Bukhara
Bukhara
Бухоро / Buxoro ( Ismail Samani Mausoleum, Ark of Bukhara, Chor Minor, and Panoramic sunset view around Po-i-Kalyan Mosque and Ark of Bukhara | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 39°46′00″N 64°25′23″E / 39.76667°N 64.42306°E | |
Country | Uzbekistan |
Region | Bukhara |
Founded | 6th century BC |
First mention | 500 AD |
Government | |
• Type | City Administration |
• Hakim (Mayor) | Jamol Nosirov |
Area | |
• City | 143.0 km2 (55.213 sq mi) |
• Urban | 73.0 km2 (28.2 sq mi) |
Elevation | 225 m (738 ft) |
Population (2020)[1] | |
• City | 280,187 |
• Density | 2,000/km2 (5,100/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Bukharan Bukharian |
Time zone | GMT +5 |
Postcode | 2001ХХ |
Area code | (+998) 65 |
Vehicle registration | 20 (previous to 2008) 80-84 (2008 and newer) |
HDI (2018) | 0.734 · 5th high |
Website | www |
Asia |
Bukhara (
People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the
Names
The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times is unknown. The whole oasis was called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city.[7]
According to some scholars, the name dates back to the Sanskrit
According to other sources (such as Encyclopædia Iranica), the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Sogdian βuxārak ("Place of Good Fortune"), a name for Buddhist monasteries.[15][9]
In the Tang dynasty, and other successive dynasties of Imperial China, Bukhara was known under the name of Buhe/Puhe (捕喝),[16] which has been replaced in Chinese by the modern generic phonetic spelling Bùhālā (布哈拉).
In the 19-20th centuries, Bukhara was known as Bokhara in the English publications as exemplified by the writings and reports on the Emirate of Bukhara during
Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi in his History of Bukhara (completed AD 943–44) mentions:
Bukhara has many names. One of its names was Numijkat. It has also been called "Bumiskat". It has 2 names in Arabic. One is "Madinat al Sufriya" meaning—"the copper city" and another is "Madinat Al Tujjar" meaning—"The city of Merchants". But, the name Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. In Khorasan, there is no other city with so many names.[17]
Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known as Buḫārā / بخارا in
spelling is Buxoro.The city's name was mythologized as Albracca in the Italian epic poem Orlando Innamorato, published in 1483 by Matteo Maria Boiardo.[18]
History
The history of Bukhara stretches back millennia. Along with Samarkand, Bukhara was the epicentre of the Persian culture in medieval Asia until the fall of Timurid dynasty.
By 850, Bukhara served as the capital of the
The influence of Bukhara in the wider Islamic world started to diminish starting from the arrival of Uzbeks in the 16th Century.
At the beginning of the 11th century, Bukhara became part of the Turkic state of the
Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was previously a focal point of learning eminent all through the Persian and the Islamic world. It is the old neighborhood of the incomparable Sheik Naqshbandi. He was a focal figure in the advancement of the mysterious Sufi way to deal with theory, religion and Islam.[21]
It is now the
Genghis Khan besieged Bukhara for 15 days in 1220.[24][25] As an important trading centre, Bukhara was home to a community of medieval Indian merchants from the city of Multan (modern-day Pakistan) who were noted to own land in the city.[26] For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara av Khiva were known as major centers of the slave trade, and the Bukhara slave trade, alongside the neighboring slave trade in Khiva, has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world".[27]
Bukhara was the last capital of the
The
Historic monuments in Bukhara
Architectural complexes
- Po-i-Kalyan Complex. The title Po-i Kalan (also Poi Kalân, Persian: پای کلان meaning the "Grand Foundation") belongs to the architectural complex located at the base of the great minaret Kalân.
