Bureau of Indian Education
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 Main Interior Building, where the BIE is headquartered | |
| Agency overview | |
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| Headquarters | Main Interior Building Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Website | www |
The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), headquartered in the
The BIE school system has 184
In the area of post-secondary education, the BIE provides support to 24 tribal colleges and universities across the U.S. serving over 25,000 students. It directly operates two institutions of higher learning:
Alden Woods of The Arizona Republic wrote in 2020 that the BIE is "an overlooked and often criticized agency".[4]
History
Hopi tribe began the process of taking BIA schools in their territory into tribal control. They managed this under authorization provided by legislation in 1975, which allowed tribes to contract with the BIA/BIE to manage and operate their own schools.[5]
Prior to August 29, 2006, it was known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP).[6] OperationsThe headquarters is in the Washington, DC.[7]
The federal government funds schools for Native Americans under the treaties it established for reservations and trust lands. In the early years, the government authorized religious missions to establish schools and churches on reservations. At the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Congress authorized the government to establish numerous Indian boarding schools for a more concerted program of assimilation of Native American children. These were established at both the elementary and high school levels.[8]
As Indian reservations cannot levy taxes,[9] local school taxes cannot be used to fund Native American schools.[8] Alden Woods of the Since the 1970s, school boards have been elected on reservations to oversee BIE schools, as in the Southwest United States.[11]
In 2015 the BIE spent about $15,000 per student in the schools it operated, 56% above the per-student average cost for a public school student in the United States. The BIE schools were ranked as among the most costly to operate in the United States.[11] The predecessor agency OEIP had say only in operations related to instruction, while other BIA agencies had controlled other aspects, such as hiring and other employee issues, and construction and renovation of schools, and related infrastructure such as roads. Severns wrote that the various sources of authority made school accountability difficult.[11] A 2015 editorial of the Student bodyAs of 2020[update] the BIE-funded/grant/direct schools in total had 46,000 students,[10] meaning they educated about 8% of the Native American students in the United States.[13] Members of some tribes have moved to cities, and many states have increased coverage of reservation and tribal lands through their public school districts. As of 2020[update] about 90% of Native American students attended public schools operated by local school districts, rather than federally funded or operated schools.[10] As of 2021[update] the BIE schools are located in many isolated areas with some of the lowest incomes in the United States. In 1978, 47,000 Native American K-12 students (17 of the total%) attended schools directly operated by the BIA and 2,500 (1%) attended tribal schools and/or other schools that contracted with the BIA.[14] EmployeesCirca 2015 the BIE had 4,500 employees. In November 2015 the BIE had 140 empty teaching slots. The agency had difficulty with teacher retention, especially as many schools are located in isolated areas.[11] Academic performance and reputationBIA/BIE schools have been criticized for decades for poor academic performance, and for the failure to establish metrics that allow performance to be measured. In 1988 a Department of Interior report blamed all levels of leadership for substandard test scores. In the 2018-2019 school year, the percentage of BIE students passing their schools' standardized examinations was about 10% for mathematics and 15% for the English language. In 2015 the graduation rate was 53%.[11] In the 2017-2018 school year, the graduation rate was 64%, but in 2018-2019 the graduation rate had declined to 59%.[10] In 2015 the average United States graduation rate was 81%. The graduation rate for Native American and Alaska Native students enrolled at school district-operated public schools was 67%.[11] From circa 2017 to 2020, the BIE did not follow the terms of the Every Student Succeeds Act. As of 2020 the BIE does not have a consistent testing system for all schools, nor does it provide the public academic outcomes information that traditional public schools are required to publish under state laws.[10] Schools.jpg) BIE network schools are often located in rural, isolated areas where alternative options for schooling are not feasible.[10] As of 2020[update] there were 180 schools in the BIE network.[13] In 1987 the BIA supported 58 tribal schools and directly operated 17 boarding schools, 17 day schools, and 14 dormitories housing students enrolled in public schools operated by local school districts.[14] In 2003, the state with the largest amount of BIA-OIEP network schools was Arizona, and the state with the next highest amount was New Mexico.[16] Directly operated  As of 2020[update] the BIE operates about 33% of the schools in its system.[10] A listing of schools directly operated by the Bureau of Indian Education:[17]
