C-SPAN

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C-SPAN
K33DB-D 50.3
Streaming media
Available to current cable/satellite subscribersC-SPAN Live
and on demand

Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN

U.S. Congress
have no control over its programming content.

The C-SPAN network includes the television channels C-SPAN, focusing on the

SiriusXM, via Internet streaming, and globally through iOS and Android
apps.

The network televises U.S. political events, particularly live and "gavel-to-gavel" coverage of the U.S. Congress, as well as other major events worldwide. Coverage of political and policy events is unmoderated, providing the audience with unfiltered information about politics and government. Non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy.

History

Development

Sen. Robert Byrd (right), C-SPAN's founder Brian Lamb (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.

Bob Rosencrans, providing $25,000 of initial funding in 1979,[2][5] and John D. Evans, providing wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal,[6][7] were among those who helped Lamb launch the network. At meetings with House of Representatives leadership, Lamb and Rosencrans promised that the network would be non-political, which helped override broadcast and local network resistance.[5]

C-SPAN launched on March 19, 1979,[8] for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, beginning with a speech by then-Tennessee representative Al Gore.[9][10] Upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN,[11] and the network had just three employees.[12] For the first few years C-SPAN leased satellite time from the USA Network and had approximately 9 hours of daily programming. On February 1, 1982, C-SPAN launched its own transponder and expanded programming to 16 hours a day; the arrangement with the USA Network was discontinued two months later.[13] C-SPAN began full-time operations on September 13, 1982.[14]

Channel expansion and access

C-SPAN2 launched on June 2, 1986, to cover Senate proceedings, and began full-time operations on January 5, 1987.[15][16][17] The Senate had debated allowing television coverage for over two years, with Majority Leader Howard Baker introducing the first, failed, resolution to allow cameras onto the floor and Senator William L. Armstrong finally succeeding in televising Senate proceedings.[18]

In 1992, Congress passed must-carry regulations, which required cable carriers to allocate spectrum to local broadcasters. This affected the availability of C-SPAN, especially C-SPAN2, in some areas as some providers chose to discontinue carriage of the channel altogether.[19][20] Between 1993 and 1994, cable systems in 95 U.S. cities dropped or reduced broadcasts of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2.[19] Viewers protested these decisions, and some communities, such as Eugene, Oregon and Alexandria, Virginia, were successful in restoring C-SPAN availability.[21] C-SPAN availability was broadly restored when technological improvements expanded channel capacity and allowed for both mandatory stations and the C-SPAN networks to be broadcast.[19]

C-SPAN3, the most recent expansion channel, began full-time operations on January 22, 2001.

Washington, D.C., area in 1997, and televised live and recorded political events on weekdays.[17][22] C-SPAN Radio also began operations in 1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming.[23]

In 2010, C-SPAN began a transition to high definition telecasts, planned to take place over an 18-month period.[3] The network provided C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 in high definition on June 1, 2010, and C-SPAN3 in July 2010.[24]

Lamb semi-retired in March 2012 and gave executive control of the network to his two lieutenants, Rob Kennedy and Susan Swain.[25]

Online presence

In January 1997, C-SPAN began real-time streaming of C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 on its website.

presidential debates of 2008, C-SPAN created two standalone websites: the Convention Hub and the Debate Hub.[26] C-span.org features further live programming such as committee hearings and speeches that are broadcast later in the day, after the House and Senate have left.[27]

On January 12, 2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT America for approximately 10 minutes.[28] C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were "operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue."[29]

Camera access

C-SPAN broadcasts video feed, but does not control the placement or number of cameras on the House and Senate floor. Arguments over C-SPAN's camera in the House and Senate began as early as 1984, with a fight between Democrats and Republicans over camera angles. At the time C-SPAN only broadcast a shot of the person speaking. The Conservative Opportunity Society, led by Newt Gingrich, took advantage of this by delivering speeches to an empty chamber, at times referring to Democrats who were not actually there. Speaker Tip O'Neill, annoyed by the speeches, ordered the camera to display a wide-shot of the empty chamber without alerting the Republicans.[30] The incident turned into a widely publicized argument between Gingrich and O'Neill.[31]

After the 1984 incident, the House allowed both wide-angle shots and close-ups of the speaker until 1994, when they reverted to just close-up shots in an effort to make the House look "more dignified."[30] The Senate, which had allowed cameras since 1987, had always only allowed close-ups.

