Bulgarians

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Bulgarian people
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This article is about the ethnic group. For the medieval tribes, see Bulgars. For other uses, see Bulgarians (disambiguation).

Bulgarians
българи
bŭlgari
Total population
c. 9 million[1][2]
Torlak speakers in Serbia.
^ a: The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624.[46] The question on ethnicity was voluntary and 10% of the population did not declare any ethnicity,[47] thus the figure is considered an underestimation. Ethnic Bulgarians are estimated at around 6 million, 85% of the population.[48]
^ b: Estimates[49][50] of the number of Pomaks whom most scholars categorize as Bulgarians[51][52]
^ c: According to the 2002 census there were 1,417 Bulgarians in North Macedonia.[53] Between 2003 and 2017, according to the data provided by Bulgarian authorities some 87,483[54]-200,000[55] permanent residents of North Macedonia declared Bulgarian origin in their applications for Bulgarian citizenship, of which 67,355 requests were granted. A minor part of them are among the total of 2,934 North Macedonia-born residents, who are residing in Bulgaria by 2016.[56]
^ d: by citizenship excluding dual citizens
^ e: by single ethnic group per person
^ f: by foreign-born
^ h: by heritage
^ n: by legal nationality
^ m: by nationality, naturalisation and descendant background

Bulgarians (

Greece
they exist as historical communities.

Etymology

See also: Bulgars

Bulgarians derive their ethnonym from the Bulgars. Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD,

Proto-Turkic word *bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative *bulgak ("revolt", "disorder").[61] Alternative etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto-Turkic (Oghuric) *bel ("five") and *gur ("arrow" in the sense of "tribe"), a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ("ten tribes").[62]

Citizenship

According to art. 25(1) of

Republic of Bulgaria, should they not be entitled to any other citizenship by virtue of origin. Bulgarian citizenship shall further be acquirable through naturalization.[63] About 85% of Bulgaria's population identified themselves as ethnic Bulgarians in 2021 Bulgarian census.[64]

Ethnogenesis

Bulgarians are descended from peoples of vastly different origins and numbers, and are thus the result of a "melting pot" effect. The main ethnic elements which blended in to produce the modern Bulgarian ethnicity are:

  • Balkan population predating Slavs and Bulgars;[68][69][70]
  • Early Slavs – an Indo-European group of tribes that migrated from Eastern Europe into the Balkans in the 6th–7th century CE and imposed their language and culture on the local Thracian, Roman and Greek communities. Approx. 40% of Bulgarian autosomal make-up comes from a northeastern European population that admixed with the native population in 400–1000 CE;[68][71]
  • Bulgars – a semi-nomadic tribal federation from Central Asia that settled in the northeast of the Balkans in 7th century CE, federated with the local Slavic and Slavicized population, organised the early medieval Bulgarian statehood and bequeathed their ethnonym to the modern Bulgarian ethnicity, while eventually assimilating into the Slavic population.[72][73] Approximately 2.3% of Bulgarian genes originate in Central Asia, corresponding to Asian tribes such as the Bulgars, with admixture peaking in the 9th century CE;[74]

The indigenous Thracians left a cultural and genetic legacy.

Scythia Minor and Moesia Inferior appear to have been Romanized,[82] although the region became a focus of barbarian re-settlements (various Goths and Huns) during the 4th and early 5th centuries AD,[83] before a further "Romanization" episode during the early 6th century.[84] According to archeological evidence from the late periods of Roman rule, the Romans did not decrease the number of Thracians significantly in major cities. By the 4th century the major city of Serdica had predominantly Thracian populace based on epigraphic evidence, which shows prevailing Latino-Thracian given names, but thereafter the names were completely replaced by Christian ones.[85]

The early Slavs emerged from their original homeland in the early 6th century, and spread to most of the eastern

Antes.[88] Some Bulgarian scholars suggest that the Antes became one of the ancestors of the modern Bulgarians.[88]

The Bulgars are first mentioned in the 4th century in the vicinity of the

confederations,[89][90][91][92] specifically as part of loosely related Oghuric tribes which spanned from the Pontic steppe to central Asia.[93] However, any direct connection between the Bulgars and postulated Asian counterparts rest on little more than speculative and "contorted etymologies".[94] Some Bulgarian historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe and suggest an Iranian origin.[95][96] Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranian hypothesis".[97][98] According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.[99] Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.[100]

In the 670s, some Bulgar tribes, the Danube Bulgars led by

Scythia Minor, as the capital Pliska
was built on the site of a former Slavic settlement.

