First statute of the IMRO

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees
)
Excerpt from the statute of BMARC, (1894 or 1896; in Bulgarian language)[1]
Statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees
Chapter I. – Goal
Art. 1. The goal of BMARC is to secure full political autonomy for the Macedonia and Adrianople regions .
Art. 2. To achieve this goal they [the committees] shall raise the awareness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population in the regions mentioned in Art. 1., disseminate revolutionary ideas – printed or verbal, and prepare and carry on a general uprising.
Chapter II. – Structure and Organization
Art. 3. A member of BMARC can be any Bulgarian, independent of gender, ...
Excerpt from the draft of the statute of the SMARO made by hand on the statute of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.[2] The Organization changed its name and dropped 'Bulgarian' from it, appealing to all dissatisfied elements, regardless of their nationality, to win through a revolution, political autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions.[3][4] According to Katardžiev, there is an overlapping of the text of the statutes of BMARC and that of SMARO, and it is clear that when drafting one, the other was used.[5]
Excerpt from p. 5 of the article "The Wars and the Macedonian Question", published in 1922 in the magazine "Macedonia" by the IMRO revolutionary Georgi Bazhdarov [bg] (1875-1924). Here, the author insists that the first statute of the Organization, was that of BMARC. Verbatim are quoted Art. 1 and Art. 2 of the statute. The content of Art. 3 is partially quoted too. It is explained also that only after 1900 the Organization was opened to other nationalities besides Bulgarians.[6]
Excerpt from Art. 15 of the RegulatIons of the BMARC containing the oath of the Organization: "I swear by God, my faith and honor that I will fight to the death for the freedom of the Bulgarians in Macedonia and the Adrianople region, that I will submit unconditionally to the leadership and will unprotestingly carry out its orders; that I will betray to no one, neither by word nor by deed the secret to which I wed myself today and all that I shall see, hear and understand concerning the Cause from today on. If I break my oath, let me be killed by one of the comrades with the revolver or the dagger which here I kiss."[7]
Excerpt from page 6 of Spiro Gulabchev's manuscript from 1904 "The causes that gave rise to the revolutionary organization remain unexplored; (Part II "The Organization"). The text discusses the statute and regulations of BMARC. In the excerpt, Art. 19, Art. 14 and Art. 15 of the Regulations are quoted verbatim. Art. 15 describes the oath of the Organization.[8]
Excerpt from page 58 of the book "The Construction of Life" (1927), authored by the IMRO-revolutionary Nikola Zografov [bg] (1869 - 1931). Per Zografov as early as 1895, Gotse Delchev was supplied with a power of attorney and sent to Sofia, from the name of the "Bulgarian Central Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committee".[9] This suggests that at that time the organization already bore the name BMARC and the Adrianopolitan area was in its scope.
Excerpt from p. 14 of Autonomous Macedonia (1919) where Vladislav Kovachev maintains that the first statute of the IMRO allowed the membership only for Bulgarians within a special article. Later this status was changed but only a few Vlachs joined the Organization.
Telegram by the Ottoman authorities to their Embassy in Sofia from 1903, informing that Delchev, one of the leaders of the Bulgarian committees, was killed.[10][11]
On October 10, 1900, the newspaper "Pester Lloyd", published in retelling form excerpts from the statutes of the BMARC.

Due to the lack of original protocol documentation, and the fact its early

organic statutes were not dated, the first statute of the clandestine Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is uncertain and is a subject to dispute among researchers. The dispute also includes its first name and ethnic character, as well as the authenticity, dating, validity, and authorship of its supposed first statute.[12]
Certain contradictions and inconsistencies exist in the testimonies of the founding and other early members of the Organization, which further complicates the solution of the problem. It is not yet clear whether the earliest statutory documents of the Organization have been discovered. Its earliest basic documents discovered for now, became known to the historical community during 1960s.

The revolutionary organization set up in 1893 in

Macedonian historians, as well as within the Macedonian historiographical community.[14] The crucial question is to which degree the Organization had a Bulgarian ethnic character and when it tried to open itself to the other Balkan nationalities.[15] As a whole, its founders were inspired by the earlier Bulgarian revolutionary traditions.[16] All its basic documents were written in the pre-1945 Bulgarian orthography.[17] The first statute of the IMRO from 1894 was modelled after the statute of the earlier Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC).[18]

On the eve of the 20th century IMRO was often called "the Bulgarian Committee",[19][20] while its members were designated as Comitadjis, i.e. "committee men".[21] In the earliest dated samples of statutes and regulations of the Organization discovered so far, it is called Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees (BMARC).[note 1][22][23][24] These documents refer to the then Bulgarian population in the Ottoman Empire, which was to be prepared for a general uprising in Macedonia and Adrianople regions, aiming to achieve political autonomy for them.[25][26] In thе statute of BMARC, that is presumably the first one,[27][28] the membership was reserved exclusively for Bulgarians.[29] This ethnic restriction matches with the memoirs of some founding and ordinary members, where is mentioned such a requirement, set only in the Organization's first statute.[30] The name of BMARC, as well as information about its statute, was mentioned in the foreign press of that time, in Bulgarian diplomatic correspondence, and exists in the memories of some revolutionaries and contemporaries.[31]

