César Gaviria
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Minister of Interior and Justice | |
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In office May 1987 – February 1989 | |
President | Virgilio Barco Vargas |
Preceded by | Fernando Cepeda Ulloa |
Succeeded by | Raúl Orejuela Bueno |
Minister of Finance and Public Credit | |
In office 7 August 1986 – 17 June 1987 | |
President | Virgilio Barco Vargas |
Preceded by | Hugo Palacios Mejía |
Succeeded by | Luis Fernando Alarcón Mantilla |
Member of the Chamber of Representatives | |
In office 20 July 1974 – 20 July 1986 | |
Constituency | Risaralda |
President of the Chamber of Representatives | |
In office 20 July 1984 – 20 July 1985 | |
Preceded by | Hernando Gómez Otálora |
Succeeded by | Daniel Mazuera Gómez |
Personal details | |
Born | César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo 31 March 1947 Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia |
Political party | Liberal |
Spouse | Ana Milena Muñoz de Gaviria (1978–present) |
Children | |
University of the Andes (BEcon, 1969) | |
Occupation | Economist |
César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (Spanish:
Early life and education
Born in
As a student, Gaviria spent a year as an exchange student in the United States with AFS Intercultural Programs.
Before entering politics, he studied at the
Political career
At 23, he was elected councilman in his hometown of Pereira, and four years later he became the city's mayor. In 1974 he was elected to the Chamber of Representatives, of which he was president of in 1984–85. Three years later he became co-chair of the Colombian Liberal Party.
He was the debate chief of
Presidency
In 1990, he was elected President of Colombia, running as a
Under his presidency, the prison La Catedral was built, but to Pablo Escobar's specifications. When Escobar was imprisoned there, he continued to control his drug empire; he also murdered several of his rivals inside the prison. On 20 July 1992, Escobar escaped after learning that he was going to be moved to a different prison. On 2 December 1993, the notorious drug lord was gunned down. His death was a triumph for the Gaviria administration.
Despite stable economic growth and foreign investment, 45 per cent of Colombians lived below the poverty line (particularly in rural areas) and slums were growing around major cities. Created by drug traffickers and supported by the army (President Gaviria said he saw them as a "possible solution"),
His government created the "Convivir" in 1994, which was supposed to help the army predict the activities of insurgent groups through a network of informers. However, according to journalist Hernando Calvo Ospina, "the reality has shown that the Convivir have legalized networks of hired killers in the service of drug traffickers and landowners, while having as their main objective the use of the civilian population as a cover for the paramilitary movement."[5]
Secretary General of the OAS
In 1994, Gaviria was elected Secretary General of the OAS (his term beginning after the end of his presidential term in August 1994). Reelected in 1999, he worked extensively on behalf of Latin America. Between October 2002 and May 2003, he served as international facilitator of the OAS mesa process, aimed at finding a solution to the internal Venezuelan political crisis between President Hugo Chávez and the Coordinadora Democrática opposition.[6]
Adviser and scholar
After leaving the OAS, Gaviria worked briefly[when?] in New York City as an advisor and scholar[clarification needed] for a brief period of time at Columbia University[citation needed]. Upon his return to Colombia[when?], he founded an art gallery named Nueveochenta, and has remained in the country ever since[needs update].[citation needed]
President
Gaviria was proclaimed the sole chief of the Colombian Liberal Party in June 2005. On 27 April 2006, his sister Liliana Gaviria was killed by unknown gunmen.[7]
Colombia's four failed peace talks[8] | ||
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Year | President | Ended because |
1982–1985 | Belisario Betancur | Most Supreme Court Justices were killed when M-19 commandos and the Army fought for control of the building |
1986–1990 | Virgilio Barco Vargas | FARC ambush killed 26 soldiers in Caquetá
|
1990–1992 | César Gaviria Trujillo
|
FARC attack on the Senate President. FARC kidnapping and killing of an ex-cabinet member. |
1998–2002 | Andrés Pastrana Arango | FARC kidnapping of Senator |
His son, Simón Gaviria, led the Liberal Party between 2011 and 2014 and then served as national director of planning under the government of Juan Manuel Santos from 2014 to 2017. César Gaviria then took over the leadership of the party. He supported Iván Duque's candidacy for the 2018 presidential election, which Duque won.
Gaviria is a member of the Club of Madrid,[9][10] an independent non-profit organization created to promote democracy and change in the international community, composed by more than 100 members: former democratic Heads of State and Government from around the world.
Pandora Papers
In October 2021, his name was mentioned in the Pandora Papers as the owner of a company located in Panama, a country considered a tax haven, through which he acquired Colombian companies.[11]
Popular culture
- Gaviria is portrayed by the Colombian actor Fabián Mendoza in the TV series Escobar, el Patrón del Mal.[12]
- In TV series Tres Caínes is portrayed by the Colombian actor Mario Ruiz as the character of Germán Giraldo.
- In Narcos, a 2015 Netflix original series, Gaviria is portrayed by Mexican actor Raúl Méndez.
See also
Sources
- OCLC 7475329. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- ^ "Hace 25 años fue atentado contra avión de Avianca, ordenado por Pablo Escobar" (in Spanish). Caracol. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Perfil César Gaviria Trujillo" (in Spanish). Quién es Quién. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Violences colombiennes dans les rues et dans les têtes". January 1993.
- ^ Os paramilitares e o terrorismo de Estado colombiano, bibliotecadiplo, 01/04/2003
- ^ Andrew F. Cooper, and Thomas Legler (2005), "A Tale of Two Mesas: The OAS Defense of Democracy in Peru and Venezuela," Global Governance 11(4)
- ^ "Asesinada Liliana Gaviria, hermana del ex presidente César Gaviria Trujillo" (in Spanish). Caracol. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Why did the Colombia Peace Process Fail?" (PDF). The Tabula Rasa Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2006. [PDF file]
- ^ "Gaviria, César President of Colombia (1990-1994)". Club of Madrid. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ Club de Madrid is an independent non-profit organization created to promote "Democracy that Delivers". It is composed of more than 100 Members, all democratic former presidents and prime ministers from around the world.
- ^ Pandora papers reveal offshore activities of Colombia’s ex-presidents, Adriaan Alsema, October 4, 2021
- ^ "Fabián Mendoza será 'César Gaviria' en Escobar, El Patrón del Mal". El Espectador (in Spanish). 30 July 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
External links
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Biografía CIDOB Biography in Spanish by CIDOB