During the Early Byzantine Era, the Roman provincials in Scythia Minor and Moesia Secunda were already engaged in economic and social exchange with the 'barbarians' north of the Danube. This might have facilitated their eventual Slavonization,[104] although the majority of the population appears to have been withdrawn to the hinterland of Constantinople or Asia Minor prior to any permanent Slavic and Bulgar settlement south of the Danube.[105] The major port towns in Pontic Bulgaria remained Byzantine Greek in their outlook. The large scale population transfers and territorial expansions during the 8th and 9th century, additionally increased the number of the Slavs and Byzantine Christians within the state, making the Bulgars quite obviously a minority.[106] The establishment of a new state molded the various Slav, Bulgar and earlier or later populations into the "Bulgarian people" of the First Bulgarian Empire[73][107][108] speaking a South Slavic language.[109] In different periods to the ethnogenesis of the local population contributed also different Indo-European and Turkic people, who settled or lived on the Balkans.

Bulgarian ethnogenetic conception

The Bulgarians are usually regarded as part of the

Aryan people, with a unique culture.[120][121]

Genetic origins

Main article: Genetic studies on Bulgarians
Historical contribution of donor source groups in European peoples according to Hellenthal et al., (2014). Polish is selected to represent Slavic-speaking donor groups from the Middle Ages that are estimated to make up 97% of the ancestry in Belarusians, 80% in Russians, 55% in Bulgarians, 54% in Hungarians, 48% in Romanians, 46% in Chuvash and 30% in Greeks.[122]

According to a triple analysis –

Gagauzes, and they are at similar proximity to Serbs and Montenegrins.[66]

Bulgarians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:

Pontic steppe in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.[123]

History

Part of a series on
Bulgarians
Българи
Coat of arms of Bulgaria
Culture
By country
Subgroups
Religion
Language
Other
Officers from Bulgarian hussar regiment in Russia (1776–1783)
See also: Nationalism in the Middle Ages, Byzantine commonwealth, and Rum Millet

The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681. After the adoption of

Preslav at the eve of the 10th century.[126] The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy in the country had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures and it also stimulated the development of a distinct ethnic identity.[127] A symbiosis was carried out between the numerically weak Bulgars and the numerous Slavic tribes in that broad area from the Danube to the north, to the Aegean Sea to the south, and from the Adriatic Sea to the west, to the Black Sea to the east, who accepted the common ethnonym "Bulgarians".[128] During the 10th century, the Bulgarians established a form of national identity that was far from modern nationalism but helped them to survive as a distinct entity through the centuries.[129][130]

In 1018, Bulgaria lost its independence and remained a Byzantine subject until 1185, when the

Catholic community in the northwestern part of the country.[140] At that time, a process of partial Hellenization occurred among the intelligentsia and the urban population, as a result of the higher status of the Greek culture and the Greek Orthodox Church among the Balkan Christians. During the second half of the 18th century, the Enlightenment in Western Europe provided influence for the initiation of the National awakening of Bulgaria in 1762.[141]

Some Bulgarians supported the Russian Army when they crossed the Danube in the middle of the 18th century. Russia worked to convince them to settle in areas recently conquered by it, especially in Bessarabia. As a consequence, many Bulgarian refugees settled there, and later they formed two military regiments, as part of the Russian military colonization of the area in 1759–1763.[142]

Bulgarian national movement

See also: Bulgarian Millet

During the

rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire
led to a struggle for cultural and religious autonomy of the Bulgarian people. The Bulgarians wanted to have their own schools and liturgy in Bulgarian, and they needed an independent ecclesiastical organisation. Discontent with the supremacy of the Greek Orthodox clergy, the struggle started to flare up in several Bulgarian dioceses in the 1820s.