Memoirs' controversy

According to the founding member Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs written in 1928, the IMRO was first called, as far as he remembered, the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (MRO). According to another founding member Petar Poparsov, its first name was "Committee for acquiring the political rights of Macedonia, given to it by the Treaty of Berlin".[32] Per Tatarchev, the founders of the IMRO had Zahari Stoyanov's memoir about the April Uprising of 1876, in which the statute of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC) was published, which they took as a model for the organization's first statute.[33] According to Tatarchev, the Adrianople region was not included in the organization's program at first, but was added later.[34][35] Per Hristo Kotsev [bg] (1869-1933) in 1895 Dame Gruev commissioned him to start the construction of the committee network in Adrianople region, which was already included in the organization's program.[36][37]

According to Poparsov, the first statute's swatch was sent to be printed in Romania, where it burned down in a fire.[32] However, according to the IMRO activist Lazar Gyurov [bg] (1872-1931), the first statute and regulations were printed in a very limited quantity in Thessaloniki in 1894. It is known that the first statute was prepared by Petar Poparsov and was adopted at the beginning of 1894, and according to some reports, the first regulations were developed by Ivan Hadzhinikolov in the same year. The data presented by Gyurov has raised the question of whether the foundational documents of the Organization were really printed in Thessaloniki for the first time. It is known also that another early statute and regulations were printed in Sofia in 1897, by Gyorche Petrov and Gotse Delchev.[38]

Per Article 3. of the Statute of the BMARC: "Membership is open to any Bulgarian, irrespective of sex, who has not compromised himself in the eyes of the community by dishonest and immoral actions, and who promises to be of service in some way to the revolutionary cause of liberation."

Uniates and Protestants of all local nationalities,[43][44] According to Ivan Hadzhinikolov, membership was open to everyone from Macedonia.[45] According to Tatarchev's recollections, the decision about the change of the statute, so that not only Bulgarians could be members of the organization, was taken in 1896.[46] Per the SMAC activist Vladislav Kovachev the first statute of the IMRO allowed the membership only for Bulgarians within a special article. According to the revolutionary Nikola Altaparmakov [bg] (1873-1953), a revolutionary committee was founded in Thessaloniki in 1893, and per its first statute, any Bulgarian could be its member.[47] Dimitar Vlahov
maintained that initially, the organization worked only among Bulgarians who belonged to the Bulgarian Exarchate.

Per Iliya Doktorov [bg] (1876-1947) this nationalist restriction lasted until 1896, but per Georgi Bazhdarov, who also confirmed the statute of BMARC as a first one, the Organization was opened to other nationalities besides Bulgarians after 1900.[48][49] In the memoirs of Alekso Martulkov, it is claimed that the original statute of the organization allowed only Bulgarians as members. This situation was changed in a new statute in 1896.[50] Per Bulgarian anarchist Spiro Gulabchev (1856 – 1918), in the mid-1890s, arose the "Bulgarian Macedonian Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committee", which, according to its statute and regulations, was a Bulgarian nationalist organization.[51] According to Dimitar Popevtimov [bg] (1890-1961), the organization was initially called the BMARC, and only Bulgarians were accepted as its members, per its first statute from 1894.[52] Per Peyo Yavorov, the first IMRO statute was almost a copy of the old Bulgarian revolutionary statute and contained a special article according to which only Bulgarians were its members. According to Nikola Zografov in 1895 Gotse Delchev was supplied with a power of attorney from the name of the BMARC and sent to Sofia to propagate the struggle for autonomy that was open to every Bulgarian.

Bulgarian Macedonian–Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees

Discovery of the statute of BMARC

The basic documents of the Оrganization under its earliest names, i.e. Bulgarian Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (BMARC) and Secret Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Orgazation (SMARO) were nearly unknown until the 1960s to the historical researchers.[53] In 1955, the historian Ivan Ormandzhiev published in Sofia the undated statute of the SMARO, which he dated from 1896.[54][55] In 1961, Macedonian historian Ivan Katardžiev published undated statute and regulation discovered in Skopje naming the organization BMARC, which he dated from 1894.[56][57] Copies of the BMARC statute and the regulations were found in 1967 also in Bulgaria.[58] According to the statute of the BMARC, membership of the Organization was allowed only for Bulgarians.[59] Per Katardžiev the statute of the BMARC was the first statute and that was the first official name of the IMRO. Some international, Bulgarian and Macedonian researchers have adopted his view that this was the first statute, i.e. the first official name of the organization.[60][61][62][63]

Macedonian views

BMARC

Katardžiev claimed that this was the first statute of the organization and under this name, it existed from 1894 until 1896 when it was changed to Secret Macedono-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Organization (SMARO). In 1969, the name BMARC as the first one, was officially promoted as position of the Macedonian historical community in the second volume of the first ever three-volume History of the Macedonian people, as well as in its one-volume edition, in 1970.[64] Per Gane Todorovski from its very name could be concluded this was initially an organization primarily of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia and Adrianople areas.[65] Thus, per historian Krste Bitovski this was not only the first preserved statute but the original statute of IMRO.[66] According to Manol Pandevski the basic program document of the Organization was published in 1894 under the name "Statute of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Revolutionary Committees", and so it even was not called an organization.[67] Katardžiev, confirmed there was an overlapping of the texts of the statutes and regulations of BMARC and these of SMARO, and it was clear that when drafting these of SMARO, those of BMARC were used. Later that conclusion was confirmed, while corrected statute and rules of the BMARC were discovered in Bulgaria, which are practically drafts of the basic documents of the SMARO.[68]

Revisionist turn

In 1981, the Macedonian historiography for the first time publicly dissociated itself from the thesis advocated by Katardziev for the name BMARC in the first volume of the two-volume publication Documents for the struggle of the Macedonian people for independence and for a national state.

