Burschenschaft
A Burschenschaft (German:
History
Origins
The very first one, called
Its motto was “honor, freedom, fatherland” (German: Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland),[2] and the original colors were red-black-red with a golden oak leaves cluster, which might be based on the uniform of the Lützow Free Corps, being a corps of volunteer soldiers during the wars of liberation.
19th century
The Burschenschaften were student associations that engaged in numerous social activities. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often Burschenschaften decided to stress extreme nationalist or sometimes also liberal ideas, leading in time to the exclusion of Jews, who were considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all Burschenschaften were banned as revolutionary by
Many Burschenschafter took part in the
Interbellum and Nazi Germany
In 1935/36, most Burschenschaften north of the Austrian Alps were dissolved by the Nazi government or transformed and fused with other Studentenverbindungen into so-called Kameradschaften (comradeships). Some Nazis (e.g.
Postwar
While in communist East Germany Burschenschaften were prohibited as representatives of a bourgeois attitude to be extinguished, in West Germany most Burschenschaften were refounded in the 1950s. Some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany had lost great parts of its territories after the Second World War, and many Burschenschaften from East Germany also tried to find a new home. The allied victors had forbidden refounding Burschenschaften originally, but this could not be upheld in a liberal surrounding. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Burschenschaften, as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the leftist student community. In the 1990s many Burschenschaften that had left Eastern Germany in the 1940s and 1950s returned to their traditional home universities in the East.
Today
Roughly 160 Burschenschaften still exist today and many are organized in different organizations ranging from progressive to nationalistic. Among the latter is the
Because of the
Many Burschenschaften, often found in certain "umbrella" organisations (such as the
Notable Burschenschaft members
This article's list of people may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. (January 2020) |
- Otto Abel (1824–1854)
- Erich Adickes (1866–1928)
- Victor Adler (1852–1918)
- Heinrich Ahrens (1808–1874)
- Wilhelm Altmann (1862–1951)
- Otto Antonius (1885–1945)
- Rudolf Arndt (1835–1900)
- Ludwig Arndts von Arnesberg (1803–1878)
- Jürgen Aschoff (1913–1998)
- Ludwig Aschoff (1866–1942)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche[10] (1844–1900)
- Berthold Auerbach (1812–1882)
- Hans von und zu Aufseß (1801–1872)
- Hermann Bahr (1863–1934)
- Franz Bäke (1898–1978)
- Erwin Bälz (1849–1913)
- Ludwig Bamberger (1823–1899)
- Dietrich Barfurth (1849–1927)
- Hermann Baumgarten (1825–1893)
- Karl Theodor Bayrhoffer (1812–1888)
- Ludwig Bechstein (1801–1860)
- Karl Isidor Beck (1817–1879)
- Hermann Heinrich Becker (1820–1885)
- Wilhelm Beiglböck (1905–1963)
- Hans Berger (1873–1941)
- Robert Bernardis (1908–1944)
- Georg Beseler (1809–1888)
- Max Bezzel (1824–1871)
- Adalbert Bezzenberger (1851–1922)
- Karl Biedermann (1812–1901)
- Helmut Bischoff (1908–1993)
- Karl Blind (1826–1907)
- Kurt Blome (1894–1969)
- Hans Blum (1841–1910)
- Robert Blum (1807–1848)
- Hans-Friedrich Blunck (1888–1961)
- Franz Boas (1858–1942)
