Buprenorphine/naloxone
Combination of | |
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Buprenorphine | Opioid modulator |
Naloxone | Opioid antagonist |
Clinical data | |
Trade names | Suboxone, Bunavail, Zubsolv, others[1] |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
License data | |
Pregnancy category |
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Sublingual, buccal | |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
KEGG | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose
Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing),
At lower doses, buprenorphine results in the usual
The combination formulation was approved for medical use in the U.S. in 2002,
Medical uses
Buprenorphine/naloxone is used for the treatment of opioid use disorder.[14] Long-term outcomes are generally better with use of buprenorphine/naloxone than attempts at stopping opioid use altogether.[7] This includes a lower risk of overdose with medication use.[7] Due to the high binding affinity and low activation at the opioid receptor, cravings and withdrawal for opioids are decreased while preventing a person from getting high and relapsing on another opioid. The combination of the two medications is preferred over buprenorphine alone for maintenance treatment due to the presence of naloxone in the formulation, which is believed to help discourage intravenous use.[14] However, the belief that the addition of naloxone provides this benefit has been called into question, and posters on drug-related online forums have stated that they were able to attain a high by injecting preparations of buprenorphine despite being combined with naloxone.[9]
Buprenorphine/naloxone has been found to be effective for treating opioid dependence, and serves as a recommended first-line medication according to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Available forms
Buprenorphine/naloxone is available in sublingual formulations (that is, products that are dissolved under the tongue). There is no evidence that the tablet formulation is easier to divert and use in ways other than intended by the prescriber compared to the film formulation, or that the tablet formulation has a higher risk for accidental ingestion by children.
Contraindications
Contraindications are severe
Adverse effects
Side effects are similar to those of buprenorphine and other opioids.
Buprenorphine/naloxone has a milder side effect profile than methadone and limited respiratory effects, due to both agonist/antagonist effects. But buprenorphine/naloxone may be less safe than methadone in people with stable liver disease, since it can elevate liver enzymes.[27]
Dependence and withdrawal
When taken in excess, buprenorphine/naloxone can produce dysphoric symptoms for non opioid-dependent/tolerant people because buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist. The sublingual formulation of the buprenorphine/naloxone combination was designed to reduce the potential to inject the medication in comparison to buprenorphine alone. If the combination is taken sublingually, as directed, the addition of naloxone does not diminish buprenorphine's effects. When an opioid-dependent person dissolves and injects a combination sublingual tablet, it is believed that a withdrawal effect may be triggered because of naloxone's high parenteral bioavailability.[28] However, the efficacy of naloxone in preventing misuse by injection has more recently been brought into question and preparations including naloxone could even be less safe than preparations containing solely buprenorphine.[9] While this mechanism may act to deter intravenous injection, the Suboxone formulation can still produce an opioid agonist "high" if used sublingually by non-dependent persons, leading to opioid dependence.[28][29]
Interactions
Buprenorphine's sedating/narcotic effect is increased by other sedating substances, such as other opioids, benzodiazepines, first-generation
Strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, moderately increase buprenorphine concentrations; CYP3A4 inducers can theoretically decrease concentrations of buprenorphine.[3][17]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Buprenorphine binds strongly to opioid receptors and acts as a pain-reducing medication in the central nervous system (CNS). It binds to the μ-opioid receptor with high affinity, which produces the analgesic effects in the CNS. It is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and a weak κ-opioid receptor antagonist. As a partial agonist, buprenorphine binds and activates the opioid receptors, but has only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. It is thus well-suited to treat opioid dependence, as it produces milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and habit-forming potential.
Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that competes with opioid molecules in the CNS and prevents them from binding to the opioid receptors.
The principle behind its function as a deterrent is as follows: when taken sublingually as prescribed, buprenorphine's effects at the opioid receptor dominate, while naloxone's effects are negligible due to the low oral absorption. But when someone attempts to misuse the medication via either injection or inhalation, the naloxone is intended to act as an antagonist and either reduce the opioid's euphoric effects or even precipitate withdrawal in those dependent on opioids.[15] This helps reduce the potential for deviating from the prescriber's intended use relative to buprenorphine, though it does not eradicate it.[32] One reason that naloxone might have limited efficacy as an abuse deterrent is that buprenorphine binds more tightly to the mu-opioid receptor than naloxone.[32]
Pharmacokinetics
There are small differences in the pharmacokinetics between different sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone products.[19] These differences may require changes in dose when a person switches from one product to another.[19] The buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film (e.g. trade name Suboxone) achieves higher buprenorphine maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC, a measure of total drug exposure) than the original buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets at equal doses.[19] For example, at a buprenorphine/naloxone dose of 8 mg/2 mg, the buprenorphine Cmax after a single dose of the original tablet formulation is around 3 ng/mL whereas that of the 8 mg/2 mg film formulation is around 3.55 ng/mL.[19] The Zubsolv trade name sublingual tablets have higher buprenorphine bioavailability than the original sublingual tablets, while the Bunavail trade name buccal films have the highest bioavailability.[19] For example, a single dose of Bunavail 4.2 mg/0.7 mg achieves a Cmax around 3.41 ng/mL.[19]
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine is
Naloxone
Naloxone is extensively inactivated by
Society and culture
Cost
While the cost of the medication buprenorphine/naloxone is greater than buprenorphine alone, one analysis predicted the overall costs would be less in the United States due to a lower risk of misuse.[34]
Access in the United States
Before the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA), physicians were not allowed to prescribe narcotics to treat opioid dependence. People with narcotic dependence had to go to registered clinics to receive treatment. With DATA, Suboxone was the first medication approved for office-based treatment for opioid dependence.[1] Suboxone has thus become widely used as a replacement for methadone as it can be prescribed by doctors in their offices, while methadone can only be provided at specialized addiction centers, of which there are a limited number, often making access difficult. Integrating Medication-Assisted Treatment into outpatient primary care practices improves patient access to Suboxone.[35] Some physicians are also leading a movement to begin prescribing it out of the emergency department (ED), as some small studies have shown ED-initiated Suboxone to be effective with people more likely to remain in addiction treatment compared to those either referred to addiction treatment programs or those receiving just a brief intervention in the department.[36][37]
Access to Suboxone can be limited due to varying
Controversies
In July 2019, the British company
References
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- ^ "Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021". Health Canada. 3 August 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Suboxone- buprenorphine hydrochloride, naloxone hydrochloride film, soluble". DailyMed. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
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- ^ "FDA approves first generic versions of Suboxone sublingual film, which may increase access to treatment for opioid dependence". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- ^ "Buprenorphine; Naloxone – Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
- ^ a b "Buprenorphine/Naloxone (Suboxone)". nami.org. National Alliance on Mental Illness. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
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- ^ "Statutes, Regulations, and Guidelines". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03.
- ^ a b c d e f Haberfeld, H, ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
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- ^ "Buprenorphine and Naloxone- buprenorphine hydrochloride and naloxone hydrochloride tablet". DailyMed. 25 March 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ^ "Highlights of Prescribing Information" (PDF). suboxone.com. Indivior UK Limited. 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
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- ^ Herring A (August 2016). "Emergency Department Medication-Assisted Treatment of Opioid Addiction" (PDF). California Health Care Foundation. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
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- ^ "Insurance Rules Can Hamper Recovery From Opioid Addiction". NPR.org. August 5, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2018.
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- ^ a b c "Reckitt Benckiser Group plc to Pay $50 Million to Consumers, Settling FTC Charges that the Company Illegally Maintained a Monopoly over the Opioid Addiction Treatment Suboxone". www.ftc.gov. Federal Trade Commission. 11 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2020.