Bulgarian Socialist Party
Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | BSP |
Chairperson | Korneliya Ninova |
Founded | 3 April 1990 |
Preceded by | Bulgarian Communist Party |
Headquarters | 20 Positano Street, Sofia |
Newspaper | Duma |
Youth wing | Bulgarian Socialist Youth |
Membership (2020) | 80,236 |
Ideology | |
Political position | Centre-left |
National affiliation | BSP for Bulgaria |
European affiliation | Party of European Socialists |
International affiliation | |
Red | |
Slogan | "Reasonable solutions" (Разумните решения) |
National Assembly | 23 / 240 |
European Parliament | 5 / 17 |
Municipalities | 63 / 265 |
Party flag | |
Website | |
bsp | |
The Bulgarian Socialist Party (
History
The Centenarian moniker comes from the fact that the BSP is recognized as the successor of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party, which was founded on 2 August 1891 on Buzludzha peak by Dimitar Blagoev, designated in 1903 as the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists), and later as the Bulgarian Communist Party.[11] After the political changes brought by the Revolutions of 1989, it abandoned Marxism–Leninism and refounded itself as the BSP in April 1990.[13]
The party formed a government after the
In the 2001 Bulgarian presidential election, party chairman Georgi Parvanov was elected the president of Bulgaria on the second round, defeating on the second ballot incumbent candidate Petar Stoyanov from the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS). Parvanov resigned as party chairman and was succeeded by Sergey Stanishev. It was a break of the two-party system between the BSP and the SDS.[14]
After two full terms out of power (
In the
The BSP supported the
BSP agreed to be a part of the Petkov Government, together with PP, ITN and DB, receiving the ministries of social care, healthcare, agriculture and economy, with Chairwoman Korneliya Ninova also receiving the position of Deputy Prime Minister.[30]
During the January Congress, Ninova's resignation was rejected, meaning that Ninova continued on as Chairwoman of the BSP, until the end of her mandate in 2024.[31]
Ideology
Founded as the legal successor to the
Like most
In recent times under the leadership of
Membership
The party is the largest in Bulgaria by number of members, having 105,000 members as of 2016, down from 130,000 in 2013,[42] 150,000 in 2012, 210,000 in 2009, 250,000 in 1996, and around 1 million members during the late period of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.[12][43] In 2020, it had 80,236 members.[44]
List of chairmen
No. | Name (birth–death) |
Portrait | Term of office | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aleksandar Lilov (1933–2013) |
3 April 1990 | 12 December 1991 | |
2 | Zhan Videnov (born 1959) |
N/A | 12 December 1991 | 21 December 1996 |
3 | Georgi Parvanov (born 1957) |
21 December 1996 | 5 December 2001 | |
4 | Sergey Stanishev (born 1966) |
5 December 2001 | 27 July 2014 | |
5 | Mihail Mikov (born 1960) |
27 July 2014 | 8 May 2016
| |
6 | Korneliya Ninova (born 1969) |
8 May 2016 |
present |
Videnov Era
During the chairmanship of Zhan Videnov, the party followed the customary line for socialist parties – it rejected the large-scale privatization efforts of the SDS and instead moved toward a "mass" or "social" privatization campaign, which was intended to allow working and middle-class individuals ("the masses") to obtain stocks in various enterprises earmarked for privatization, as opposed to those shares only being sold to private investors on the stock market. The party under Videnov opposed what was perceived as the strong political and economic over-reliance on the United States, and instead sought to foster more friendly relations with the neighbouring PASOK-ruled Greece and SPS-ruled FR Yugoslavia.[45]
Parvanov Era
Parvanov, who had also been on the Bulgarian-Greek Parliamentary Friendship Committee, and was later elected as president of Bulgaria, chose to keep a degree of public distancing between party and state institutions and instead resigned his membership in the party following his elections. Though the Bulgarian constitution requires the President to resign any leadership positions within political parties, it does not require the officeholder to give up his party membership completely.[46] He instead hand-picked Sergey Stanishev as his successor for the position.[47] During his chairmanship, however, he opposed the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. He stated that this was not a position against NATO, but only against its military operation. He stated that he would support Bulgaria's entry into NATO, but insisted that such an accession should only happen after negotiations with Russia.[48] Though he was considered a member of the party's liberal wing,[49] Parvanov also reached out to its more left-wing members and restored the party membership of Todor Zhivkov, who ruled the country for over 30 years during the socialist period and who was still very popular among socialists.[50]