In 1994, C-SPAN requested increased camera access from both the Senate and the House of Representatives, and for permission to bring their own cameras.[30] They asked permission to pan for wide reaction shots, and install cameras for House-Senate conference committees and off-floor interviews, among other things. They also asked permission to have C-SPAN employees man the cameras instead of government employees.[32] These requests were rejected. Speaker Dennis Hastert rejected similar requests in 1999, as well as incoming Speaker Nancy Pelosi in 2006.[30] A December 2009 request to film healthcare negotiations was similarly denied.[33]

In 2011, C-SPAN again requested to bring cameras onto the House floor. Incoming Speaker John Boehner rejected the request, though he did allow reporters on the floor for 'special events.'[30]

On June 22 and 23, 2016, C-SPAN took video footage of the House floor from individual House representatives via streaming services

Orlando nightclub shooting. The sit-in was out of formal session and while the House was in official recess, so the existing House cameras could not be used to cover the event.[34][35] These live streams violated House rules on use of personal devices on the floor, which C-SPAN noted through on-air disclaimers.[36][37]

In January 2023, C-SPAN gained widespread attention for its broadcast of the Speaker of the House vote. As the House was not in session, C-SPAN had been given permission for its cameras to roam the House floor, and capture new angles in addition to the often-permitted wide-angle and speaker close-up. After Kevin McCarthy was confirmed as Speaker, camera permissions reverted to what had previously been permitted.[38]

Programming

Senate and House of Representatives

The C-SPAN network's core programming is live coverage of the U.S. House and Senate, with the C-SPAN channel emphasizing the United States House of Representatives. Between 1979 and May 2011, the network televised more than 24,246 hours of floor action.[9] C-SPAN2, the first of the C-SPAN spin-off networks, provides uninterrupted live coverage of the United States Senate.[39] With coverage of the House and Senate, viewers can track legislation as it moves through both bodies of Congress.[40] Important debates in Congress that C-SPAN has covered live include the Persian Gulf conflict during 1991, and the House impeachment vote and Senate trial of President Bill Clinton in 1998 and 1999 as well as the impeachment proceedings of President Trump in 2019 and 2020.[41][16] When the House or Senate are not in session, C-SPAN channels broadcast other public affairs programming and recordings of previous events.[40]

Public affairs

The public affairs coverage on the C-SPAN networks other than the House and Senate floor debates is wide-ranging. C-SPAN is considered a useful source of information for journalists, lobbyists, educators and government officials as well as casual viewers interested in politics, due to its unedited coverage of political events.

midterm elections.[45]

C-SPAN's HDTV coverage of the beginning of the 112th Congress on January 5, 2011. The on-screen design seen here was used from April 19, 2010, to January 17, 2016.

All three channels televise events such as

White House Correspondents' Dinner.[47] While C-SPAN does not have video access to the Supreme Court, the network has used the Court's audio recordings accompanied by still photographs of the justices and lawyers to cover the Court in session on significant cases, and has covered individual Supreme Court justices' speaking engagements.[49]

Occasionally, proceedings of the

Tunisia, and other Arab nations.[17][60] Additionally, C-SPAN simulcasts NASA Space Shuttle mission launches and landings live, using video footage and audio sourced from NASA TV.[61]

With its public affairs programming, C-SPAN intends to offer different viewpoints by allowing time for multiple opinions to be discussed on a given topic. For example, in 2004 C-SPAN intended to televise a speech by

libel in the United Kingdom four years earlier; C-SPAN was criticized for its use of the word "balance" to describe the plan to cover both Lipstadt and Irving.[62][63] When Lipstadt ended media access to her speech, C-SPAN canceled coverage of both.[64]

The network strives for

neutrality and a lack of bias; in all programming when on-camera hosts are present their role is simply to facilitate and explain proceedings to the viewer.[2] Due to this policy, C-SPAN hosts do not state their names on television.[12]

C-SPAN and C-SPAN2 flagship programs

C-SPAN covers floor proceedings of the

Q&A, a Sunday evening interview program hosted by Susan Swain, with guests including journalists, politicians, authors, and other public figures.[67]

On weekends, C-SPAN2 dedicates its schedule to Book TV, which is 48 hours of programming about non-fiction books, book events, and authors. Book TV was launched in September 1998. Booknotes was originally broadcast from 1989 to 2004,[68] as a one-hour one-on-one interview of a non-fiction author.[69] Repeats of the interviews remain a regular part of the Book TV schedule with the title Encore Booknotes.[70] Other Book TV programs feature political and historical books and biographies of public figures. These include In Depth, a live, monthly, three-hour interview with a single author, and After Words,[71] an author interview program featuring guest hosts interviewing authors on topics with which both are familiar.[72] After Words was developed as a new type of author interview program after the end of production of Booknotes.[72] Weekend programming on Book TV also includes coverage of book events such as panel discussions, book fairs,[73] book signings, readings by authors and tours of bookstores around the U.S.[40]