Yugoslav Macedonian nation-building and historical narratives, based on a deeply anti-Bulgarian attitudes, which still continue today.[76][77][78]

Bulgarian views

IMRO as Bulgarian organization

Bulgarian historians see the statute and the regulations of BMARC as a confirmation of the Bulgarian ethnic character of the organization.

Macedonian then had a regional meaning,[83] while the ideas of separate Macedonian nation were supported only by a handful of intellectuals.[84] They insist also, except the national designation "Bulgarian" in the name, another part of it is related to the then vilayet of Adrianopole, whose Bulgarian population has not being contested in North Macedonia today.[85] Also, apart from the fact the statute allowed the membership only to Bulgarians, the regulations contain an oath which also confirms its Bulgarian character.[86] Such an interpretation stems not only from the fact all documents of the Organization were written in the Bulgarian language, but also from the wide acceptance of Bulgarians, as from the Bulgarian principality (including Eastern Rumelia), as well as from Ottoman Thrace (Vilayet of Adrianople) into the leadership of the Organization. Such an example was the case with the affiliation of the Bulgarian Secret Revolutionary Brotherhood to IMRO in 1899. This corroborates the fact that the Macedonian revolutionaries then did not insist on any own ethnic difference with regard to the rest of the Bulgarians.[87]

MRO

In 1969 the Bulgarian historian Konstantin Pandev promoted the view that the designation BMARC lasted from 1896 until 1902, when it was changed to SMARO, a view adopted by some international and many Bulgarian historians.[88][89][90][91] Until then, Bulgarian historians shared Katardjiev's opinion that the designation BMARC was used between 1894 and 1896. Today many Bulgarian researchers assume the first name of the organization during 1894-1896 was Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or Macedonian Revolutionary Committee.[92] However, despite the name MRO is present in some contemporary sources,[93][94][95][96] neither statutes nor regulations, or other basic documents with such names have not yet been found.[97] Bulgarian researchers suppose that the founding statute of the IMRO still hasn't been discovered or it hasn't survived.[14] Thus, the first preserved statute of the organization is that of the BMARC.[98] Some Bulgarian historians do not accept the view of Pandev and adhere to that of Katardziev, i.e., the first statutory name of the organization was BMARC.[99][100][101] Bulgarian researchers also maintain that Katardžiev himself had some manifestations when he publicly claimed the IMRO revolutionaries had Bulgarian self-awareness.[102][103][104]

Authorship dispute

According to some Bulgarian and Macedonian researchers, the author of BMARC's statute was Petar Poparsov.[105][106] Other Bulgarian historians assume that the authors of the statute were Gotse Delchev and Gyorche Petrov.[107] Per

Macedonian autonomism was seen as a step for an eventual unification with Bulgaria.[110] In his memoirs, Dame Gruev recounts the founders grouped together and jointly drew up a statute modeled after the statute of the revolutionary organization in Bulgaria before the Liberation.[111] Gyorche Petrov also tells about the writing of the statutes in his memoirs. According to him, initially a short statute drafted by Dame Gruev was in force. It was decided to draw up a new complete statute and regulations. Petrov do it in Sofia, together with Delchev.[112]

Periodization dispute

The periodization of the Internal Organization's names is a matter of debate while both the BMARC and SMARO statutes were not dated. As mentioned above, it is believed by Bulgarian historians that in 1896 the first and probably unofficial name MRO was changed to "BMARC", and the organization existed under this name until 1902. There are still Macedonian historians who acknowledge the existence of the name "ВMARC" in the very early period of the Organization (1894–1896), but generally today in North Macedonia it is assumed that between 1894 and 1896 it was called MRO, while in 1896–1905 period the name of the organization was "SMARO".[113] On October 10, 1900, the newspaper "Pester Lloyd", published in retelling form excerpts from the captured by the Ottoman authorities statutes of the Bulgarian Macedonian Revolutionary Committee, i.e. BMARC. On October 13, the Greek newspaper "Imera" published the same material.[31] On the other hand, the Austro-Hungarian consul in Skopje Gottlieb Para [bg] (1861-1915), in his report of 14.11.1902, attached a document in translation, which he designated as the new statute of the revolutionary organization. This document bears the title: "Statute of the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization". It is identical to the document issued in 1902, according to Pandev, as well as with the statute, which according to Katardziev was compiled in 1897.[114] At the same time the Serbian Consul General in Bitola Mihajlo Ristic wrote on January 25, 1903 that until the beginning of 1902, the work of the Committee had a purely Bulgarian character, while the local Serbs and Greeks were feared from its activity. At the end of 1902, however the Committee-members began to turn to all Christians for cooperation, regardless of their nationality.[115]

However, Macedonian historians point to the fact that a copy of the "SMARO" statute was kept in London since 1898.

umbrella term, encompassing the different nationalities in the area.[122] The common political agenda declared in the SMARO's statute was the same: to achieve political autonomy of both regions. While this idea was taken aboard by some Vlachs, as well as by some Patriarchist Slavic-speakers,[note 2] it failed to attract other groups for whom the IMRO remained the Bulgarian Committee, because its leaders and activists had Bulgarian ethnic consciousness.[123][124][125] In 1905 the organization changed its name to Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO), which is indisputable.[126]