- Kalyan minaret. More properly, Minâra-i Kalân, (Persian/Tajik for the "Grand Minaret"). Also known as the Tower of Death, as according to legend it is the site where criminals were executed by being thrown off the top for centuries. The minaret is the most famed part of the ensemble, and dominates over historical center of the city. The role of the minaret is largely for traditional and decorative purposes—its dimension exceeds the bounds of the main function of the minaret, which is to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can call out people to prayer. For this purpose it was enough to ascend to a roof of mosque. This practice was common in initial years of Islam. The word "minaret" derives from the Arabic word "minara" ("lighthouse", or more literally "a place where something burn"). The minarets of the region were possible adaptations of "fire-towers" or lighthouses of previous Zoroastrian eras.[29] The architect, whose name was simply Bako, designed the minaret in the form of a circular-pillar brick tower, narrowing upwards. The diameter of the base is 9 meters (30 feet), while at the top it is 6 m (20 ft). The tower is 45.6 m (150 ft) high, and can be seen from vast distances over the flat plains of Central Asia. There is a brick spiral staircase that twists up inside around the pillar, leading to the landing in sixteen-arched rotunda and skylight, upon which is based a magnificently designed stalactite cornice (or "sharif").[30]
- Kalân Mosque (Masjid-i Kalân), arguably completed in 1514, is equal to the Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand in size. The mosque is able to accommodate twelve thousand people. Although Kalyan Mosque and Bibi-Khanym Mosque of Samarkand are of the same type of building, they are different in terms of art of building. Two hundred and eighty-eight monumental pylons serve as a support for the multi-domed roofing of the galleries encircling the courtyard of Kalyan Mosque. The longitudinal axis of the courtyard ends up with a portal to the main chamber (maksura) with a cruciform hall, topped with a massive blue cupola on a mosaic drum. The edifice keeps many architectural curiosities, for example, a hole in one of domes. Through this hole one can see foundation of Kalyan Minaret. Then moving back step by step, one can count all belts of brickwork of the minaret to the rotunda.[31]
- Mir-i Arab Madrassah (1535–1536). The construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah (Miri Arab Madrasah) is ascribed to Sheikh Abdullah Yamani of Yemen—called Mir-i-Arab—the spiritual mentor of Ubaidullah-khan and his son Abdul-Aziz-khan. Ubaidullah-khan waged permanent successful war with Iran. At least three times his troops seized Herat. Each of such plundering raids on Iran was accompanied by capture of great many captives. They say that Ubaidullah-khan had invested money gained from redemption of more than three thousand Persian captives into construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah. Ubaidullah-khan was very religious. He had been nurtured in high respect for Islam in the spirit of Sufism. His father named him in honor of prominent sheikh of the 15th century Ubaidullah al-Ahrar (1404–1490), by origin from Tashkent Region. By the thirties of the 16th century the time, when sovereigns erected splendid mausoleums for themselves and for their relatives, was over. Khans of Shaibanid dynasty were standard-bearers of Koran traditions. The significance of religion was so great that even such famed khan as Ubaidullah was conveyed to earth close by his mentor in his madrasah. In the middle of the vault (gurhana) in Mir-i-Arab Madrasah is situated the wooden tomb of Ubaidullah-khan. At his head is wrapped in the moulds his mentor, Mir-i-Arab. Muhammad Kasim, mudarris (a senior teacher) of the madrasah (died in 1047 hijra) is also interred near by here. The portal of Miri Arab Madrasah is situated on one axis with the portal of the Kalyan Mosque. However, because of some lowering of the square to the east it was necessary to raise a little an edifice of the madrasah on a platform.[32]
- Lab-i Hauz Complex (or Lab-e hauz, Persian: لب حوض, meaning by the pond) Ensemble (1568–1622) is the name of the area surrounding one of the few remaining hauz, or pond, in the city of Bukhara. Several such ponds existed in Bukhara prior to Soviet rule. The ponds acted as the city's principal source of water, but were also notorious for spreading disease, and thus were mostly filled in during the 1920s and 1930s by the Soviets. The Lab-i Hauz survived owing to its role as the centerpiece of an architectural ensemble dating back to the 16th to 17th centuries. The Lab-i Hauz ensemble consists of the 16th-century Kukeldash Madrasah,[33] the largest in the city, along the north side of the pond.[34] On the eastern and western sides of the pond are a 17th-century lodging-house for itinerant Sufis, and a 17th-century madrasah.[35]
There is also a metal sculpture of Nasruddin Hodja, the quick-witted and warm-hearted man, who forms the central character of many children's folk stories in Central Asian, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, sitting atop his mule with one hand on his heart and the other with an 'All OK' sign above his head.
