Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria

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Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
Part of the
Balkan Peninsula
Result

Byzantine victory

Territorial
changes
Byzantium re-establishes control over Bulgaria and much of the
Balkan Peninsula
, Pechenegs settle in Wallachia.
Belligerents Bulgarian Empire
Kievan Rus' (970–971)
Pechenegs
Kingdom of Croatia
Commanders and leaders Samuel
Roman
Gavril Radomir
Ivan Vladislav 
Jovan Vladimir
Krakra
Ivats John I Tzimiskes
Basil II
Nikephoros Ouranos
Theophylact Botaneiates 
Nikephoros Xiphias
Constantine Diogenes. David Arianites

From c. 970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the

Cometopuli brothers, who – based in the unconquered western regions of the Bulgarian Empire – led it until its fall under Byzantine rule in 1018.[1][2][3]

As the Byzantine-Bulgarian relations deteriorated by the end of the 960s, the Eastern Roman Empire paid the Kievan prince

Preslav in 971. Emperor Boris II was captured and taken to Constantinople where he abdicated and the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes announced the annexation of Bulgaria, even though the Eastern Roman Empire only controlled Eastern Bulgaria at the time, and the lands to the west remained under Bulgarian control. The four brothers David, Moses, Aron, and Samuel of the Cometopuli dynasty
ruled in the free territories and in 976, launched a major offensive against the Byzantines to regain the lost lands. Soon, the youngest brother, Samuel, took complete authority following the deaths of his three eldest brothers.

Samuel proved to be a successful general inflicting a major defeat on the Byzantine army, commanded by Basil II at the Gates of Trajan and retaking north-eastern Bulgaria. His successful campaigns expanded the Bulgarian borders into Thessaly and Epirus and in 998, he conquered the principality of Duklja. In 997, Samuel was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria after the death of the legitimate ruler, Roman.

By the end of the millennium, the fortunes of war turned into Byzantine favour. The Byzantines under Basil II, a successful general and experienced soldier, slowly gained the upper hand and from 1001, started to seize a number of important areas and towns. The Bulgarians were unable to stop the annual Byzantine campaigns which devastated the country. In 1014, the Byzantines won the decisive Battle of Kleidion and Samuel died a few weeks later. Tsar Samuel's reign was followed by the short reigns of his son Gavril Radomir and his nephew Ivan Vladislav. In 1018, Ivan Vladislav's widow, Maria, negotiated very favorable terms of surrender to the Byzantine emperor. All local lords who surrendered were transferred either to Constantinople or to Anatolia and most of them were later assimilated into the Byzantine society.[4] Bulgaria lost its independence and remained subject to Byzantium for more than a century and a half, until 1185.[5] Its western part was transformed into one of the many Byzantine provinces, which was ruled by a governor appointed by the Emperor.[6] With the collapse of the first Bulgarian state, the Bulgarian church fell under the domination of Greek ecclesiastics who took control of the see of Ohrid and attempted to replace the Bulgarian Slavic liturgy with a Greek liturgy.[7]

Background

During the reign of the Bulgarian emperor

Magyars who had been temporarily contained by his father Simeon I started raiding the Bulgarian lands from 934[8] and Peter I's efforts to cope with them remained futile. On several occasions the Magyars reached Byzantine Thrace and looted it which was followed by Byzantine accusations that the Bulgarians were doing that on purpose and as a result the relations between the two countries quickly deteriorated. With no means to counter the Magyar threat, Peter I had to conclude an agreement with them in 965 according to which the Bulgarians had to give the Magyars free conduct through their lands to the Byzantine Empire and refuse any assistance to the Byzantine Emperor.[8] The Byzantines responded in the spring of the following year and refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria. Their emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (963–969) who had achieved decisive victories over the Arabs to the east[9] insulted the Bulgarian ambassadors and launched a campaign but upon approaching the Bulgarian border he decided "not to lead his troops in those dangerous places and to give them to the Bulgarians to slaughter them as cattle."[10] Soon after that military demonstration Phokas tried to restore the peace on condition that the Bulgarians would cancel their agreement with the Magyars which was refused by Peter I who reminded the Byzantine emperor that when Bulgaria needed help against the Magyars the Byzantines did not react and now that it had been forced to make peace with them it would be folly to break the treaty.[10]