See also

External audio link with Prof. Ivan Katardžiev's opinion on the issue

Gallery

  • Statute of the BRCC used as a model for the IMRO's first statute.[127] This statute was drawn up in Bucharest in 1872. Its authors were Vasil Levski and Lyuben Karavelov.
    Statute of the BRCC used as a model for the IMRO's first statute.[127] This statute was drawn up in Bucharest in 1872. Its authors were Vasil Levski and Lyuben Karavelov.
  • Cover of the statute of the BMARC. Above is an inscription "statute" with the name of the organization below. In the middle is a picture with a seated woman. In her right hand she holds a flag where it is written "Svoboda ili smart".[128][118]
    Cover of the statute of the BMARC. Above is an inscription "statute" with the name of the organization below. In the middle is a picture with a seated woman. In her right hand she holds a flag where it is written "Svoboda ili smart".[128][118]
  • Regulations of the BMARC
    Cover of the Regulations of the BMARC published firstly in Skopje in 1961. According to Hristo Karamandzhukov [bg] (1876-1952), they continued to be used even after 1902 in the Smolyan-Xanthi revolutionary subdistrict.[129]
  • Excerpt of the draft of the regulations of the SMARO made by hand on the regulations of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.[130] According to Art. 1 the Central BMARC consisted of a chairman, secretary, treasurer and advisers.
    Excerpt of the draft of the regulations of the SMARO made by hand on the regulations of the BMARC by Gotse Delchev or Petar Poparsov.[130] According to Art. 1 the Central BMARC consisted of a chairman, secretary, treasurer and advisers.
  • A book about Gotse Delchev, issued in 1904 by Peyo Yavorov. Per him there was a congress of the IMRO, which adopted a statute, with a special article according to which only Bulgarians were accepted as its members. This issue was changed in the next statute.[131]
    A book about Gotse Delchev, issued in 1904 by Peyo Yavorov. Per him there was a congress of the IMRO, which adopted a statute, with a special article according to which only Bulgarians were accepted as its members. This issue was changed in the next statute.[131]
  • According to the revolutionary Vladislav Kovachev [bg] (1875-1924), the first statute allowed the membership only for Bulgarians within a special article (Autonomous Macedonia (1919), p. 14).[132][133]
    According to the revolutionary Vladislav Kovachev [bg] (1875-1924), the first statute allowed the membership only for Bulgarians within a special article (Autonomous Macedonia (1919), p. 14).[132][133]
  • The magazine "Macedonia" (1922) where Georgi Bazhdarov claims on p. 5, the first name of the organisation in its first statute was BMАRC.[134]
    The magazine "Macedonia" (1922) where Georgi Bazhdarov claims on p. 5, the first name of the organisation in its first statute was BMАRC.[134]
  • "The Struggle of the Macedonian People for Liberation" (1925) where Dimitar Vlahov maintains on p. 10 that initially, the organization worked only among Bulgarians.
    "The Struggle of the Macedonian People for Liberation" (1925) where Dimitar Vlahov maintains on p. 10 that initially, the organization worked only among Bulgarians who belonged to the Bulgarian Exarchate.[135]
  • "The Construction of Life" (1927), authored by Nikola Zografov (1869 - 1931). Per his view espoused on p. 58 in 1895 the Organization already bore the name BMARC and the struggle for autonomy was open to every Bulgarian.[136]
    "The Construction of Life" (1927), authored by Nikola Zografov (1869 - 1931). Per his view espoused on p. 58 in 1895 the Organization already bore the name BMARC and the struggle for autonomy was open to every Bulgarian.[136]
  • Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs about the creation of the IMRO published in Sofia by Lyubomir Miletich in 1928.
    Hristo Tatarchev's Memoirs about the creation of the IMRO, which according to his opinion espoused on p. 103, was first called MRO. Published in Sofia by Lyubomir Miletich in 1928.[137]
  • The newspaper Yeni Asır, providing info about one of the voivodas of the Bulgarian chetas Yane Sandanski, who was also a leader of the centralist faction of the Bulgarian committee (1908).[138]
    The newspaper
    chetas Yane Sandanski, who was also a leader of the centralist faction of the Bulgarian committee (1908).[138]

Notes

  1. ^ (Bulgarian: Български македоно-одрински революционни комитети (БМОРК), Macedonian: Бугарски македонско-одрински револуционерни комитети (БМОРК)
  2. pro-Bulgarian IMRO-revolutionaries (sic) Grecomans and Serbomans
    , while the Vlachs with Bulgarian self-awareness were designated Bulgaromans.