After having successfully completed two presidential terms, he re-joined the socialist party and initially put himself forward for another mandate as chairman, but withdrew it before the party's congress in 2012.[51] Two years later, he was expelled from the party for "damaging its prestige", which he condemned as an authoritarian decision by the party's authorities.[52] He then became the first former chairman to found his own separate party - the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival.[53]
Stanishev Era
Sergey Stanishev was noted in his policy shift away from the traditional understanding of the left, and toward a more pro-Western, pro-European and social-liberal worldview. Having formed what was dubbed a 'liberal' tripartite coalition, he signed the accords for Bulgaria's entry into the European Union and NATO, while also implementing economic reforms that were criticised as being neoliberal and contrary to socialism,[54][55] such as the flat tax that replaced progressive taxation in the country.[56] Because of this, he became highly polarizing within the socialist party, generating harsh internal opposition and leading to the defection of the party's leftmost wing, the 'Marxist platform'. Having decisively lost in the 2009 election, he was successful in managing to form a government after the 2013 election, however his approach backfired, as it required the parliamentary support of the pro-Turkish Movement for Rights and Freedoms and nationalist Attack, both of which proved incredibly controversial. This led to protests, culminating in the resignations of both Stanishev and the government. Following the end of his chairmanship, the party adopted what was popularly dubbed the "anti-Stanishev amendment", which effectively barred him from returning to this position in the future.[57] Stanishev then left Bulgarian politics and instead moved to the European level, where he was elected as the chairman for the Party of European Socialists.[58]
Mikov Era
Mihail Mikov entered into his chairmanship under a promise to "consolidate and modernise" the party, as well as "protect its socialist and social democratic ideals", adding that the party's foremost responsibility was "the rehabilitation of the social state".[59][60] However the unpopularity of the government led to a major decrease in support for the BSP, due to its association with the pro-Turkish Movement for Rights and Freedoms and nationalist Attack. In the 2014 Bulgarian parliamentary election the party obtained its worst result on record by that point. Mikov accepted responsibility for the result and chose to go into opposition. He nevertheless ran for re-election as Chairman of the Socialist Party, but lost to Korneliya Ninova, thus becoming the first incumbent socialist chairman to lose his bid for re-election.[61] Ninova then became the first woman to be elected as the party's chairperson.[62]
Ninova Era
Ninova's initial approach to managing the party was to present for election independent popular candidates, who nevertheless shared much of the socialists' worldview, as the party's candidates. This was exemplified by her decision to back
However and much more controversially, around this time Ninova began to shift the party's orientation toward traditionalism and social conservatism, advocating against same-sex marriage and the Istanbul Convention, as well as taking a harsh stance against perceived 'gender ideology'.[63][64]
These changes to the party's philosophy also proved very internally divisive, and many factions formed to oppose Ninova within her own party, further galvanized by the fact that Ninova had taken part in privatization deals during the 90s. This internal opposition also accused Ninova of acting in a very authoritarian manner in attempting to crush internal dissent, comparing her to SDS leader
Due to these and other reasons, the BSP obtained poor results during three consecutive snap parliamentary elections held in 2021, with the party obtaining its worst electoral result in its history. Due to this bad electoral performance, Ninova was asked, but refused to resign from her post.[71] However, many party organizations, including the BSP's own youth wing demanded that she resign, which she agreed to do the following day. However, Ninova later stated that her resignation was not yet valid and she would remain the party's chairperson until a congress approved it at an undefined later date.[72][73] Nevertheless, the BSP's national council gave Ninova its approval for her to negotiate the BSP's support for a government led by We Continue the Change, the new pro-Radev party that had won the November election.[74]
In late November 2021, BSP agreed to enter the Petkov Government.
