Care International
Formation | 1945 |
---|---|
Founders | Arthur Cuming Ringland, Wallace Campbell, Lincoln Clark |
Type | International NGO |
Region | Worldwide |
Fields | Humanitarian relief and development support |
Secretary General | Sofía Sprechmann Sineiro |
Chair of the Supervisory Board | Arielle de Rothschild |
Website | care-international.org |
CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere, formerly Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe
CARE's programmes in the developing world address a broad range of topics including
CARE International is a
History
1945–1949: Origins and the CARE Package
CARE, then the Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe, was formally founded on November 27, 1945,[3] and was originally intended to be a temporary organization.[4] Twenty-two members from the American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service met to ratify the articles of incorporation for CARE to Europe.[5] World War II had ended in August of the same year. After pressure from the public and Congress, President Harry S. Truman agreed to let private organizations provide relief for those starving due to the war.[6] CARE executive director French ensured, through a letter written to President Truman that postage stamps were printed on the outside of packages, to inform the international community of who funded these initiatives.[7] CARE was initially a consortium of twenty-two U.S. charities (a mixture of civic, religious, cooperative, farm, and labour organizations) to deliver food aid to Europe in the aftermath of World War II.[8] Donald M. Nelson was the first executive director,[9] but then William N. Haskell served as executive director from late 1945 until 1947.[10] In February 1946, William N. Haskell wrote to Oskar Lange, the Polish ambassador in Washington, explaining the plan and asking for his assistance in obtaining Polish government's consent to its extension to Poland.[11] The organization delivered its first food packages in 1946.
CARE's food aid took the form of CARE Packages, which were at first delivered to specific individuals: the US people paid $10 to send a CARE Package of food to a loved one in Europe, often a family member. President Truman bought the first CARE package.[12]: p.1 CARE guaranteed delivery within four months to anyone in Europe, even if they had left their last known address, and returned a signed delivery receipt to the sender.[13] Because European postal services were unreliable at the time these signed receipts were sometimes the first confirmation that the recipient had survived the war.[8]
The first CARE Packages were in fact surplus
By early 1947 the supply of "Ten-in-One" ration packs had been exhausted and CARE began assembling its own packages.
Although the organization had originally intended to deliver packages only to specified individuals, within a year CARE began delivering packages addressed for example "to a teacher" or simply "to a hungry person in Europe".[8]: p.18 These unspecified donations continued and in early 1948 CARE's board voted narrowly to officially move towards unspecified donations and to expand into more general relief. Some founding member agencies disagreed with this shift, arguing that more general relief would be a duplication of the work of other agencies, but donors reacted favourably, contributions increased, and this decision would mark the beginning of CARE's shift towards a broader mandate.[4]
Between the first deliveries of 1946 and the last European deliveries of 1956, millions of CARE Packages were distributed throughout Europe, over 50% of them to
The US
1949–1956: Transition out of Europe
Although the organization's mission had originally been focused on Europe, in July 1948 CARE opened its first non-European mission, in
As Europe recovered economically, CARE faced the need to re-evaluate its mission: in 1955 several board members argued that with the European recovery CARE's mandate was finished and the organization should dissolve. Other Board members however felt that CARE's mission should continue albeit with a new focus on the developing world.[16] In July 1955 the Board of Directors voted to continue and expand CARE projects outside of Europe. Paul French, CARE's executive director at the time, resigned over the debate. New executive director Richard W. Reuter took over in 1955 and helped lead the organization in a new direction.[17] Twenty-two of CARE's forty-two missions were closed, mostly in European countries, and efforts were concentrated on food distribution and emergency response in the developing world.[4] In 1956 CARE distributed food to refugees of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and this would be among the last of CARE's operations in Europe for many years.[8]
1957–1975: Transition into broader development work
With a broadened geographic focus came a broadened approach as CARE began to expand beyond its original food distribution program. In order to reflect these new broader aims, in 1959 CARE changed the meaning of its acronym a second time, becoming the "Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere".[4] Reflecting this broadened scope, CARE became involved in 1961 with President John F. Kennedy's establishment of the Peace Corps. CARE was tasked with selecting and training the first group of volunteers, who would later be deployed to development projects in Colombia. The Peace Corps assumed greater control over the training of Peace Corps Volunteers in subsequent missions, but CARE continued to provide country directors to the Peace Corps until CARE-Peace Corps joint projects ended in 1967.[4]