- Otto Böckel (1859–1923)
- Ehrenfried-Oskar Boege (1889–1965)
- Ernst Wilhelm Bohle (1903–1960)
- Herbert Böhme (1907–1971)
- Carl Bosch (1874–1940)
- Erich Brandenburg (1868–1946)
- Rudolf Breitscheid (1874–1944)
- Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1827–1894)
- Alfred Buntru (1887–1974)
- Franz Josef Ritter von Buß (1803–1878)
- Paul Carell (1911–1997)
- Friedrich Wilhelm Carové (1789–1852)
- Moritz Carrière(1817–1895)
- Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964)
- Johann Nepomuk Czermak (1828–1873)
- Adalbert Czerny (1863–1941)
- Kurt Daluege (1897–1946)
- Georg Friedrich Daumer (1800–1875)
- Eduard David (1863–1930)
- Kurt H. Debus (1908–1983)
- Richard Dedekind (1831–1916)
- Richard Dehmel (1863–1920)
- Franz Josef Delonge (1927–1988)
- Heinrich Dernburg (1829–1907)
- Paul Deussen (1845–1919)
- Ernst Dieffenbach (1811–1855)
- Kai Diekmann (born 1964)
- Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941)
- Martin Disteli (1802–1844)
- Anton von Doblhoff-Dier (1800–1872)
- Albert Döderlein (1860–1941)
- August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff (1797–1874)
- Max Dortu (1826–1849)
- August Dresbach (1894–1968)
- Henri Druey (1799–1855)
- Max Duncker (1811–1886)
- Irmfried Eberl (1910–1948)
- Victor von Ebner (1842–1925)
- Rudolf Eisenmenger (1902–1994)
- Adolf Erman (1854–1937)
- Abraham Esau (1884–1955)
- Hermann Esser (1900–1981)
- Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926)
- Otto Fahr (1892–1969)
- Johannes Falke (1823–1876)
- Ferdinand Falkson (1820–1900)
- Wilhelm Feddersen (1832–1918)
- Georg Fein (1803–1869)
- Friedrich Feuerbach (1806–1880)
- Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (1800–1834)
- Julius von Ficker (1826–1902)
- Hans Fischer (1881–1945)
- Wilhelm Fleischmann (1837–1920)
- Walther Flemming (1843–1905)
- Walter Flex (1887–1917)
- Richard Foerster (1843–1922)
- August Ludwig Follen (1794–1855)
- Charles Follen (1796–1840)
- Paul Follen (1799–1844)
- August Föppl (1854–1924)
- Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer (1801–1894)
- Heinrich Förster(1800–1881)
- Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904)
- Heinrich Friedjung (1851–1920)
- Ludwig Friedländer (1824–1909)
- Max Friedländer (1829–1872)
- Julius Fröbel (1805–1893)
- Emil Frommel (1828–1896)
- Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995)
- Friedrich von Gagern (1794–1848)
- Heinrich von Gagern (1799–1880)
- Max von Gagern (1810–1889)
- Jürgen Gansel(born 1974)
- Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken (1830–1896)
- Emanuel Geibel (1815–1884)
- Hans Geiger (1882–1945)
- Edgar von Gierke (1877–1945)
- Otto von Gierke (1841–1921)
- Gerd Gies (born 1943)
- Otto Gildemeister (1823–1902)
- Rudolf von Gneist(1816–1895)
- Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902)
- Heinrich Göppert (1800–1884)
- Rudolf von Gottschall (1823–1909)
- Adolf Gottstein (1857–1941)`
- Carl Graebe(1841–1927)
- Fritz Graebner (1877–1934)
- Martin Graf (born 1960)
- Maximilian Gritzner (1843–1902)
- Karl Groos (1861–1946)
- Bernhard von Gudden (1824–1886)
- Eugen Gura (1842–1906)
- Alfred Gürtler (1875–1933)
- Karl Gutzkow (1811–1878)
- Friedrich Haase (1808–1867)
- Karl Hagen (1810–1868)
- Jörg Haider (1950–2008)
- Adolf von Harleß (1806–1879)
- Wilhelm von Hartel (1839–1907)
- Karl Hase (1800–1890)
- Ludwig Hassenpflug(1794–1862)
- Wilhelm Hauff (1802–1827)
- Johann Hauler (1829–1888)
- Otto Haupt (1887–1988)
- Adolph Hausrath (1837–1909)