It was not until the 1850s when the Bulgarians initiated a purposeful struggle against the

Adrianople regions, returning them under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Also an autonomous Ottoman province, called Eastern Rumelia was created in Northern Thrace. As a consequence, the Bulgarian national movement proclaimed as its aim the inclusion of most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia
under Greater Bulgaria.

Eastern Rumelia was annexed to Bulgaria in 1885 through bloodless revolution. During the early 1890s, two pro-Bulgarian revolutionary organizations were founded: the

Macedonian Slavs were identified then predominantly as Bulgarians, and significant Bulgarophile sentiments endured up among them until the end of the Second World War.[144][145][146][147][148]

In the early 20th century the control over Macedonia became a key point of contention between Bulgaria, Greece, and

(1941–1944)
.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria
Map of the Bulgarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Bulgarian ancestry or citizenship).
  Bulgaria
  + 100,000
  + 10,000
  + 1,000

Most Bulgarians live in

Canada, Austria, and Germany and labour emigration at the end of the 1990s, directed for the most part to Greece, Italy, the UK and Spain. Migrations to the West have been quite steady even in the late 1990s and early 21st century, as people continue moving to countries like the US, Canada and Australia. Most Bulgarians living in Canada can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and the provinces with the most Bulgarians in Canada are Ontario and Quebec. According to the 2001 census there were 1,124,240 Bulgarian citizens in the city of Sofia,[150] 302,858 in Plovdiv, 300,000 in Varna and about 200,000 in Burgas. The total number of Bulgarians stood at over 9 million.[151][152]

Associated ethnic groups

Bulgarians are considered most closely related to the

Torlak speakers in Serbia are also closely related to Bulgarians. The greater part of these people were considered Bulgarians by most ethnographers until the early 20th century and beyond.[153][154][155][156]

Culture

Language

Main article: Bulgarian language

Bulgarians speak a

mutually intelligible with Macedonian and to a lesser degree with Serbo-Croatian, especially the eastern dialects.[157] The lexical similarities between Bulgarian and Macedonian are 86%, between Bulgarian and other Slavic languages between 71% and 80%, but with the Baltic languages they are 40–46%, while with English are about 20%.[158][159] Less than a dozen Bulgarian words are derived from Turkic Bulgar.[73]

Bulgarian demonstrates some linguistic developments that set it apart from other Slavic languages shared with

Medieval Bulgarian
influenced the other South Slavic languages and Romanian. With Bulgarian and Russian there was a mutual influence in both directions. Both languages were official or a lingua franca of each other during the Middle Ages and the Cold War. Recently, Bulgarian has borrowed many words from German, French and English.

The Bulgarian language is spoken by the majority of the Bulgarian diaspora, but less so by the descendants of earlier emigrants to the U.S., Canada, Argentina and Brazil.

Bulgarian linguists consider the officialized Macedonian language (since 1944) to be a local codified variation of Bulgarian, just as most ethnographers and linguists until the early 20th century considered the local Slavic speech in the Macedonian region as Bulgarian dialects.[citation needed] The president of Bulgaria, Zhelyu Zhelev, declined to recognize Macedonian as a separate language when North Macedonia became a new independent state. The Bulgarian language is written in the Cyrillic script.

Cyrillic alphabet

Main article:
Cyrillic alphabet
Old Bulgarian
language

In the first half of the 10th century, the

Church Slavonic was the official language of the princely chancellery
and of the church until the end of the 17th century.

Name system

Main article: Bulgarian name

There are several different layers of Bulgarian names. The vast majority of them have either Christian (names like Lazar,

Boris
has spread from Bulgaria to a number of countries in the world.

Most Bulgarian male surnames have an -ov

John Atanasoff), but more often as -ov (e.g. Boyko Borisov). The -ov suffix is the Slavic gender-agreeing suffix, thus Ivanov (Bulgarian
: Иванов) literally means "Ivan's". Bulgarian middle names are patronymic and use the gender-agreeing suffix as well, thus the middle name of Nikola's son becomes Nikolov, and the middle name of Ivan's son becomes Ivanov. Since names in Bulgarian are gender-based, Bulgarian women have the -ova surname suffix (Cyrillic: -овa), for example, Maria Ivanova. The plural form of Bulgarian names ends in -ovi (Cyrillic: -ови), for example the Ivanovi family (Иванови).