In August 2023, BSP leader Korneliya Ninova highlighted her party's role in amending Bulgaria's Protection Against Domestic Violence Act, asserting that the changes uphold the Constitution. The revised "intimate relationship" definition specifies male and female, extending protection to relationships lasting over 60 days. The amendment, adopted during an extraordinary parliamentary session, sparked debate on gender inclusivity and was met with criticisms regarding the timeline of protection.[75]
Electoral history
National Assembly
Election | Coalition | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Coalition totals) | (Coalition totals) | |||||
1990 | None | 2,887,766 | 47.15 (1st) | 211 / 400
|
Majority | |
1991 | Pre-Electoral Union | 1,836,050 | 33.14 (2nd) | 106 / 240
|
105 | Opposition |
1994 | Democratic Left | 2,262,943 | 43.50 (1st) | 125 / 240
|
19 | Coalition |
1997 | Democratic Left | 939,308 | 22.07 (2nd) | 58 / 240
|
67 | Opposition |
2001 | Coalition for Bulgaria
|
783,372 | 17.15 (3rd) | 48 / 240
|
10 | Opposition |
2005 | Coalition for Bulgaria
|
1,129,196 | 30.95 (1st) | 82 / 240
|
34 | Coalition |
2009 | Coalition for Bulgaria
|
748,114 | 17.70 (2nd) | 40 / 240
|
42 | Opposition |
2013 | Coalition for Bulgaria
|
942,541 | 26.61 (2nd) | 84 / 240
|
44 | Coalition |
2014 | BSP – Left Bulgaria | 505,527 | 15.40 (2nd) | 39 / 240
|
45 | Opposition |
2017 | BSP for Bulgaria | 955,490 | 27.20 (2nd) | 80 / 240
|
41 | Opposition |
Apr 2021 | BSP for Bulgaria | 480,146 | 15.01 (3rd) | 43 / 240
|
37 | Snap election |
Jul 2021 | BSP for Bulgaria | 365,695 | 13.39 (3rd) | 36 / 240
|
7 | Snap election |
Nov 2021 | BSP for Bulgaria | 267,816 | 10.07 (4th) | 26 / 240
|
10 | Coalition |
2022 | BSP for Bulgaria | 232,898 | 8.98 (5th) | 25 / 240
|
1 | Snap election |
2023 | BSP for Bulgaria | 225,914 | 8.56 (5th) | 23 / 240
|
2 | Opposition |
European Parliament
Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
---|---|---|---|---|
2007 | 414,786 | 21.41 (2nd) | 5 / 18
|
|
2009 | 476,618 | 18.50 (2nd) | 4 / 18
|
1 |
2014 | 424,037 | 18.93 (2nd) | 4 / 17
|
|
2019 | 474,160 | 24.26 (2nd) | 5 / 17
|
1 |
President
Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Rank | Votes | % | Result | ||
1992 | Velko Valkanov | 1,549,970 | 30.44 | 2nd | 2,443,434 | 47.15 | Lost |
1996 | Ivan Marazov | 1,158,204 | 27.01 | 2nd | 1,687,242 | 40.27 | Lost |
2001 | Georgi Parvanov | 1,032,665 | 36.39 | 1st | 2,043,443 | 54.13 | Won |
2006 | Georgi Parvanov | 1,780,119 | 64.05 | 1st | 2,050,488 | 75.95 | Won |
2011 | Ivaylo Kalfin
|
974,300 | 28.96 | 2nd | 1,531,193 | 47.42 | Lost |
2016 | Rumen Radev | 973,754 | 25.44 | 1st | 2,063,032 | 59.37 | Won |
2021 | Rumen Radev | 1,322,385 | 49.42 | 1st | 1,539,650 | 66.72 | Won |
Symbols and logos
-
Old party logo
Notes
- ^ Other party leaders, such as Georgi Kadiev, the mayor of Sofia party candidate in 2009 and 2011, took part to the 2011 LGBT pride.[36]
- anti-LGBT groups, and anti-LGBT rhetoric and discrimination increased during the 2020–2021 Bulgarian protests, of which the BSP took part alongside other anti-government forces, against the incumbent right-wing government. The strong opposition among most Bulgarian political forces to the Istanbul Convention was also an issue of mistranslation.[37][39]
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The BSP describes itself as a modern socialist party, and its policies do espouse the ideas of democratic socialism and the social market economy, but at the same time it has ... been somewhat socially conservative
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Ninova hat einen auf soziale Themen fokussierten und nationalistisch angehauchten Wahlkampf geführt.
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- ^ "Votŭt v BSP: Ninova pecheli vtori mandat s 43 228 glasa, 7 914 sotsialisti podkrepyat Dobrev" Вотът в БСП: Нинова печели втори мандат с 43 228 гласа, 7 914 социалисти подкрепят Добрев [The vote in BSP: Ninova wins a second term with 43,228 votes, 7,914 socialists voted for Dobrev]. Dnevnik. 13 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
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Bibliography
- Bell, John D. (2009). Bulgaria In Transition: Politics, Economics, Society, and Culture after Communism. Routledge. ISBN 9780429723834. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Google Books.
- Jeffries, Ian (2002). Eastern Europe at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781134561513. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Google Books.
- Popivanov, Boris (2014). Changing Images of the Left in Bulgaria: An Old-and-New Divide? (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 9783838267173. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Google Books.
- Spirova, Maria (2007). Political Parties in Post-Communist Societies: Formation, Persistence, and Change (illustrated ed.). Springer. ISBN 9780230605664. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Google Books.
Further reading
- "Bulgarian Socialist Party". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
- "The Bulgarian Socialist Party". Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 1 November 1990. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Refworld.
- "Programme of the Bulgarian Socialist Party". October 1994. Retrieved 16 October 2021 – via Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
External links
- Official website (in Bulgarian)