External links

References

  1. , p. 808.
  2. .
  3. , p. 55.
  4. , p. 54.
  5. ^ Иван Катарџиев, Борба до победа. Студии и статии. Скопjе, Мисла; 1983 г., стр. 65.
  6. ^ сп. "Македония", Том 1, София, 1922, стр. 5. Digitized on 15 April 2013 at Cornell University.
  7. ^ Except from the Rules (the oath) of the Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committees (in English) in Macedonia Documents and Material, 1978 by Bozhinov, Voin & L. Panayotov. Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.
  8. ^ Спиро Гулабчев - "Причините, които зародиха револ. организация остават незачекнати; Организацията (ръкопис - II част)", София, ок. 1904 година. Атанас Струмски, Библиотека и Издателство "Струмски".
  9. ^ Ѓорѓиев, Ванчо, Петар Поп Арсов (1868–1941). Прилог кон проучувањето на македонското националноослободително движење. 1997, Скопjе, стр. 61.
  10. Ottoman Turkish
    : "We inform you, that on April, 22 (5 May 1903), in the village of Banitsa one of the leaders of the Bulgarian Committees, with name Delchev, was killed". Tashev, Spas., Some Authentic Turkish Documents About Macedonia, International Institute for Macedonia, Sofia, 1998.
  11. ^ "На дваесет и вториот ден од април (5 маj) во селото Баниса во раце падна мртов еден од челниците на бугарските комитети по име Делчев..." For more: Александар Стоjaновски - "Турски документи за убиството на Гоце Делчев", Скопjе, 1992 година, стр. 38.
  12. . pp. 114-115.
  13. , p. 253-254.
  14. ^ , pp. 40-41.
  15. , p. 97.
  16. , pp. 39–40.
  17. , p. 808.
  18. ^ As a corollary, the first charter of the organization was a rough copy of the "Bulgarian revolutionary central committee's" charter which they found in the work of Zahari Stoyanov, Zapiski po bûlgarskite vûstania ["Descriptions of the Bulgarian Uprising"]. For more see: Tetsuya Sahara, The Macedonian Origin of Black Hand. (International Conference "Great War, Serbia, Balkans and Great Powers") Strategic Research Institute & The Institute of History Belgrade, 2015, pp. 401–425 (408).
  19. , Introduction, p. Iviii.
  20. , p. 300.
  21. , p. 71.
  22. p. 53.
  23. , p. 11.
  24. , p. 211.
  25. , p. 33.
  26. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1978) Freedom or Death: The Life of Gotsé Delchev. West Nyack, N.Y.: Journeyman Press, pp. 144-149.
  27. ^ Vladimir Cretulescu (2016) "The Memoirs of Cola Nicea: A Case-Study on the Discursive Identity Construction of the Aromanian Armatoles in Early 20th Century Macedonia." Res Historica 41, p. 128.
  28. , p. 135.
  29. , p. 112.
  30. , p. 240.
  31. ^ .
  32. ^ ; с. 203-207.
  33. , pp. 39–40.
  34. ^ Freedom or Death, The Life of Gotsé Delchev, by Mercia MacDermott, Journeyman Press, London & West Nyack, 1978, p. 230.
  35. ^ Димитър Г. Войников, Българите в най-източната част на Балканския полуостров - Източна Тракия. Първо издание, Гл. 23. Административно деление на Европейска Турция. Конгресът на Българските македоно-одрински революционни комитети (БМОРК) в Солун (1896 г.) Обединение на Македонското и Тракийското революционно движение ИК "Коралов и сие", София 2002.
  36. ^ MacDermott, Mercia. Freedom or Death: The Life of Gotsé Delchev. London & West Nyack, Journeyman Press, 1978. p. 230.
  37. ^ Коцевъ, Хр. Страници изъ споменитѣ ми. сп. Македония (VII - X). София, 1922, стр. 45-2 Моето кръщение.
  38. ^ Тараков, Т., Бисерков, М. "Спомени на един малко известен съратник на Дамян Груев", Македонски преглед, 2000, кн. 1, стр. 126; 130.
  39. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1978) Freedom or Death: The Life of Gotsé Delchev. West Nyack, N.Y.: Journeyman Press, pp. 145.
  40. .
  41. , стр. 427.
  42. ^ Иван Катарџиев, Борба до победа. Студии и статии. Скопjе, Мисла; 1983 г., стр. 61.
  43. ^ Ѓорѓиев, В. (1995). Петар Поп Арсов (1868–1941). Прилог кон проучувањето на македонското националноослободително движење, стр. 62.
  44. ^ Христо Матов, "За управлението на Вътрешната Революционна Организация", Македонска революционна библиотека, София, 1926, стр. 29.
  45. ^ Katardziev, Ivan (1968). Создавање и активноста на вмро до илинденското востание. Svetlina na Minatoto. p. 8. From this first conversation about the goals and principles of the revolutionary organization, the opinions of the founders of the Organization, presented in the memories, are all opposite. The most detailed information about this discussion regarding the objectives of the Organization is given by Ivan Hadzhinikolov. According to him, the organization would be: 1. secret and revolutionary; 2. its territory should consist of Macedonia within its geographical and ethnographic borders, which is why it will be called internal; 3. its members should be people who were born and live in Macedonia, regardless of religion and nationality; 4. the political credo of the organized Macedonians becomes the autonomy of Macedonia and 5. to preserve the independence of the organization, so that it does not fall under the influence of the policies of the governments of the neighboring free states.
  46. ^ Христо Татарчев, "ВМРО като митологична и реална същност (Спомени; Торино 1936 г.)" в "Спомени, документи, материали", Наука и изкуство, София, 1989 година, стр. 57.