Other common Bulgarian male surnames have the -ev surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ев), for example Stoev, Ganchev, Peev, and so on. The female surname in this case would have the -eva surname suffix (Cyrillic: -ева), for example: Galina Stoeva. The last name of the entire family then would have the plural form of -evi (Cyrillic: -еви), for example: the Stoevi family (Стоеви).

Another typical Bulgarian surname suffix, though less common, is -ski. This surname ending also gets an –a when the bearer of the name is female (Smirnenski becomes Smirnenska). The plural form of the surname suffix -ski is still -ski, e.g. the Smirnenski family (Смирненски).

The ending –in (female -ina) also appears rarely. It used to be given to the child of an unmarried woman (for example the son of Kuna will get the surname Kunin and the son of Gana – Ganin). The surname suffix -ich can be found only occasionally, primarily among the Roman Catholic Bulgarians. The surname ending –ich does not get an additional –a if the bearer of the name is female.

Religion

Main articles: Eastern Orthodox Church and Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Map of the Bulgarian Exarchate (1870–1913). The Ottomans required a threshold of two thirds of positive votes of the Orthodox population to include a region into this jurisdiction.[160]

Most Bulgarians are at least nominally members of the

autocephalous since 927 AD). The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is the independent national church of Bulgaria like the other national branches of the Eastern Orthodox communion and is considered a dominating element of Bulgarian national consciousness. The church was abolished once, during the period of Ottoman rule (1396—1878), in 1873 it was revived as Bulgarian Exarchate and soon after raised again to Bulgarian Patriarchate. In 2021, the Orthodox Church at least nominally had a total of 4,219,270 members in Bulgaria (71.5% of the population),[161][162] down from 6,552,000 (83%) at the 2001 census. 3,980,131 of these pointed out the Bulgarian ethnic group (79% of the total Bulgarian ethnic group).[163][161] The Orthodox Bulgarian minorities in Romania, Serbia, Greece, Albania, Ukraine and Moldova
nowadays hold allegiance to the respective national Orthodox churches.

Despite the position of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as a unifying symbol for all Bulgarians, small groups of Bulgarians have converted to other faiths through the course of time. During Ottoman rule, a substantial number of Bulgarians converted to Islam, forming the community of the

Paulicians in the districts of Plovdiv and Svishtov to Roman Catholicism. Nowadays there are some 40,000 Roman Catholic Bulgarians in Bulgaria, additional 10,000 in the Banat
in Romania and up to 100,000 people of Bulgarian ancestry in South America. The Roman Catholic Bulgarians of the Banat are also descendants of Paulicians who fled there at the end of the 17th century after an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottomans. Protestantism was introduced in Bulgaria by missionaries from the United States in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays there are some 25,000 Protestant Bulgarians in Bulgaria.

Art and science

Main articles:
Bulgarian dances
Atanasoff-Berry computer, legally the inventor of the electronic digital computer in the U.S. and considered the "father of the computer".[166][167][168]

Boris Christoff, Nicolai Ghiaurov, Raina Kabaivanska and Ghena Dimitrova made a precious contribution to opera singing with Ghiaurov and Christoff being two of the greatest bassos in the post-war period. Similarly, Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean is one of the best-known harpists today. Bulgarians have made valuable contributions to world culture in modern times as well.

Christo is among the most famous representatives of environmental art, with projects such as the Wrapped Reichstag
.

Bulgarians in the diaspora have also been active. American scientists and inventors of Bulgarian descent include

atomic bomb and also penned Crown of Thorns, a biography of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria
.

Cuisine

Main article: Bulgarian cuisine
Bulgarian peach kompot – non alcoholic clear juice obtained by cooking fruit

Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of

tarator. There are many different Bulgarian pastries as well such as banitsa
.