Cottonwood Day SchoolIt is a K-8 school in Cottonwood, Apache County, Arizona, with a Chinle address.[24] It was dedicated in 1968.[25]
Cove Day SchoolIt is an elementary school in Red Valley.[27]
The school is in proximity to multiple uranium mines. The current building opened in 1959. In 2022 the school had 50 students.[28] Crystal Boarding SchoolCrystal Boarding School is a K-6 boarding school in Politico stated that the school's campus was in a poor condition. It had no school counselor.[11]
Dennehotso Boarding SchoolDennehotso Boarding School in Dennehotso, Arizona serves grades K–8.[17] It opened as a one room school in 1935. Circa 1947 the school was expanded. In 1951, the school had five teachers.[31]
Eddie Thompson served as principal until 1973. Kenneth L. Owens, who previously taught at Dennehotso Boarding, became principal in 1974.[32] The two current buildings are OFMC projects: a 46,545-square-foot (4,324.2 m2) school facility for 186 students and a 10,072-square-foot (935.7 m2) dormitory for 33 students. The scheduled groundbreaking was February 11, 2013. The previous buildings scheduled for demolition had a total of 78,626 square feet (7,304.6 m2) of space.[33] The school provides transportation for students between Baby Rocks and Mexican Water, and asks families living outside of that area and/or distant from the highway to have their children stay at the dormitory.[34] Kayenta Community SchoolKayenta Community School is a K-8 school.[35] The facility, also known as Kayenta Boarding School, is a boarding school serving both day and dormitory students.[36]
It opened in 1935 as the Kayenta Indian School.[37] In 1985 the school had 520 students and 19 employees. The school at the time had 11 staff positions in which the school could not hire anyone, a position that Robert LaFlore, the principal, called "not quite normal".[38] Some of the teachers left to work at the Kayenta Unified School District.[38] Red Rock Day SchoolThe school is a Red Valley, Arizona.[39] In addition to Red Valley, it has students from Cove, Mitten Rock, and Oak Springs.[27]
It was created in or after 1932, with the building completed in 1935. Circa 1950 it gained boarding facilities and was known as Red Rock Boarding School, but it later reverted into being a day school.[40] In 1974 its enrollment was 83. At the time it was the only BIA school in which all of its employees were Navajo people. In that year the school was hiring ethnic Navajo, bilingual in English and Navajo, who were finishing their university educations.[41] Additionally, by that year it had a forked stick hogan in which it held some classes taught by Navajo senior citizens. The hogan was the impetus of Navajo senior citizens who paid the money to have it built and who built it.[42] In 2022 the school had 114 students.[28] Rocky Ridge Boarding SchoolIt is a Kykotsmovi, Arizona.[43]
In 2020 its enrollment was over 100. Alden Woods of The Arizona Republic stated "One former student described it as a refuge from a rural community struggling through generations of trauma", stating that the school provides room and board to children with no other reliable source of food and lodging.[4] On March 16, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona, the State of Arizona closed district-operated public schools. BIE schools were not required to close at that time, though several did. After employees met that day, COVID spread through the school's community.[4] Once COVID infections were diagnosed, the school temporarily closed.[44] It holds an equine (horse) festival every year.[45] T'iis Nazbas Community SchoolIt is a It opened in 1933 as the Teec Nos Pos Boarding School.[48] A building for the Teec Nos Pos Boarding School was dedicated in 1962.[49] In 1962 the school had 353 students. In 1963 there were plans to build 17 additional classrooms as well as a cafeteria, two dormitories, and a multipurpose room, and housing for employees. The capacity, after the additions, would be over 1,000.[50] In 1991 the Teec Nos Pos school facility lacked fire alarms and other fire protection systems.[51] Wingate Elementary SchoolAs of 1956[update] the Wingate Elementary dormitory is a former military barracks that also houses students at Wingate High.[52] In 1968 the girls' dormitory had 125 girls; the Associated Press stated that the dormitory lacked decoration and personal effects and was reflective of a campaign to de-personalize Native American students. At the time the school strongly discouraged students from speaking Navajo and wanted them to only speak English.[53] Circa 1977 it opened a 125-student $90,000 building which used a solar heating system.[54] Tribally operatedThere are also tribally operated schools affiliated with the BIE.[17]