  47. ^ Георги Попхристов, "Пишат ни от Битоля", сп. "Илюстрация Илинден", год. XV, книга 8 (148), София, октомври 1943 година.
  48. .
  49. ^ In his article "The Wars and the Macedonian Question", published in the magazine "Macedonia. Political, scientific and literary magazine, year I, book IV, Sofia, April 1922, Georgi Bazhdarov wrote about the first name of IMRO, in which "oldest, in its first" statute of the "Bulg. Macedon.-Adr. Revolovut. Committees" it was written that its goal was "autonomy of Macedonia and Adrianople", and in order to achieve this goal, the "consciousness of self-defense in the Bulgarian population" had to be awakened in both areas and that "members of the Organization could be only Bulgarians", and this situation lasted until after 1900.
  50. ^ Алексо Мартулков , Моето учество во револуционерните борби на Македонија , Институт за национална историја, Скопие, 1952 г. стр. 55-56.
  51. ^ "The revolutionary organization in European Turkey found its beginning in the middle of the 90s. The discontent that was due to the absolutist regime there grew more and more and finally a revolutionary Macedonian committee appeared as a necessity, which set itself the goal of organizing this dissatisfaction, i.e. the famous "Bulgarian Maced. Adrian. Revolut. Committee" appeared. This organization, according to its statute and regulations, was and remains strictly Bulgarian nationalist one. It aimed to organize the Bulgarians in European Turkey, through an armed general uprising, to win their freedom." Спиро Гулабчев, "Причините, които зародиха револ. организация остават незачекнати; Организацията (ръкопис – II част)" стр. 5.
  52. ^ Димитър Попевтимов, "Бележки и размишления върху Македонската нация",Варна, 1950-1959 г., стр. 63-64.
  53. ^ Катарџиев, И. (1965) Два правилника на ВМРО од предилинденскиот период. Историја/Journal of History 1.1, стр. 39-50.
  54. ^ Документи за македоно-одринското революционно движение и за Преображенското въстание в Тракия. Подредил и снабдил с обяснителни бележки от Ив. П. Горов в сб. Преображенско въстание 1903. София, 1955, стр. 51-78.
  55. ^ Љубен Лапе, Одбрани текстови за историјата на македонскиот народ,Том 2, 1965, стр. 185.
  56. ^ Иван Катарџиев, Некои прашања за уставите и правилниците на ВМОРО до Илинденското востание, ГИНИ V/1, Скопје 1961. стр. 149 – 164.
  57. , стр. 140.
  58. ^ Пандев, Константин. "Устави и правилници на ВМОРО преди Илинденско-Преображенското въстание", Исторически преглед, 1969, кн. I, стр. 68 – 80
  59. , p. 10.
  60. , p. 53.
  61. , p. 145.
  62. , p. 441.
  63. ^ Манол Д Пандевски, Националното прашање во македонското ослободително движење: 1893-1903; Современа општествена мисла, Култура, 1974, стр. 82.
  64. ^ Прилози (1992) Томове 23 – 28, Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, Отделение за општествени науки, стр. 75.
  65. ^ Гане Тодоровски, Формирањето на BMPO според ракописните мемоари на Иван Хаџи-Николов. Разгледи, г. XI, бр. 10, Скопје, 1969, стр. 304.
  66. ^ Крсте Битовски (2003) Историја на македонскиот народ, Институт за национална историја, Скопje, p. 162.
  67. ^ Манол Пандевски, (1987) Македонското ослободително дело во XIX и XX век. Националното прашање во македонското ослободително движење 1893–1903 г. Мисла, стр. 86.
  68. ^ Печатни оригинали на устава и правилника на БМОРК с ръкописни корекции и чернови на устава и правилника на ТМОРО; ЦДА, ф. 1932 к, оп. 3, а. е. 3, л. 1 – 34.
  69. ^ Цениме дека нашата наука во 1981 година јавно се огради од тезата застапувана од д - р Иван Катарџиев за името БМОРК за Македонската револуционерна организација во двотомната публикација: Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава", во издание на Универзитетот "Кирил и Методиј", Факултет за филозофско-историски науки; Катедрата за историја и Институтот за национална историја. For more see: Manol Pandevki, Dame Gruev vo makedonskoto nacionalnoosloboditelno dviženje: Trkalezna masa po povod 80-godišninata od zaginuvanjeto, noemvri 1986', Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite (1989), str. 76.
  70. ^ Блаже Ристовски, Историја на македонската нација (1999) Македонска академиjа на науките и уметностите, Скопиjе, стр. 197.
  71. , pp. 110–115.
  72. , pp. 107-137.
  73. ^ Pandevska, M. (2012). The term "Macedonian(s)" in Ottoman Macedonia: On the map and in the mind. Nationalities Papers, 40(5), 747-766. doi:10.1080/00905992.2012.705265
  74. ^ Pandevska, Maria; Mitrova, Makedonka. (2020). The Concept of the millet in Turkish dictionaries: Its alteration and the impact on Ottoman Macedonia. Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. 26. 171-192. DOI:10.14746/bp.2019.26.10
  75. ^ Нашиот став во контекст на првото име на Организацијата го апсолвираме во следниве точки: 1) Досега не е пронајден ниту еден документ од која било институција на Организацијата (Централен комитет, Задгранично претставништво, окружни и околиски комитети) ниту, пак, од нејзин активист со името БМОРК; 2) Доколку постоеше каков било документ што ќе го демантира нашето тврдење, тој не само што повеќепати ќе беше објавен туку ќе го завладееше и електронскиот простор... For more see: Ѓорѓиев, В. (2021). Постулатите на македонското револуционерно движење, 1893-1908. In Ќулавкова, К. (ур.). Прилози за историјата на Македонија и македонската култура. Скопје: Македонска академија на науките и уметноститe, 167-192.