- Shaykh Baha-ud-Din or Bohoutdin, the founder of Naqshbandiorder. The complex includes the dahma (gravestone) of Bahoutdin, Khakim Kushbegi mosque, Muzaffarkan mosque, and Abdul-Lazizkhan khanqah. The site is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list on January 18, 2008.
Fortress
- Bukhara Fortress, the Ark
Mausoleums
The Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum (Uzbek: Boboyi Poradoʻz maqbarasi) is a monument of architecture in Bukhara Region. The mausoleum was built in the 19th century and is located behind the Salakhona gate. Today the mausoleum is located opposite the Ibn Sina Library of Bukhara. The mausoleum is included in the National List of Objects of Material Cultural Heritage of Uzbekistan of Republican Importance.
Chashma-Ayub, or
The Ismail Samani mausoleum (9th–10th centuries), is one of the most highly esteemed work of
The site is unique for its architectural style which combines both Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. The building's facade is covered in intricately decorated brick work, which features circular patterns reminiscent of the sun—a common image in Zoroastrian art from the region at that time which is reminiscent of the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda, who is typically represented by fire and light. The building's shape is cuboid, and reminiscent of the Ka'aba in Makkah, while the domed roof is a typical feature of mosque architecture. The syncretic style of the shrine is reflective of the 9th to 10th centuries—a time when the region still had large populations of Zoroastrians who had begun to convert to Islam around that time.
The shrine is also regarded as one of the oldest monuments in the Bukhara region. At the time of Genghis Khan's invasion, the shrine was said to have already been buried in mud from flooding. Thus, when the Mongol hordes reached Bukhara, the shrine was spared from their destruction.
The mausoleum of Pakistan's founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, known as the Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi, was modeled after the shrine.
Mosques
Built in 1712, on the opposite side of the citadel of Ark in Registan district, Bolo Haouz Mosque is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with the other parts of the historic city. It served as a Friday mosque during the time when the
Char Minor (alternatively spelled Chor Minor, and also alternatively known as the Madrasah of Khalif Niyaz-kul) is a building tucked away in a lane northeast of the Lyabi Hauz complex. The structure was built by Khalif Niyaz-kul, a wealthy Bukharan of Turkmen origin in the 19th century under the rule of the Janid dynasty.[36] The four-towered structure is sometimes mistaken for a gate to the madras that once existed behind the structure; however, the Char-Minar is actually a complex of buildings with two functions, ritual and shelter.
The main edifice is a mosque. In spite of its unusual outward shape, the building has a typical interior for a Central Asian mosque. Owing to the buildings cupola, the room has good acoustic properties and therefore takes on special significance of 'dhikr-hana'—a place for ritualized 'dhikr' ceremonies of Sufi, the liturgy of which often include recitation, singing, and instrumental music.
On either side of the central edifice are located dwelling rooms, some of which have collapsed, leaving only their foundations visible. Consequently, for full functioning of
Each of the four towers has different decorational motifs. Some say that elements of decoration reflect the four religions known to Central Asians. One can find elements reminiscent of a cross, a Christian fish motif, and a Buddhist praying-wheel, in addition to Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs.[37] In 1995, due to an underground brook, one of the four towers collapsed [38] and emergency assistance was applied for and granted by UNESCO under the World Heritage Fund. Although the collapse resulted in destabilizing the entire structure, the authorities were anxious to keep awareness of the disaster to a minimum. Without explanation the building disappeared from the list of sights and after hurried reconstruction of the tower "using non-traditional building material, such as poor quality cement and steel"[39] Char Minar returned as one of the most popular sights of the city, yet the event has been kept secret ever since.
