Burning plasma

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In

fusion reactions involving thermal plasma ions.[1][2] The Sun and similar stars are a burning plasma, and in 2020 the National Ignition Facility achieved burning plasma.[3] A closely related concept is that of an ignited plasma
, in which all of the heating comes from fusion reactions.

The Sun

Main article: Sun

In the Sun and other similar stars, those fusion reactions involve hydrogen ions. The high temperatures needed to sustain fusion reactions are maintained by a self-heating process in which energy from the fusion reaction heats the thermal plasma ions via particle collisions. A plasma enters what scientists call the burning plasma regime when the self-heating power exceeds any external heating.[1]

The Sun is a burning plasma that has reached fusion ignition, meaning the Sun's plasma temperature is maintained solely by energy released from fusion. The Sun has been burning hydrogen for 4.5 billion years and is about halfway through its life cycle.[1]

Thermonuclear weapons

Main article:
Thermonuclear weapons

Thermonuclear weapons, also known as hydrogen bombs, are

nuclear weapons that use energy released by a burning plasma's fusion reactions to produce part of their explosive yield. This is in contrast to pure-fission weapons, which produce all of their yield from a neutronic nuclear fission reaction. The first thermonuclear explosion, and thus the first man-made burning plasma, was the Ivy Mike test carried out by the United States in 1952. All high-yield nuclear weapons today are thermonuclear weapons.[4]

The National Ignition Facility

Main article: National Ignition Facility

It was announced in 2022 that a burning plasma had been achieved at the National Ignition Facility, a large laser-based inertial confinement fusion research device, located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California.[3] The burning plasma created was sustained for approximately 100 trillionths of a second, and the process consumed more energy than it created by a factor of approximately ten. NIF achieved ignition on December 5, 2022, net energy release from a burning plasma fusion reaction.[5][6]

Tokamaks

Main article: Tokamak

Multiple

magnetically confined
burning plasma experiment.

ITER, being built near Cadarache in France, has the stated goal of allowing fusion scientists and engineers to investigate the physics, engineering, and technologies associated with a self-heating plasma. Issues to be explored include understanding and controlling a strongly coupled, self-organized plasma; management of heat and particles that reach plasma-facing surfaces; demonstration of fuel breeding technology; and the physics of energetic particles. These issues are relevant to ITER's broader goal of using self-heating plasma reactions to become the first fusion energy device that produces more power than it consumes, a major step toward commercial fusion power production.[1] To reach fusion-relevant temperatures, the ITER tokamak will heat plasmas using three methods: ohmic heating (running electric current through the plasma), neutral particle beam injection, and high-frequency electromagnetic radiation.[1]

magnetic fields, allowing it to be much smaller than similar tokamaks.[8]

Symbolic implications

The NIF burning plasma, despite not occurring in an energy context, has been characterised as a major milestone in the race towards nuclear

critical juncture on the same level as the Trinity Test, with enormous implications for fusion for energy (fusion power), including the weaponization of fusion power, mainly for electricity for directed-energy weapons, as well as fusion for peacebuilding – one of the main tasks of ITER.[13][14][15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: "DOE Explains...Burning Plasma". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  2. ^ "brplasma". www.ipp.mpg.de. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  3. ^
    PMID 35082418
    .
  4. ^ Sublette, Carey (3 July 2007). "Nuclear Weapons FAQ Section 4.4.1.4 The Teller–Ulam Design". Nuclear Weapons FAQ. Retrieved 17 July 2011. "So far as is known all high yield nuclear weapons today (>50 kt or so) use this design."
  5. doi:10.1126/science.adg2803
    . Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  6. S2CID 254663644
    , The shot at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on 5 December is the first-ever controlled fusion reaction to produce an energy gain.
  7. ^
    ISSN 0022-3778
    .
  8. ISBN 9780761927334
    , retrieved 2022-04-28
  9. ^ "National Ignition Facility's laser-fusion milestone ignites debate". Physics World. 2022-09-18. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  10. hdl:10044/1/99300
    .
  11. ^ Clark, Lindsay. "Burning plasma a step forward in the race for nuclear fusion". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  12. ISSN 1059-1028
    . Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  13. S2CID 235552703
    .
  14. ISSN 1082-7307
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-003-16020-5
    , retrieved 2023-09-11
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