Territory of Byzantium and Bulgaria around 1000

In that situation Nikephoros II Phokas turned to the usual means of Byzantine diplomacy and decided to pay the Kievan prince

Preslav where Boris II was captured along with his whole family. He was treated well and John Tzimiskes pretended to have come to liberate the Bulgarians from the Rus'.[12] However, when Sviatoslav was finally defeated, Boris II was taken to Constantinople where he had to abdicate. He had to surrender the imperial insignia – the golden crown and the red boots – which were placed in the cathedral Hagia Sophia. In return he received the title magister.[13] His brother Roman was castrated because the Byzantines needed to assure that the Krum dynasty would die away.[14]

For John Tzimiskes that was a great triumph. The three-century old Byzantine dream to eliminate the Bulgarian state and restore the imperial borders along the Danube seemed to have come true. The annexation of Bulgaria was officially proclaimed, the political heart of the country in north-eastern Bulgaria along with Preslav, the old capital Pliska and the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate Drastar (Silistra) were occupied.

Rise of the Cometopuli brothers

While the eastern parts of the empire were conquered and turned into a Byzantine province

Nikola.[17] Information for the period between 971 and 976 in primary sources is very scarce.[18]

Basil II

theme
.

In 986, after securing his own position in Byzantium, emperor Basil II gathered a 30,000-man army, marched on the Bulgarian city of Sofia and laid siege to it. Basil began to worry about the wavering loyalty of his nobility and marched his army back towards Byzantine Thrace but was ambushed and defeated at the Battle of the Gates of Trajan. Basil learned from his mistake and his next invasion of Bulgaria would be conducted in a very different manner.

By 1000, Basil had fought off his own nobility and defeated the Islamic threat from the east, and so led another invasion of Bulgaria. This time instead of marching into the middle of the country, he annexed it bit by bit. Eventually, after denying Bulgaria of about a third of its land, the Bulgarians risked everything in one battle in 1014. The Battle of Kleidion was a disaster for the Bulgarians: the Byzantine army captured 15,000 prisoners. Roman histories go on to claim that for every 100 captured Bulgarians, 99 were fully blinded, the odd one out only blinded in one eye in order to guide the rest back to their homes. The Bulgarians continued to resist until 1018, when they finally submitted to Basil II's rule.

Once opposition had ceased Basil showed considerable statesmanship in his dealings with the Bulgarians. He wisely accepted Bulgarian taxes in kind rather than in coinage, as a full monetary economy was not established in Bulgaria. Many of the Bulgarian elite were integrated into Byzantine society, being given military or civil positions within the Byzantine state. This integration is illustrated by the last Bulgarian tsar Ivan Vladislav being an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos.

Notes

  1. , pp. 58–66.
  2. , p. 143.
  3. , p. 322.
  4. , pp. 246–247.
  5. , p. 364.
  6. , p. 320.
  7. ^ Britannica: The first Bulgarian empire.
  8. ^ a b Andreev, p. 110
  9. ^ Threadgold, pp. 499–501
  10. ^ a b c Andreev, p. 111
  11. ^ Andreev, p. 112
  12. ^ Andreev, pp. 116–117
  13. ^ Andreev, p. 117
  14. ^ Andreev, p. 119
  15. ^ Stoimenov, pp. 40, 46–47, 49–53
  16. ^ Zlatarski, p. 603
  17. ^ Andreev, p. 121
  18. Otto I
    ; see Delev and collective, History and civilization for 11th grade, Chapter 12 Decline of the First Bulgarian Empire

Sources

Further reading