C-SPAN3

C-SPAN 3 covers public affairs events, congressional hearings and history programming.[65] The weekday programming on C-SPAN3 (from the morning — anywhere from 6 to 8:30 a.m. — to 8 p.m. Eastern Time) features uninterrupted live public affairs events, in particular political events from Washington, D.C.[22] Each weekend since January 8, 2011, the network has broadcast 48 hours of programming dedicated to the history of the United States, under the umbrella title American History TV.[3][74][75] The programming covers the history of the U.S. from the founding of the nation through the late 20th century. Programs include American Artifacts, which is dedicated to exploring museums, archives and historical sites, and Lectures in History, featuring major university history professors giving lectures on U.S. history.[76] In 2009, C-SPAN3 aired an eight-installment series of interviews from the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at the University of Kansas, which featured historian Richard Norton Smith and Vice President Walter Mondale, among other interviewees.[77]

Special programming

C-SPAN has also occasionally produced special episodes and series. In 1989, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary with a three-hour retrospective on the history of the network.

Peabody Award.[80][81] The network has also produced special feature documentaries on the history of various American institutions and landmarks. In 2005, C-SPAN hosted a 25-hour "call-in marathon" and essay contest, the winner of which was invited to co-host an hour of the broadcast, to commemorate 25 years of taking viewer telephone calls.[82]

Radio broadcasts

In addition to the three television networks, C-SPAN also broadcasts via C-SPAN Radio, which is carried on their

Sunday morning talk shows for a same-day rebroadcast without commercials, in rapid succession.[86]

Online availability

Home page of the C-SPAN Video Library, 2013

C-SPAN archival video is available through the

Peabody Award in 2010 "for creating an enduring archive of the history of American policymaking, and for providing it as a free, user-friendly public service."[94]

Prior to the initiation of the C-SPAN Video Library, websites such as

Stephen Colbert's performance at the White House Correspondents' Association Dinner from YouTube.[96] After concerns by some webloggers,[97] C-SPAN gave permission for Google Video to host the full event.[98] On March 7, 2007, C-SPAN liberalized its copyright policy for current, future, and past coverage of any official events sponsored by Congress and any federal agency and now allows for attributed non-commercial copying, sharing, and posting of C-SPAN video on the Internet,[99][100] excluding re-syndication of live video streams. The new policy did not affect the public's right to use the public domain video coverage of the floor proceedings of the U.S. House and Senate.[101]

In 2008, C-SPAN's online political coverage was expanded just prior to the elections, with the introduction of three special pages on the C-SPAN website: the C-SPAN Convention Hubs and C-SPAN Debate Hub, which offered video of major events as well as discussion from weblogs and social media about the major party conventions and candidate debates.[102][103] C-SPAN brought back the Convention Hub for the 2012 presidential election.[104]

In addition to the programming available in the C-SPAN Video Library, all C-SPAN programming is available as a live feed streamed on its website in Flash Video format.[105]

On July 29, 2014, C-SPAN announced that it would begin restricting access to the live feeds of the main channel, C-SPAN2 and C-SPAN3 to subscribers of cable or satellite providers later that summer, citing concerns with the slow shift in viewing habits from cable television to the internet due to its reliance on carriage fees from cable and satellite providers. However, it will continue to allow all government meetings, hearings and conferences to be streamed live online and via archived on the C-SPAN Video Library without requiring an authenticated login by a provider; live audio feeds of all three channels are also available for free through the network's mobile app. The decision drew some criticism from public interest and government transparency advocates, citing the fact that C-SPAN was designed as a public service.[106][107] As of December 2019, C-SPAN has begun advertising on its online videos, with YouTube-style advertisements that can be skipped after five seconds.[108]

Organization and operations

Founder Brian Lamb (center) in 2012 with co-CEOs Rob Kennedy (left) and Susan Swain (right)
National Cable Satellite Corporation
FoundedNovember 14, 1978; 45 years ago (1978-11-14)
President
Brian Lamb[110]
AffiliationsC-SPAN Education Foundation[110]
Revenue (2014)
$73,244,854[110]
Expenses (2014)$63,409,586[110]
Employees (2013)
282[111] or 337[110]
Websitec-span.org

C-SPAN is operated by the National Cable Satellite Corporation, a nonprofit organization.[12] Early chairmen included Bob Rosencrans, John Saeman, Ed Allen and Gene Schneider.[112]

As a non-commercial public service, C-SPAN receives most of its funding from subscriber fees charged to cable and

direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) operators.[113] As of 2012, C-SPAN received 6¢ of each subscriber's cable bill for an annual budget of $60 million.[114]
C-SPAN began airing internet commercials early in 2021 and now sells C-SPAN merchandise.