  76. ^ The acknowledgement of Bulgarian influence on Macedonian history is highly problematic to many Macedonians because it clashes with the Yugo-Macedonian narratives. Especially after the Tito–Stalin split of 1948, the cornerstone of Macedonian national identity and historiography had been the notion of a distinct, non-Bulgarian, Macedonian national consciousness, leading to a profoundly anti-Bulgarian stance in politics and historiography. For more see: Reef, Paul. "Macedonian Monument Culture Beyond 'Skopje 2014'" Comparative Southeast European Studies, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, pp. 451-480. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0037
  77. ISSN 1409-9454
    .
  78. ^ Per Atanas Vangeli this extreme nationalist attitude is labeled "Bulgarophobia", but is also known as "B-complex". For more see Anastas Vangeli, "Antiquity Musing: Reflections on the Greco-Macedonian Symbolic Contest over the Narratives of the Ancient Past" (MA thesis, Central European University, Budapest, 2009) pp. 87-88.
  79. , pp. 40-41.
  80. , p. 39.
  81. .
  82. ^ Rohdewald, Stefan. "Citizenship, Ethnicity, History, Nation, Region, and the Prespa Agreement of June 2018 between Macedonia and Greece" Comparative Southeast European Studies, vol. 66, no. 4, 2018, pp. 577-593. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0042
  83. , стр. 65.
  84. , p. 140.
  85. p. 115.
  86. , стр. 73.
  87. ; 2009. pp. 107-137.
  88. ^ Duncan Perry The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893–1903, Durham, Duke University Press, 1988. pp. 40–41.
  89. ^ Fikret Adanir, Die Makedonische Frage: ihre entstehung und etwicklung bis 1908. Wiessbaden 1979, p. 112.
  90. ^ Лабаури Дмитрий Олегович, Болгарское национальное движение в Македонии и Фракии в 1894–1908 гг., Идеология, программа, практика политической борьбы, София, Академическое изд. им. проф. Марина Дринова, 2008, стр.7,
  91. ^ Ivo Banac, "The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics", Cornell University Press, 1984, pp. 307–328.
  92. ^ Стоян Германов (1992) Руската общественост и революционното движение в Македония и Одринско 1893-1908. Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски". стр. 14.
  93. .
  94. .
  95. .
  96. .
  97. ^ Цочо Билярски, Първите програмни документи на ВМОРО до есента на 1902 г., Известия на държавните архиви, София, 2004, кн. 87, с. 200-275.
  98. , стр. 563.
  99. ^ Любомир Панайотов, Христо Христов, Гоце Делчев спомени, документи, материали, Институт за история (Българска академия на науките) Наука и изкуство, 1978, стр. 86.
  100. ^ Стоян Райчевски, Валерия Фол, 1993, Кукерът без маска. УИ "Св. Климент Охридски", София стр. 201.
  101. стр. 22.
  102. ^ Чавдар Маринов, Сто години Илинден или сто години Мисирков? История и политика в Република Македония през 2003 г. сп. Култура - Брой 20 (2587), 30 април 2004 г.
  103. ^ Стефан Дечев: Две държава, две истории, много "истини" и една клета наука - трета част. Marginalia, 15.06.2018.
  104. ^ Проф. д-р Антони Стоилов и д-р Пантелей Спасов, Крайно време е за сътрудничество. За езиковия спор, македонската литературна норма, Мисирков и възможностите за сътрудничество между езиковедите от Република Македония и Република България във В-к Култура - Брой 28 (2908), 21 юли 2017 г.
  105. ^ Манол Пандевски (1987) Македонското ослободително дело во XIX и XX век, Т.1, Националното прашање во македонското ослободително движење: 1893-1903, стр. 86.
  106. ^ Lambi V. Danailov, Stilian Noĭkov, Natsionalno-osvoboditelnoto dvizhenia v Trakija 1878-1903, Tom 2, Trakiĭski nauchen institut, Izd. na otechestvenia front, 1971, str. 81-82.
  107. , стр. 178.
  108. ^ Пейо Яворов, Гоце Делчев в "Словото"; Гоце в Щип, Банско.
  109. ^ Любомир Панайотов, Константин Пандев, Костадин Палешутски, Гоце Делчев-спомени, документи, материали, 1978, София, Наука и изкуство; стр. 56.
  110. , pp. 15-16.
  111. ^ Даме Груев. Спомени, кореспонденция. София, 1999, Парнас-96; с. 168.
  112. ^ Спомени на Гьорчо Петров. Материали за историята на македонското освободително движение. Кн. VІІІ. Съобщава Л. Милетич, С., 1927, с. 50 – 51.
  113. ^ Ѓорѓиев, Ванчо, Петар Поп Арсов (1868–1941). Прилог кон проучувањето на македонското националноослободително движење. 1997, Скопjе, стр. 167-168.
  114. ^ Die Makedonische Frage: Ihre Entstehung Und Entwicklung Bis 1908. By Fikret Adanir. Frankfurter Historische Abhandlungen, vol. 20. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH, 1979. xii, 283 pp. DM 64, paper; p. 112.
  115. ^ Коликтив, Освободителната борба на българите в Македония и Одринско 1902/1904 - дипломатически документи, БАН, София 1978. с. 76.
  116. ^ Public Record Office – Foreign Office 78/4951 Turkey (Bulgaria). From Elliot. 1898; Устав на ТМОРО. S. 1. published in Документи за борбата на македонскиот народ за самостојност и за национална држава, Скопје, Универзитет "Кирил и Методиј":Факултет за филозофско-историски науки, 1981, page 331 – 333.
