 2020, the graduation rate was seventy-six percent.[269] The public City Honors School was ranked the top high school in the city and 178th nationwide by U.S. News & World Report in 2021.[270] There are twenty charter schools in Buffalo, with some oversight by the district.[271] The city has over a dozen private schools, including Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School, Canisius High School, Mount Mercy Academy, and Nardin Academyall Roman Catholic, and Darul Uloom Al-Madania and Universal School of Buffalo (both Islamic schools); nonsectarian options include Buffalo Seminary and the Nichols School.[272]

Colleges and universities

Buffalo State College

Founded by

for-profit Bryant & Stratton College have small downtown campuses.[279]

Libraries

A park with chairs fronting a library in a downtown area
Reading Park at Buffalo's Central Library

Established in 1835, Buffalo's main library is the Central Library of the Buffalo & Erie County Public Library system. Rebuilt in 1964, it contains an auditorium, the original manuscript of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (donated by Mark Twain), and a collection of about two million books.[280] Its Grosvenor Room maintains a special-collections listing of nearly five hundred thousand resources for researchers.[281] A pocket park funded by Southwest Airlines opened in 2020, and brought landscaping improvements and seating to Lafayette Square.[282] The system's free library cards are valid at the city's eight branch libraries and at member libraries throughout Erie County.[283]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

Nine hospitals are operated in the city: Oishei Children's Hospital and Buffalo General Medical Center by Kaleida Health, Mercy Hospital and Sisters of Charity Hospital (Catholic Health), Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the county-run Erie County Medical Center (ECMC), Buffalo VA Medical Center, BryLin (Psychiatric) Hospital and the state-operated Buffalo Psychiatric Center.[284] John R. Oishei Children's Hospital, built in 2017, is adjacent to Buffalo General Medical Center on the 120-acre (49 ha) Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus north of downtown;[285] its Gates Vascular Institute specializes in acute stroke recovery.[286] The medical campus includes the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, the Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, ranked the 14th-best cancer-treatment center in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[287]

Transportation

Passengers entering a subway train
Buffalo Metro Rail train at the Amherst Street station
Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority electric bus in Elmwood Village
250 Delaware Avenue

Growth and changing transportation needs altered Buffalo's

NY 384, all north–south routes on the city's West Side.[297] Buffalo has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car: 30 percent in 2015, decreasing to 28.2 percent in 2016; the 2016 national average was 8.7 percent. Buffalo averaged 1.03 cars per household in 2016, compared to the national average of 1.8.[298]

The

Cheektowaga has daily scheduled flights by domestic, charter and regional carriers.[303] The airport handled nearly five million passengers in 2019.[304] It received a J.D. Power award in 2018 for customer satisfaction at a mid-sized airport,[305] and underwent a $50 million expansion in 2020–21.[306] The airport, light rail, small-boat harbor and buses are monitored by the NFTA's transit police.[307]

Buffalo has an Amtrak intercity train station, Buffalo–Exchange Street station, which was rebuilt in 2020.[308] The city's eastern suburbs are served by Amtrak's Buffalo–Depew station in Depew, which was built in 1979. Buffalo was a major stop on through routes between Chicago and New York City through the lower Ontario Peninsula; trains stopped at Buffalo Central Terminal, which operated from 1929 to 1979.[309] Intercity buses depart and arrive from the NFTA's Metropolitan Transportation Center on Ellicott Street.[310]

Since Buffalo adopted a complete streets policy in 2008, efforts have been made to accommodate cyclists and pedestrians into new infrastructure projects. Improved corridors have bike lanes,[311] and Niagara Street received separate bike lanes in 2020.[312] Walk Score gave Buffalo a "somewhat walkable" rating of 68 out of 100, with Allentown and downtown considered more walkable than other areas of the city.[313]

Utilities

Erie County snow removal vehicles in Masten Park neighborhood, following the Blizzard of 2022

Buffalo's water system is operated by

megabits per second.[318]

The city's Department of Public Works manages Buffalo's

Rock salt is the principal agent for preventing snow accumulation and melting ice. Snow removal may coincide with driving bans and parking restrictions.[321][322] The area along the Outer Harbor is the most dangerous driving area during a snowstorm;[320] when weather conditions dictate, the Buffalo Skyway is closed by the city's police department.[323]

To prevent

breakwall at the Buffalo Outer Harbor to the Canadian shore near Fort Erie.[326] Originally made of wood, the boom now consists of steel pontoons.[327]

Steel Winds, a local wind farm, with city of Buffalo seen in background across Lake Erie

Notable residents

Sister cities

Buffalo has eighteen sister cities:[328]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Foreign entities were not allowed to own land in New York State until 1798 (Goldman 1983a, p. 27).
  2. ^ Sources disagree on the creek's etymology.[1][2][3] Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Americans calling the creek Beau Fleuve (French for "beautiful river"),[1][2] Buffalo Creek may have been named after the American buffalo (whose range may have extended into Western New York).[3][30][21]
  3. ^ When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
  4. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  5. ^ Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. For more information, see Threadex
  6. ^ From a 15-percent sample.
  7. ^ An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the neighborhood through the 1960s (Goldman 1983b, p. 215).
  8. AFL-NFL Merger
  9. ^ The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
  10. Average annual daily traffic
    , 2019.

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Further reading

External links