Most Bulgarian dishes are oven baked, steamed, or in the form of stew. Deep-frying is not very typical, but grilling—especially different kinds of meats—is very common. Pork meat is the most common meat in the Bulgarian cuisine. Oriental dishes do exist in Bulgarian cuisine with most common being

gyuvetch, and baklava. A very popular ingredient in Bulgarian cuisine is the Bulgarian white brine cheese called "sirene" (сирене). It is the main ingredient in many salads, as well as in a variety of pastries. Fish and chicken are widely eaten and while beef is less common as most cattle are bred for milk production rather than meat, veal is a natural byproduct of this process and it is found in many popular recipes. Bulgaria is a net exporter of lamb and its own consumption of the meat is prevalent during its production time in spring.[169] The bread and salt
tradition, which is widespread among Balto-Slavs, is the usual welcome given tostrangers and politicians.

Folk beliefs and customs

Main articles:
Slavic mythology
Kukeri from the area of Burgas
Girls celebrating Lazaruvane from Gabrа, Sofia Province

Bulgarians may celebrate Saint Theodore's Day with horse racings. At Christmas Eve a Pogača with fortunes is cooked, which are afterwards put under the pillow. At Easter the first egg is painted red and is kept for a whole year. On the Baptism of Jesus a competition to catch the cross in the river is held and is believed the sky is "opened" and any wish will be fulfilled.

Bulgarians as well as

nestinarstvo (нестинарство), or firedancing, distinguishes the Strandzha region, as well as Dog spinning. The authentic nestinarstvo with states of trance is only preserved in the village Balgari
. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain.

St. Vlas, the tradition of a "wooly" god Veles established itself, a god who is considered to be a protector of shepherds, and bread is given to the livestock on that day.[175] The ancient Slavic custom to marry died people occurred in Bulgarian society.[175] Survakane is performed each new year with a decorated stick by children, who hit adults on the back for health at the New Year Eve, usually in exchange of money. In the Chech region there is a custom forbidding "touching the land", i.e. construction and agriculture, at the equinox on 25 March and the same custom is found in Belarusian Volhynia and Polesia.[175]

Bulgarian mythology and fairy tales are mainly about forest figures, such as the dragon zmey, the nymphs samovili (samodivi), the witch veshtitsa. They are usually harmful and devastating, but can also help the people. The samovili are said to live in beeches and sycamores the, which are therefore considered holy and not permitted burning.

Poludnica are believed to be evil spirits causing death, while to Lesnik, Domovnik and Vodnik a dualistic nature is attributed.[175] Thanks to the Vlshebnik, a man of the community, a magician and a priest, communication with the "other" world was held.[175] Torbalan is the Sack Man used to scare children, along with Baba Yaga, who is a witch in her Bulgarian version.[175]

Nasreddin Hoca, whereas Bay Ganyo
is a ridiculed Bulgarian villager. Ivancho and Mariika are the protagonists of the jokes.

Despite eastern Ottoman influence is obvious in areas such as cuisine and music, Bulgarian folk beliefs and mythology seem to lack analogies with

Asparuh's Bulgars is popular,[177][178][179] but Slavic elements are found among them.[180]

Folk dress and music

Bulgarian folk dancers in a national costume with embroidery on the penultimate row of the aprons showing the most spread Slavic cryptogram Bur[181] with a cross inside the rhombus representing the sun and spirals indicating rain,[182] which is similarly represented as the Rising Sun[183] decorative pattern of the Flag of Belarus. Similar carpet patterns appear on the Flag of Turkmenistan ultimately derived from ancient Persia.

Bulgarian folk costumes feature long white robes, usually with red embrdoiery and ornaments derived from the Slavic Rachenik. The costume is considered to be mainly derived from the dress of the

Ukrainian hutsul, but the kalpak is attributed to Ottoman influence. The male skirt fustanella appears on the dress only of the Macedonian Bulgarians and is of indigenous Balkan origin or influence. In some dress of Thrace the symbol of the snake as in medieval tombs is found and is considered a Thracian cultural legacy and belief.[175]

Folk songs are most often about the nymphs from Bulgarian and

horo and khorovod. Songs are generally loud. Recent eastern influences from the genre music chalga and turbo-folk
even brought a prestige for the masculine voices of females.

Valya Balkanska is a folk singer thanks to whom the Bulgarian speech in her song "Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin" will be played in the Outer space for at least 60,000 years more as part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.