  117. ^ Никола Зографов. "Строежа на живота. Едно обяснение на въпросите: 1. Как се създаде погрома на България. 2. Защо не можа да бъде извоювана автономията на Македония и Одринско (Принос към историята на революционна Македония)", София, 1927 година, стр. 58.
  118. ^ , Увод, стр. 7.
  119. ^ Valkov, Martin, The Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization and the Idea for Autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace, 1893-1912; M.A. dissertation, Central European University (Budapest, 2010), p. 5.
  120. ^ The author of the regulations Ivan Hadzhinikolov points out: "finally we decided that we should write a rules and I was instructed in 1895 to prepare them." For more: Д . Димески, Создавањето на Македонската револуционерна организација и нејзината организациона поставеност (1893-1895), Историја XXII/1, Скопје 198Б, стр. 70.
  121. ^ Димитър Войников, Българите в най-източната част на Балканския полуостров - Източна Тракия. "Коралов и сие", 2009 г. 24. Идването на Гоце Делчев в Тракия и някои уточнения по този повод.
  122. , Introduction.
  123. , pp. 107-137.
  124. , p. 64.
  125. , p. 55.
  126. , p. 3.
  127. ^ Захари Стоянов. Текст на устава на БРЦК публикуван в "Записки по българските въстания". София: Виртуалната библиотека "Словото" из том 1 на Записките. Разкази на очевидци, 1870-1876. 1977..
  128. ^ Устав на Българските македоно-одрински революционни комитети, съставен след Солунския общ конгрес на организацията, [Солун, 1896 г.]. София: Вътрешната Македоно-одринска революционна организация (1893-1919 г.) – документи на централните ръководни органи. Том 1. Част 1. Съст. Ц. Билярски, И. Бурилкова. София: Държавна агенция "Архиви", стр. 127-128. 2007.
  129. ^ According to a note left by the historian Lyubomir Panayotov, the editor of Hristo Karamandzhukov's memoirs, the BMARC regulations were found in the revolutionary's archive. They were issued in 1898, and were replaced by a new ones in 1902, however in the Smolyan revolutionary subdistrict, they continued to be in use afterwards. Христо Ив. Караманджуков, Родопа през Илинденско-Преображенското въстание. (Изд. на Отечествения Фронт, София, 1986) стр. 107.
  130. , Предговор.
  131. ^ Gotse went to the town "Y" and then to the town "X"; There usual annual assembly of prominent workers of the conspiracy was to be held. That assembly approved a statute of the revolutionary organization, almost a copy of the old Bulgarian one, very original with the provision that only exarchist Bulgarians were accepted as members of the committees. However, such a decision was precisely in accordance with the conditions under which it was worked. At that time, the revolutionary idea had to endure a very painful struggle, first of all, with the exarchy and its numerous organs in the country. It therefore had to become common to the nationally self-conscious Bulgarian majority, so that it could then find its way in the midst of elements on which all kinds of gold and silver propaganda had exerted an extremely corrupting influence. However, the revolutionaries could not avoid occasional clashes with the said propaganda, as a result of which they went to great extremes. And often the struggle took even a dark chauvinistic color. Gotze - a man of too broad views, raises his hand for the article in question in the statute without any reservations. But this should not surprise us, because he was also a practical figure in the strictest sense. Later, as the circumstances changed, Gotze was the first to insist that the statute be amended as well. Then the revolutionary organization noted that in order to achieve the pursued goal, all the oppressed nationalities in the country should be united 6. And now the Bulgarian, the Greek, and anyone who would be able to bring some benefit to the liberation cause could be a co-conspirator.
  132. ^ Ковачовъ, Владиславъ. Автономна Македония (PDF). София: Печатница С. М. Стайковъ. 1919.
  133. стр. 142.
  134. ^ Георги Баждаров, "Войните и Македонския въпрос" (PDF). София: сп. "Македония. Политическо, научно и литературно списание", год. I, книга IV, София, печатница "Витоша". 1922.
  135. ^ Борбите на македонския народ за освобождение. Димитъръ Влаховъ. Виена: Библиотека Балканска Федерация, № 1, ВМРО (Обединена). 1925.
  136. ^ Никола Зографов, "Строежа на живота. Едно обяснение на въпросите: 1. Как се създаде погрома на България. 2. Защо не можа да бъде извоювана автономията на Македония и Одринско", Печатница П. Глушков, София, 1927 година. (Принос към историята на революционна Македония).
  137. ^ Въ Македония и Одринско: Спомени на Михаилъ Герджиковъ. II. Първиятъ Централенъ комитетъ на ВМРО.: Спомени на д-ръ Христо Татарчевъ. Съобщава Л. Милетичъ (PDF). София: Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение, Издава Македонскиятъ Наученъ Институтъ, Книга IX, Печатница П. Глушковъ. 1928.
  138. ^ Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu, «Yane Sandanski as a political leader in Macedonia in the era of the Young Turks», Cahiers balkaniques, 40 | mis en ligne le 21 mai 2012. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ceb/1192 ;