On the esplanade to the right from Char-Minar is a pool, likely of the same age as the rest of the building complex. Char Minar is now surrounded mainly by small houses and shops along its perimeter.
The former Magoki Attori mosque was constructed in the 9th century on the remains of what may have been an older Zoroastrian temple. The mosque was destroyed and rebuilt more than once, and the oldest part now remaining is the south façade, which dates from the 12th century—making it one of the oldest surviving structures in Bukhara, and one of few which survived the onslaught of Genghis Khan. Lower than the surrounding ground level, the mosque was excavated in 1935. It no longer functions as a mosque, but, rather, houses a carpet museum.
- Mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
In Bukhara there is a mosque which is said to be that of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, the patron saint of Kashmiri Muslims in the Valley of Kashmir.[40]
- Shirbudun Palace
- Bukhara Prison
Bukhara Prison is the prison of the Amir of Bukhara. The prison was built in the second half of the 18th century, during the Mangit dynasty, and is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city, in the vicinity of the Hoja Nizamiddin Bolo burial site, around a hundred meters northeast of the Ark fortress, dating back to the middle centuries.[44][45][46]
- Jandi Turki Mausoleum
- Khanqah of Nodir Devonbegi
Nodir Devonbegi is a historical memorial in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. It was established by Nodir Devonbegi (Nodir Mirzo Togay ibn Sultan), the vizier and brother of the ruler of Bukhara, Imamquli Khan, in 1620–1621.[51] The Khanaka has been included in the national list of intangible cultural heritage objects of Uzbekistan.
Geography
About 140 miles (230 km) west of Samarkand in south-central Uzbekistan, Bukhara is located on the
Climate
Bukhara has a typically Central Asian cool arid climate (Köppen BWk). The average maximum afternoon temperature in January is 6.6 °C or 43.9 °F, rising to an average maximum of around 37.2 °C or 99.0 °F in July. Mean annual precipitation is 135 millimetres or 5.31 inches.
Water was important in the hot, dry climate of Central Asia, so from ancient times, irrigation farming was developed. Cities were built near rivers, and water channels were built to serve the entire city. Uncovered reservoirs, known as hauzes, were constructed. Special covered water reservoirs, or sardobas, were built along caravan routes to supply travelers and their animals with water.
However, the heavy use of agrochemicals during the Soviet era, diversion of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed Uzbekistan, and the lack of water treatment plants have caused health and environmental problems on a large scale.[citation needed]
Climate data for Bukhara (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
10.0 (50.0) |
17.1 (62.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
30.7 (87.3) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.3 (99.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
8.2 (46.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
4.1 (39.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
17.2 (63.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
29.8 (85.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
15.8 (60.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−1.2 (29.8) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16.5 (0.65) |
24.1 (0.95) |
25.1 (0.99) |
22.3 (0.88) |
11.1 (0.44) |
1.8 (0.07) |
0.4 (0.02) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0.8 (0.03) |
2.7 (0.11) |
14.5 (0.57) |
12.8 (0.50) |
132.4 (5.21) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 9 | 72 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 75 | 72 | 59 | 46 | 38 | 40 | 44 | 48 | 56 | 64 | 79 | 58 |
Source 1: NOAA[52] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity)[53] |
Transportation
Bukhara International Airport has regularly scheduled flights to cities in Uzbekistan and Russia. The Turkmenistan border is about 80 km away with the nearest city there being Türkmenabat, connected via the M37 highway which continues to other places in Turkmenistan including Ashgabat. The city is also served by railroad links with the rest of Uzbekistan, and is a hub for roadways leading to all major cities in Uzbekistan and beyond, including Mazar-i-Sharif in Afghanistan via the M39 highway. The city of Samarkand is 215 km to the east of Bukhara.[54]
Internal transportation facilities
Bukhara city is the largest transport hub after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. Inside the city there is facility of bus transportation. There are over 45 bus lines. Majority of them have been equipped with ISUZU buses but some buses are being brought from China. By the number of buses and bus routes facilities Bukhara is the largest after Tashkent in Uzbekistan.
