Burgomaster
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Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, literally lit. 'master of the
In some cases, burgomaster was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign (or partially or de facto sovereign) city-state, sometimes combined with other titles, such as Hamburg's First Mayor and President of the Senate). Contemporary titles are commonly translated into English as mayor.
Historical use
- The title "burgermeister" was first used in the early 13th century.[1]
- In history (sometimes until the beginning of the 19th century) in many free imperial cities (such as Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck, etc.) the function of burgomaster was usually held simultaneously by three persons, serving as an executive college. One of the three being burgomaster in chief for a year (called in some cases in German: präsidierender Bürgermeister; in presiding burgomaster), the second being the prior burgomaster in chief, the third being the upcoming one. Präsidierender Bürgermeister is now an obsolete formulation sometimes found in historic texts.
- In an important city, especially in a governor), there can be several posts called Bürgermeister in the city's executive college, justifying the use of a compound title for the actual highest magistrate (also rendered as lord mayor), such as:
- Regierender Bürgermeister (literally 'governing burgomaster', commonly translated as governing mayor) in West Berlin and reunited Berlin,[2] while in Berlin the term Bürgermeister without attribute – English Mayor – refers to his deputies,[3] and while the heads of the 12 boroughs of Berlin are called Bezirksbürgermeister, English borough mayor.[4]
- Erster Bürgermeister (literally First Burgomaster) in Hamburg
- Bürgermeister und Präsident des Senats ('Burgomaster and President of the Senate') in Bremen
- Amtsbürgermeister (German; roughly translated: 'District Burgomaster') can be used for the chief magistrate of a Swiss constitutive Landamman).
Contemporary use
By jurisdiction
- Bürgermeister (literally: 'master of the citizens'), in German: in Germany, Austria, Gemeindepräsident, Stadtpräsident, Gemeindeamtmann, and Stadtamtmann.
- Oberbürgermeister ('Supreme Burgomaster') is the most common version for a mayor in a big city in Germany (it is not in use in Austria). The Ober- (lit. upper) prefix is used in many ranking systems for the next level up including military designations. The mayors of cities, which simultaneously comprise one of Germany's 112 urban districts usually bear this title. Urban districts are comparable to independent cities in the English-speaking world. However, also the mayors of some cities, which do not comprise an urban district, but often used to comprise one until the territorial reforms in the 1970s, bear the title Oberbürgermeister. It is often translated into English as lord mayor.
- Oberbürgermeister ('Supreme Burgomaster') is the most common version for a mayor in a big city in Germany (it is not in use in Austria). The Ober- (lit. upper) prefix is used in many ranking systems for the next level up including military designations. The mayors of cities, which simultaneously comprise one of Germany's 112
- Borgmester (Danish)
- Borgarstjóri (Icelandic and Faroese)
- Borgermester (Norwegian (Bokmål))
- Börgermester (Low German)
- Burgomaestre (Spanish)
- Purkmistr (Czech)
- Burgumaisu (Basque)
- Borgomastro or Sindaco-Borgomastro (Italian): in few communes of Lombardy
- Burgemeester (Dutch); in Belgium a party-political post, though formally nominated by the regional government and answerable to it, the federal state and even the province. Mayor. In the Netherlands nominated by the municipal council but appointed by the crown. In theory above the parties, in practice a high-profile party-political post.
- Bourgmestre (Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Burgomestre (Portuguese)
- Bürgermeister (Estonian)
- Burmistras (Lithuanian), derived from German.
- Buergermeeschter (Luxembourgish)
- Polgármester (Hungarian), derived from German.
- Burmistrz (Polish), a mayoral title, derived from German. The German form Oberbürgermeister ('Supreme Burgomaster') is often translated as Nadburmistrz. The German-derived terminology reflects the involvement of German settlers in the early history of many Polish towns.
- Borgmästare, kommunalborgmästare (Swedish); the title is not used in Sweden in present times, the closest equivalent being kommunalråd (often translated to English as Municipal commissioner) or borgarråd (only in Stockholm City).
- Boargemaster (West Frisian)
- Pormestari (Finnish)
- Бурмістр (Ukrainian); presently unofficial, usage limited to certain western Ukrainian dialects. Derived from German via Polish usage.[5]
- Бурмістр (Belarusian); used in Podlaskie Voivodeship.[6][7]
- Bùrméster (Kashubian)[8]
Low Countries
In the Netherlands and Belgium, the mayor (Dutch: burgemeester or French: bourgmestre) is an appointed government position, whose main responsibility is chairing the executive and legislative councils of a municipality.
In the Netherlands, mayors chair both the
A large majority of mayors are members of a political party. This can be the majority party in the municipal council, but there are many exceptions on this. However, the mayors are expected to exercise their office in a non-partisan way.
The mayor is appointed by the national government (the Crown) for a renewable six-year term. In the past, mayors for important cities were often chosen after negotiations (behind the scenes) between the national parties. This appointment procedure has been criticised because it was seen by some as undemocratic. Especially the party
In the meantime, although the law remained the same, the practice changed. Nowadays, when a vacancy occurs, a special committee of the municipal council interviews (behind closed doors) candidates, which are pre-selected by the provincial governor (the
References
- S2CID 143649993.
- ^ "Curriculum Vitae Klaus Wowereit". Land Berlin, Der Regierende Bürgermeister, Senatskanzlei. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ cf. Article 56 sec. 2 of the "Constitution of the State of Berlin (part 4)". Land Berlin, Der Regierende Bürgermeister, Senatskanzlei. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ cf. Article 74 sec. 2 of the "Constitution of the State of Berlin (part 6)". Land Berlin, Der Regierende Bürgermeister, Senatskanzlei. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
- ^ Kochan, Iryna. "Іван Франко та іншомовні слова" [Ivan Franko and foreign-language words] (PDF). Проблеми мовознаства: 294.
- ^ Shaikouskaya, Anna. "Юліта Неплах-Сітніцка: Беларуская культура тут мае глыбокія карані" [Yulita Neplakh-Sitnitska: Belarusian culture here has deep roots]. Kamunikat (in Belarusian). Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- Belsat(in Belarusian). 15 November 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "Bùrméster". sloworz.org (in Polish). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ A Dutch mayor does not vote in the municipal council.