Burke Canyon

Burke Canyon
Cliffs above a mine in Burke Canyon.
Burke Canyon
Floor elevation	3,768 ft (1,148 m)
Length	14 miles (23 km)[1] Northeast–southwest
Width	300 feet (91 m)[2]
Geography
Coordinates	47°30′49″N 115°51′17″W / 47.51361°N 115.85472°W / 47.51361; -115.85472
Traversed by	Idaho State Highway 4
Rivers	Burke-Canyon Creek

Burke Canyon is the canyon of the Burke-Canyon Creek, which runs through the northernmost part of Shoshone County, Idaho, U.S., within the northeastern Silver Valley. A hotbed for mining in the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Burke Canyon now contains several ghost towns and remnants of former communities along Idaho State Highway 4, which runs northeast through the narrow canyon to the Montana border.

Burke Canyon takes its name from the town of

Populations throughout the canyon's towns dwindled in the late-twentieth century after a series of natural disasters and mine closures, and the last active mine in the canyon was closed in 1991, leaving the majority of the communities unpopulated. The

Gold was initially discovered in the early 1860s in the mountains to the north of the Snake River basin, which gave way to a large influx of prospectors.[3] Silver, copper, and other minerals were subsequently discovered. Idaho experienced boom after boom, and mining towns arose overnight, boomed, and then disappeared as the miners left for the latest rush. In 1884, miners discovered significant amounts of silver, zinc, and lead at the Tiger Mine in Burke Canyon. The Tiger Mine was sold to S.S. Glidden for $35,000.^[4]

In 1887, Glidden began construction on a three-foot-wide railway to transport

By 1903, Burke Canyon was the most developed mining region in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and was home to seven dividend-paying mines: the Gem of the Mountains, Frisco, Mammoth, Standard, Hecla, Tiger-Poorman and Hercules mines.^[7]

Civil unrest and natural disasters

On July 10, 1892, miners called a strike which

Burke Canyon was the site of several natural disasters as well. Two major avalanches struck the canyon in the twentieth century: one on February 4, 1890, which killed three; and another in February 1910, which buried and killed twenty-five people.^[12] In the days after the February 1910 avalanche, snow and rock continued to dislodge from the canyon walls, inflicting additional damage on the towns of Burke and Mace, and causing numerous deaths.^[12] In August of that year, the Great Fire of 1910 would cause further damage to the communities in the canyon.^[12] Three years later, in May 1913, the communities were stricken by heavy rains that resulted in significant floods.^[13]

The Northern Pacific railroad considered discontinuing service through the canyon after the depot was damaged in a July 1923 fire.^[4] The railroad also cited increased automobile traffic as a reason for discontinuing the line.^[4] By 1939, the rail to Burke had been officially closed, and the tracks dismantled.^[4]

1980s–present

By the late twentieth century, mining operations in Burke Canyon had slowed considerably. The Hecla Mine in Burke officially ceased operations on June 30, 1983, due to low metal prices.^[4] The last mine in Burke officially closed in 1991, and the town and several of the surrounding communities became ghost towns.^[12][14] Around 2010, the Hecla Mining Company has been exploring the potential of exploiting additional resource deposits in the Star mine. As of December 2012, Hecla invested $7 million in rehabilitation and exploration with published estimates suggesting the potential to recover in excess of 25 million ounces of silver from the site with significant zinc and lead deposits also present.^[15]

Geography

The structure of Burke Canyon resembles a narrow gulch, roughly 300 feet (90 m) across, with steep cliffs and hills on both sides.^[2] The hillsides of the canyon are so steep that the community of Burke only receives around 3 hours of full sunlight during winters.^[16]

Climate

Burke Canyon experiences a continental climate, marked by warm summers and cold, snowy winters.^[17]

Communities

In 2002, it was reported that around 300 people lived in or near the canyon.^[18] There are numerous communities and former communities located along Burke-Canyon Road in Burke Canyon, though several are now ghost towns. The communities include:^[c]

Environmental concerns

Mining effects

Decades' worth of mining activity resulted in various metals leaching into Canyon Creek, contaminating much of Burke Canyon. Leftover waste rock from mines leached cadmium, lead, arsenic, and zinc into the creekbed.^[19] Ecologists found that long stretches of Canyon Creek were entirely uninhabited by fish due to the high levels of metal content in the water.^[2] Canyon Creek is considered one of the Coeur d'Alene basin's Superfund sites.^[19] The metals leached in Canyon Creek were partially responsible for the contamination of the Coeur d'Alene River, the most heavy-metal contaminated river in the world.^[20] In 2010, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) moved forward with plans to dispose of leftover rock piles and contaminated soil in Burke Canyon.^[19]

Various metals also impacted the local water supply of Burke Canyon: After the closure of the last mine in Burke in 1991, residents' water supplies continued to be sourced from pipes that extended into abandoned mine shafts. Consequently, the metal content of Burke's water supply was fifty times above that of federal water quality standards.^[2]

In 2001, the EPA offered to buy out residents of Burke Canyon, citing water contamination in Canyon Creek, but residents refused.^[2] The following year, the EPA ordered the town of Burke to comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act; however, given the small number of homes within the boundaries of the town, it would have cost each household an estimated $48,000 per year.^[2]

Waste disposal

For decades, raw sewage was emptied via pipelines directly into Canyon Creek from the residences in Burke Canyon.^[21] By the turn of the twenty-first century, citizens of Burke had continued to dump up to 6,000 US gallons (23,000 L) of raw sewage into Canyon Creek per day.^[2] In 2004, the Panhandle Health District (PHD) and Idaho Department of Environmental Equality (DEQ) tested homes in Burke to identify contaminations, finding a total of thirty occupied homes discharging untreated waste into the creek.^[2] In 2007, the DEQ sequestered $220,000 in order to help residents install new septic systems to prevent further contamination.^[2]

In 2016, the EPA announced its plan to construct a waste repository in lower Burke Canyon in order to alleviate waste accumulation in Wallace.^[22][23] Some residents of the canyon objected to the repository, citing further pollution from diesel trucks used to transport waste in the canyon.^[22]

Gallery

• 
  Frisco Mill after July 11, 1892 explosion
• 
  Overhead view of Burke in the Burke Canyon
• 
  Flood gate along Burke-Canyon Creek
• 
  Entrance to Standard-Mammoth Mine in Mace
• 
  Covered mine shaft above Burke
• 
  Hecla Mine Co. building in Burke

See also

• Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
• Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899
• Hercules silver mine

Notes

References

Works cited

• Carlson, Bill (1983). Roughneck: The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood.
  ISBN 978-0-393-01621-5
  .
• National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Committee on Superfund Site Assessment and Remediation in the Coeur d' Alene River Basin (2006). Superfund and Mining Megasites: Lessons from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin. National Academies Press.
  ISBN 978-0-30909-714-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
  )
• Rayback, Joseph (1966). A History of American Labor. Free Press.
  ISBN 978-0-029-25850-7
  .
• Weeks, Andy (2015). Forgotten Tales of Idaho. Arcadia Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-625-85246-5
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burke Canyon.

• Burke Canyon at VisitNorthIdaho.com
• Canyon Creek profile at North Idaho Rivers and Creeks

47°30′49″N 115°51′17″W / 47.51361°N 115.85472°W / 47.51361; -115.85472