As the network is an independent entity, neither the cable industry nor Congress controls the content of its programming.[46]

As of January 2013, the network has 282

Denver, Colorado. These studios use digital equipment that can be controlled from Washington.[2]

C-SPAN also maintains

archives in West Lafayette, Indiana, at the Purdue Research Park under the direction of Robert X. Browning.[47]

Audience

The C-SPAN networks are available in more than 100 million households as of 2010[update], not including access to the C-SPAN websites.

Nielsen ratings.[47]
However, there have been a number of surveys providing estimates:

Public and media opinion

A 2009 C-SPAN survey of viewers found that the network's most-valued attribute was its balanced programming. The survey's respondents were a mixed group, with 31% describing themselves as "liberal", while 28% described themselves as "conservative", and the survey found that C-SPAN viewers are an equal mixture of men and women of all age groups.[citation needed]

C-SPAN's public service nature has been praised as an enduring contribution to national knowledge.

Daily Beast terming C-SPAN's $55 million annual budget (in 2009), "an astounding bargain."[121][127] In an article on the 25th anniversary of the network, The Washington Post noted that C-SPAN's programming has been copied by television networks worldwide and credits the network with providing information about foreign politics to American viewers.[128] According to The New York Times, C-SPAN's mission to record official events in Washington, D.C., makes it "one of a kind", particularly in the creation of the C-SPAN Video Library, which received significant press coverage.[25][88]

Despite its stated commitment to providing politically balanced programming, C-SPAN and its shows such as Washington Journal, Booknotes, Q & A, and After Words have been accused by some liberal organizations of having a conservative bias.

people of color are underrepresented at 15% of the guest list.[130] A 2007 survey released by the think tank Center for Economic and Policy Research reported that C-SPAN covered conservative think tanks more than left-of-center think tanks.[131]

Other services

C-SPAN Digital Bus, which tours the U.S. educating the public about C-SPAN resources

C-SPAN offers a number of public services related to the network's public affairs programming. C-SPAN Classroom, a free membership service for teachers, began in July 1987 and offers help using C-SPAN resources for classes or research.

C-SPAN School Bus, introduced in November 1993, traveled around the U.S. educating the public about government and politics using C-SPAN resources, and served as a mobile television studio. The bus also recorded video footage of the places that it visited.[132] A second bus was introduced in 1996. The two original buses were retired in 2010,[133] and the C-SPAN Digital Bus was inaugurated, introducing the public to C-SPAN's enhanced digital products.[134] C-SPAN has also equipped six Local Content Vehicles (LCVs) to travel the country and record unique political and historical stories, with each vehicle containing production and web-based technologies to produce on-the-spot content.[135][136]

C-SPAN has published ten books based on its programming; these contain original material and text taken from interview transcripts. The first C-SPAN book, C-SPAN: America's Town Hall, was published in 1988.[15] Other C-SPAN books include: Gavel to Gavel: A C-SPAN Guide to Congress;[137] Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb?, a guide to the grave sites of U.S. presidents;[138] Abraham Lincoln - Great American Historians On Our Sixteenth President, a collection of essays based on C-SPAN interviews with American historians;[139] and The Supreme Court, which features biographies and interviews with past Supreme Court judges together with commentary from legal experts.[140] Five books have been drawn from the former Booknotes program: Booknotes: Life Stories;[141] Booknotes: On American Character;[142] Booknotes: Stories from American History;[143] Booknotes: America's Finest Authors on Reading, Writing and the Power of Ideas, the latter a compilation of short monologues taken from the transcripts of Lamb's interviews;[69] and a companion book to the series on Tocqueville, Traveling Tocqueville's America: A Tour Book.[144]

Prank calls and obscenities

Due to the open phone lines on Washington Journal, C-SPAN has been noted to have a tradition of

racial slur before being kicked off the air.[153] The network implemented a 3-second broadcast delay in 2016 to combat these types of calls.[154]

Publications

See also

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External links

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