Sport

Main article:
World Chess Champion
.

As for most European peoples,

1994 World Cup. Dimitar Berbatov, formerly in Manchester United, Tottenham Hotspur, Bayer Leverkusen
and others, the national team and two domestic clubs, is still the most popular Bulgarian football player of the 21st century.

In the beginning of the 20th century Bulgaria was famous for two of the best wrestlers in the world –

Ivet Lalova along with Irina Privalova is currently the fastest white woman at 100 metres. Kaloyan Mahlyanov has been the first European sumo wrestler to win the Emperor's Cup in Japan. Veselin Topalov won the 2005 World Chess Championship
. He was ranked No. 1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world No. 1 ranking again in October 2008.

Symbols

The national symbols of the Bulgarians are the

National anthem and the National Guard, as well other unofficial symbols such as the Samara flag
.

The national flag of Bulgaria is a rectangle with three colours: white, green, and red, positioned horizontally top to bottom. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. It is generally known that the white represents – the sky, the green – the forest and nature and the red – the blood of the people, referencing the strong bond of the nation through all the wars and revolutions that have shaken the country in the past. The Coat of arms of Bulgaria is a state symbol of the sovereignty and independence of the Bulgarian people and state. It represents a crowned rampant golden lion on a dark red background with the shape of a shield. Above the shield there is a crown modeled after the crowns of the emperors of the Second Bulgarian Empire, with five crosses and an additional cross on top. Two crowned rampant golden lions hold the shield from both sides, facing it. They stand upon two crossed oak branches with acorns, which symbolize the power and the longevity of the Bulgarian state. Under the shield, there is a white band lined with the three national colours. The band is placed across the ends of the branches and the phrase "Unity Makes Strength" is inscribed on it.

Both the Bulgarian flag and the Coat of Arms are also used as symbols of various Bulgarian organisations, political parties and institutions.

The horse of the

stotinka
.

Maps

  • Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908
    Map of A. Scobel, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1908
  • Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopædia Britannica
    Distribution of the Balkan peoples in 1911, Encyclopædia Britannica
  • Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by William R. Shepherd, 1911
    Ethnic groups in the Balkans and Asia Minor by
    William R. Shepherd
    , 1911
  • Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein
    Distribution of European peoples in 1914 according to L. Ravenstein
  • Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys
    Swiss ethnographic map of Europe published in 1918 by Juozas Gabrys
  • Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian
    Percentage of Pomaks by first language according to the 1965 Census excluding Bulgarian
  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census
    Distribution of Bulgarians in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census
  • Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census
    Distribution of Bulgarians by first language in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine according to the 2001 census
  • Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census
    Distribution of predominant ethnic groups in Bulgaria according to the 2011 census
  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census
    Distribution of Bulgarians in Romania according to the 2002 census
  • Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census
    Distribution of Bulgarians in Moldova according to the 2004 census

Historiography

See also: List of Slavic studies journals

With the formation of the Bulgarian ethnicity in the mid-10th century,[187][188] the Byzantines usually called the Bulgarians Moesi, and their lands, Moesia.[189]

See also

References

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    . The so-called Kapantsi - an ethnographic group living mainly in the Razgrad and Turgovishte, area of north-east Bulgaria - are believed to be descendants of Asparuh's Bulgars who have maintained at least something of their original heritage...the traditional costumes of Bulgaria are derived mainly from the ancient Slav costumes...Women's costumes fall into four main categories: one-apron, two-apron, sukman and saya. Like men's costumes, these are not intrinsically separate types, but have evolved from the original chemise and apron worn by the early Slavs...Directly descended with little mutation from the dress of the ancient Slavs, the one-apron ...
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  184. ISBN 9781847883988
    . Bulgarian women's dress include overgarments that are joined at the shoulders and are considered to have evolved from the sarafan. (the pinafore dress typically worn by women of various Slav nations). This type of garment includes the soukman and the saya and aprons that fasten at the waist that are also attributed to a Slavic origin.
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    . Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  187. ISBN 978-0-521-61637-9
    .
  188. ISBN 978-0472081493
    .
  189. ISBN 9004409939
    .

Sources

External links