Burji Mamluks
Burji Mamluks سلطنة المماليك (Arabic)
Salṭanat al-Mamālīk (Mamluk Sultanate) دولة الجراكسة (Arabic) Dawlat al-Jarākisa (Circassian State) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1382–1517 | |||||||||
 .svg) | |||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1382 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1517 | ||||||||
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The Burji Mamluks (
Although sultans typically designated their sons to succeed them after death, the latter rarely lasted more than a few years before being usurped by one of the powerful Mamluk commanders, usually from among the Mamluks purchased by previous sultans.[5] Political power-plays often became important in designating a new sultan.[11]
During this period, the Mamluks fought Timur and conquered Cyprus. Over the course of the 15th century, the sultanate was weakened by infighting and economic decline brought about by multiple factors. Although militarily powerful, they were eventually unable to compete with the more modern army of the Ottoman Empire, leading to their eventual conquest in 1517 by the Ottomans.[11]
History
Establishment and early challenges
From 1250, Egypt had been ruled by the first Mamluk dynasty, the mostly
Faced with a common enemy,
After Faraj, the Abbasid caliph al-Musta'in was permitted to rule the sultanate in Cairo for several months, but the role of sultan was soon taken by another Mamluk, Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.[15]
Apogee and decline
Under the reign of Sultan Barsbay, the Mamluk Sultanate grew to its widest territorial extent. In 1426, he invaded the Kingdom of Cyprus and forced its kings to become Mamluk vassals. However, Barsbay also introduced a number of economic policies that were damaging in the long term, such as a state monopoly on the spice trade.[16] During Barsbay's reign Egypt's population was greatly reduced from what it had been a few centuries before, with only one fifth of the number of towns.[citation needed] He frequently raided Asia Minor, but died in 1438.
During the reign of
After the death of Mehmed II in 1481, Sultan
Following another several years of political instability and succession disputes, the last major Mamluk sultan was Qansuh al-Ghuri, who came to power in 1501. While he attempted some reforms, including the introduction of the first military regiment with gunpowder weapons, he was unable to fully integrate them into the Mamluk army and he could not fix the country's economic problems.[21]
Conquest by the Ottomans
By 1516, the Ottomans were free from other concerns — Sultan
In 1517, the Ottomans completed their conquest with the capture of Cairo on January 22.[21] The centre of power transferred from Cairo to Constantinople. However, the mamluks continued to exist as a political and military class in Ottoman Egypt. While the governors were appointed by the Ottoman sultan, the mamluks vied for influence within the country and held many high political positions. They were finally destroyed and exterminated by Muhammad Ali Pasha during his rise to power in Egypt in the early 19th century.[23]
List of Burji Sultans
| Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf-ad-Din Barquq سیف الدین برقوق |
1382–1389 first reign | |
| Sultan As-Saleh Al-Muzaffar Al-Mansur سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی |
1389 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf-ad-Din Barquq سیف الدین برقوق |
1390–1399 second reign | |
| Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Faraj ناصر الدین فرج |
1399–1405 first reign | |
| Al-Mansur المنصور |
Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz عز الدین عبدالعزیز |
1405 | |
| Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Faraj ناصر الدین فرج |
1405–1412 second reign | |
| Al-Adil العادل |
Al-Musta'in Billah المستعین باللہ |
1412 | |
| Al-Mu'ayyad المؤید |
Shaykh al-Mahmudi شيخ المحمودى |
1412–1421 | |
| Al-Muzaffar المظفر |
Ahmad أحمد |
1421 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf ad-Din Tatar سیف الدین تتر |
1421 | |
| As-Saleh الصالح |
An-Nasir ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1421–1422 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Sayf-ad-Din Barsbay سیف الدین برسبای |
1422–1437 | |
| Al-Aziz العزیز |
Jamal-ad-Din Yusuf جمال الدین یوسف |
1437–1438 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq سیف الدین جقمق |
1438–1453 | |
| Al-Mansur المنصور |
Fakhr-ad-Din Uthman فخرالدین عثمان |
1453 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Sayf-ad-Din Inal سیف الدین إینال |
1453–1461 | |
| Al-Mu'ayyad المؤید |
Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad شھاب الدین أحمد |
1461 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf ad-Din Khushqadam سیف الدین خوش قدم |
1461–1467 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf ad-Din Bilbay سیف الدین بلبأی |
1467 | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Taimur Bugha تیمور بغا |
1467–1468 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Sayf-ad-Din Qait Bay سیف الدین قایتبای |
1468–1496 | |
| Al-Nasir الناصر |
Muhammad bin Qait Bay الناصر محمد بن قایتبای |
1496–1497 first reign | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Qansuh Khumsama'ah قانصوه خمسمائة |
1497 | |
| Al-Nasir الناصر |
Muhammad bin Qait Bay الناصر محمد بن قایتبای |
1497–1498 second reign | |
| Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Qansuh Al-Ashrafi قانصوہ الأشرفی |
1498–1500 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Al-Ashraf Janbalat جنبلاط |
1500–1501 | |
| Al-Adil العادل |
Sayf-ad-Din Tuman Bay I سیف الدین طومان بای |
1501 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Qansuh Al-Ghawri قانصوہ الغوری |
1501–1516 | |
| Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Tuman Bay II طومان بای |
1516–1517 | |
| Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) falls to Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim I in 1517 C.E.
| |||
- Orange shaded row signifies brief interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by Bahri dynasty.
- Silver shaded row signifies interruption in the rule of Burji dynasty by Abbasid dynasty.
See also
- History of Arab Egypt
- History of Ottoman Egypt
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
References
- ^ Fischel 1967, p. 72.
- ^ Yosef, Koby (2013). "The Term Mamlūk and Slave Status during the Mamluk Sultanate". Al-Qanṭara. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. 34 (1): 7–34. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2013.001.
- ISBN 978-1-4408-4041-8.
- ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4744-6462-8.
- ^ ISBN 9780275986018.
By the late fourteenth century Circassians from the north Caucasus region had become the majority in the Mamluk ranks.
- ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2.
- ISBN 978-1-108-42278-9.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-5641-1.
- ISBN 978-0-674-07245-9.
- ^ ISBN 9781108471046.
- ISBN 9789774160776.
- ^ a b The Mamluk Sultans: 1291–1517, Mustafa M. Ziada, A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Vol. III, ed. Kenneth Setton, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 490.
- ^ Aleppo:the Ottoman Empire's caravan city, Bruce Masters, The Ottoman City Between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul, ed. Edhem Eldem, Daniel Goffman, Bruce Master, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 20.
- ISBN 9781108471046.
- ISBN 9781108471046.
- ^ Ottoman seapower and Levantine diplomacy in the age of discovery by Palmira Johnson Brummett p.52ff
- ^ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1969). A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, edited by .... Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 502.
- .
- ISBN 9781108471046.
- ^ ISBN 9781108471046.
- ^ a b The Ottoman Empire: A Short History by Saraiya Faroqhi p.60ff
- ^ Clot, André (1996). L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves, 1250–1517. Perrin.
Further reading
- Petry, Carl Forbes (2012). "Circassians, Mamlūk". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