- Ludwig Häusser (1818–1867)
- Rudolf Haym (1821–1901)
- Johann Gustav Heckscher (1797–1865)
- Ernst Heinkel (1888–1958)
- Kurt Heißmeyer (1905–1967)
- Wolfgang Helbig (1839–1915)
- Fritz Hellwig (1912–2017)
- Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg (1802–1869)
- Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer(1799–1874)
- Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894)
- Georg Herwegh (1817–1875)
- Theodor Herzl (1860–1904)
- William Hexamer (1825–1870)
- Eduard Heyck (1862–1941)
- Carl Hierholzer (1840–1871)
- Bruno Hildebrand (1812–1878)
- Franz Hilgendorf (1839–1904)
- Heinrich Himmler (1900–1945)
- Hans Hinkel (1901–1960)
- Hermann Höcherl (1912–1989)
- August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798–1874)
- Norbert Hofer (born 1971)
- Otto Höfler (1901–1987)
- Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (1802–1853)
- Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann (1810–1877)
- Robert Hohlbaum (1886–1955)
- Karl von Holtei(1798–1880)
- Gerd Honsik (1941–2018)
- Hermann Höpker-Aschoff (1883–1954)
- Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha(1893–1957)
- Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930)
- Carl Ernst Jarcke (1801–1852)
- Karl Jarres (1874–1951)
- Curt Joël (1865–1945)
- Karl Jordan (1861–1959)
- Franz Jung (1888–1963)
- Philipp Wilhelm Jung (1884–1965)
- Rudolf Jung (1882–1945)
- Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns (1800–1875)
- Hugo Jury (1887–1945)
- Peter Kaiser (1793–1864)
- Ernst Kaltenbrunner (1903–1946)
- Lorenz Franz Kielhorn (1840–1908)
- Gustav Koerner (1809–1896)
- Friedrich Lange (1852–1917)
- Otto Lubarsch (1860–1933)
- Francis Lieber (1800–1871)
- Theodor Mommsen (1817–1903)
- Hans Mühlenfeld (1901–1969)
- Henry Bradford Nason (1831–1895)
- Franz Overbeck (1837–1905)
- Heinz Reinefarth (1903-1979)
- Karl Sack (1896–1945)
- Karl Ludwig Sand (1795–1820)
- Carl Schurz (1829–1906)
- Otto Skorzeny (1908–1975)
- Lorenz von Stein (1815–1890)
- Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)
- Adalbert J. Volck (1828–1912)
See also
- The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states— (Burschenschaften were student groups which played a part in beginning of the Prussian Revolution)
- Hep-Hep riots
- Karl Ludwig Sand
- Dueling scars
Further reading
- Martin Biastoch: Tübinger Studenten im Kaiserreich. Eine sozialgeschichtliche Untersuchung, Sigmaringen 1996 (Contubernium - Tübinger Beiträge zur Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte Bd. 44) ISBN 3-515-08022-8
External links
- Information on the Neue Deutsche Burschenschaft (NeueDB)
- English information about the Deutsche Burschenschaft (DB)
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .
References
- ^ ISBN 9781847887641.
- ^ a b This article incorporates text from a work in the public domain: Carl Schurz (1913). Edward Manley (ed.). Lebenserinnerungen Bis zum Jahre 1850: Selections. With notes and vocabulary. Norwood, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. p. 204.
- ^ ISBN 9780472117574.
- ISBN 0253112591.
- ISBN 9780297868811.
- ^ Interview H. Schiedel, In: Gedenkdienst 3/2003
- ^ Tony Paterson (23 November 2012). "Germany's student duelling clubs face split over 'Aryan' ID cards". The Independent.
- ^ Schmitt, Peter-Philipp. "Neuer Burschenschaft-Verband: Gegen das rechte Image". Faz.net.
- ^ "Start - Allgemeine deutsche Burschenschaft". allgemeine-burschenschaft.de.
- ISBN 1857991370.