Demographics
Bukhara recorded a population of 279,200 in the year 2019. Bukhara (along with Samarkand) is one of the two major centers of Uzbekistan's Tajik minority. Bukhara was also home to the Bukharan Jews, whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times. Most Bukharian Jews left Bukhara between 1925 and 2000.
Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda defines the name Bukhara itself as meaning "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. In the Italian romantic
Ethnic groups
According to the official statistics, the city's population is 82% Uzbeks, 6% Russians, 4% Tajiks, 3% Tatars, 1% Koreans, 1% Turkmens, 1% Ukrainians, 2% of other ethnicities.[56] However, official Uzbek numbers have for long been criticized and refuted by various observers and Western sources[57][58] and it is widely assumed that the population of the city consists mainly of Tajik-speaking Tajiks, with ethnic Uzbeks forming a growing minority.[59] Exact figures are difficult to evaluate, since many people in Uzbekistan either identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak Tajik as their first language, or because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajik language and identity. According to Soviet estimates in the early 20th century (based on numbers from 1913 and 1917), the Tajiks formed the overwhelming majority of city.[58]
Religion
The religion with the largest community of followers is
Notable people
Many notable people lived in Bukhara in the past. Among them are:
- An Lushan (c. 703–757)
- Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari (810–870) – Islamic scholar and compiler of hadiths
- Avicenna (Abu Ali ibn Sina) (980–1037) – Persian physician and philosopher
- Qumri (fl. Mind 10th Century d. approx. 980–990)—physician and scholar, purported to be Avicenna's teacher
- Samanidkings, historians and patrons of art and literature
- Abubakr Narshakhi (10th century) – historian who wrote History of Bukhara
- Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi(1171–1242) historian, scientist, and author.
- Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari (c. 595–690 AH, 1199–1291 CE)
- Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar(1211–1279)
- Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari(1318–1389)
- Amir Kulal (died in 1370)
- Sadriddin Ayni (1878–1954)
- Abdurauf Fitrat (1886–1938)
- Fayzulla Xoʻjayev (1896–1938)
- Ibraghim Muminov(1908–1974)
- Sorojon Yusufova (1910–1966)
- Muhammadjon Shakuri (1925–2012)
- Technion
- Bakhrom Khamroyev, lawyer, human rights defender, sentenced to 14 years in Russia
- Oksana Chusovitina - 8 time Olympic gymnast (born 1975)
International relations
The following is a list of Bukhara's
See also
- Bukhara rug
- List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan
References
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Sources
- OCLC 685253133.
- Shaban, M. A. (1979). The 'Abbāsid Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29534-3.
- ISBN 90-04-07819-3.
- B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750. UNESCO. pp. 1–569. ISBN 9789231032110.
- Marlow, Louise (2016). Counsel for Kings: Wisdom and Politics in Tenth-Century Iran. Vol. I: The Nasihat Al-muluk of Pseudo-Mawardi: Contexts and Themes. Edinburgh University Press.
- Pickett, James (2020). Polymaths of Islam: Power and Networks of Knowledge in Central Asia. Cornell University Press.
- Salama, Ashraf M.; El-Ashmouni, Marwa M., eds. (2021). Architectural Excellence in Islamic Societies. Routledge.
Further reading
- Moorcroft, W. and Trebeck, G. (1841). Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
External links
- Through the Lens—the Silk Road Then and Now -A century of change is captured in photos of a fabled Central Asian oasis.
- Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media).
- UNESCO World Heritage list: Historic Centre of Bukhara
- Audio interview with Bukhara resident about life in Bukhara
- Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 157–158.