American Horse SchoolIt was established in 1931 as the consolidation of Day School #20 and Day School #21, with the former buildings of those two schools becoming teacher housing. As of 2021[update] its enrollment is 330.[63] Its service area, in addition to Allen, includes Kyle and Martin, and includes the Lacreek, Pass Creek and Medicine Root Creek districts of the reservation.[64] In 2015 the Chitimacha Tribal SchoolIn 1937 a two classroom public school building condemned by the St. Mary Parish School Board was moved to Charenton, and began serving the community as a 1-8 school; the student population went over 60. In 1968 the kindergarten was established. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) built a new school, which began operations in 1978, to replace the former facility. It had 38 in the 1978-1979 school year, but this went down to 29 in 1980-1981 and 22 in 1981-1982. In 1982 it got a funding cut due to Reaganomics, which led to fears that the school could close.[66] Ch'ooshgai Community SchoolIt is in Tohatchi, New Mexico and has boarding facilities. Originally it was known as the Chuska Boarding School.[67] In the 1960s a new school building, a cafeteria, dormitories, and residences for employees were proposed as a way of relieving the Tohatchi Boarding School.[50] It was established circa 1965.[67] In 1973 three students ran away from the school and encountered frostbite, leading to a lawsuit.[68] It had 597 students in 1967. It became the Chuska/Tohatchi Consolidated School in 1985 after the Tohatchi Boarding School was merged into it. The Navajo Nation took control of the school circa 1999. Around that time the school received its current name.[67] Duckwater Shoshone Elementary SchoolA K-8 school, it is in a building on the Duckwater Reservation in Duckwater that previously functioned as a church. The school was established circa 1973 by tribal members who were not satisfied with their children's course in the Nye County School District. The school board was established on July 26 of that year, and it opened on November 26 of that year after the United States Office of Education granted $35,000.[69] In 1975 its student count was 21.[70] In 1982 the school got a renovation.[69] By 1986 the relationship between the county's Duckwater School and Duckwater Shoshone School community had mended.[71] Duckwater Shoshone maintains its own zoological garden.[69]
Lukachukai Community SchoolThe campus has 44 acres (18 ha) of property and includes a dormitory.[72] In 1976, the seventh grade at Lukachukai ended so that grade was sent to Chinle Boarding School (now Many Farms Community School).[73] In 2015 the school was under-resourced, and the school community made an effort to get a replacement facility. Principal Arthur Ben personally recruited teachers, including some who were previously retired.[11] Na'Neelzhin Ji'Olta SchoolThe tribal K-8 school has a Cuba address,[61] but is actually in Torreon.[60] It first opened in 1935. It is also known as the Torreon Day School and Torreon Community School.[74]
Theodore Roosevelt SchoolTheodore Roosevelt School (TRS) is a tribally controlled middle school in White Mountain Apache Tribe.[76]
The dormitories opened sometime after 1935. A cafeteria opened in 1948. In 1995 it had 100 students. By 1995 conditions at the school had deteriorated to the point where students had to be boarded at ad hoc dormitories as the standard dormitory buildings needed heating repairs and asbestos removal. Additionally the cafeteria was at times unusable; the school took students to a restaurant so they could eat there.[76] The school has a boarding program for weekdays for students living in the Apache Reservation and in Cibecue, Arizona, while students from other places board for the entire week.[77] To'hajiilee Day SchoolIt has grades Kindergarten through 12. In March 2022 the high school building was no longer in use due to foundation problems that resulted from frequent flooding in the area. U.S. House of Representatives, criticized the conditions of the school.[78]
Wounded Knee District SchoolIt is a Wounded Knee massacre. In 2015 the state of its campus was categorized by the BIE as being in a suboptimal state.[79]
Former facilitiesIncludes the BIE, OIEP, and predecessor agencies:
See also
References
Further reading
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bureau of Indian Education.
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