In 1962 CARE merged with and absorbed the medical aid organization MEDICO, which it had been working closely with for several years previously. The merger considerably increased CARE's capacity to deliver health programming including trained medical personnel and medical supplies.[4]
During this transition the original CARE Package was phased out.[4] The last food package was delivered in 1967 and the last tools package in 1968.[18] Over 100 million CARE Packages had been delivered worldwide since the first shipment to France.[19] Although 1968 marked the official "retirement" of the CARE Package the format would occasionally be used again, for example in CARE's relief to the republics of the former Soviet Union and to survivors of the Bosnian War.[20] The concept was also revived in 2011 as an online campaign encouraging donors to fill a "virtual CARE Package" with food aid and services such as education and healthcare.[21]
1967 also marked CARE's first partnership agreement with a government: for the construction of schools in
In 1975 CARE implemented a multi-year planning system, again allowing programmes to become both broader and deeper in scope. Projects became increasingly multi-faceted, providing for example not only health education but also access to clean water and an agricultural program to improve nutrition. The multi-year planning system also increased the scope for country-wide projects and partnerships with local governments. A 1977 project for example provided for the construction of over 200 pre-schools and kindergartens throughout
1975–1990: From CARE to CARE International
Although CARE had opened an office in Canada in 1946, it was not until the mid-1970s that the organization truly started to become an international body.
In 1979 planning began for the establishment of an umbrella organization to coordinate and prevent duplication among the various national CARE organizations. This new body was named CARE International and met for the first time on January 29, 1982, with CARE Canada, CARE Germany, CARE Norway, and CARE USA (formerly simply CARE) in attendance.[4]
CARE International would expand significantly during the 1980s, with the addition of CARE France in 1983;[23] CARE International UK in 1985;[24] CARE Austria in 1986;[25] and CARE Australia, CARE Denmark, and CARE Japan in 1987.[26][27][28]
1990–present: Recent history
Along with broader development work CARE's projects in the 1980s and early 1990s focused particularly on
The 1990s also saw an evolution in CARE's approach to poverty. Originally CARE had viewed poverty primarily as a lack of basic goods and services such as food, clean water, and health care. As CARE's scope expanded both geographically and topically this approach was expanded to include the view that poverty was in many cases caused by social exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination. In the early 1990s CARE adopted a household livelihood security framework which included a multidimensional view of poverty as encompassing not only physical resources but also social position and human capacities. As a result of this, by 2000, CARE had adopted a rights-based approach to development.[19]
One of their buildings was attacked, and people were killed and wounded, during the September 2016 Kabul attacks. In the 2021 Fall of Kabul after American troops withdrawal, and the fear to women and girls, caused by the Taliban takeover of government, CARE's deputy country director, Marianne O'Grady was reported as saying that women would continue educating their families and neighbours, even 'behind the walls', compared to the regime 25 years ago, despite Taliban rules.[29]
Microfinance
In the early 1990s CARE also developed what would become an important model for cooperative
The model has also been widely replicated in Africa and Asia and by other large NGOs including Oxfam, Plan International, and Catholic Relief Services.[33]
CARE UK later launched
Acronym redefinition and 50th anniversary
In 1993 CARE, to reflect its international organizational structure, changed the meaning of its acronym for a third time, adopting its current name the "Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere". CARE also marked its 50th anniversary in 1994.[19]
CARE expanded the confederation to twelve members in the early 2000s, with CARE Netherlands (formerly the Disaster Relief Agency) joining in 2001[34] and CARE Thailand (called the Raks Thai Foundation) joining in 2003, becoming the first CARE National Member in a developing country.[35]
CARE's well-known "I am Powerful" campaign launched in the US in September 2006 and was intended to bring public attention to the organization's long-standing focus on women's empowerment.[19] CARE states that its programs focus on women and girls both because the world's poor are disproportionately female and because women's empowerment is thought to be an important driver of development. CARE also emphasizes that it considers working with boys and men an important part of women's empowerment, and that women's empowerment benefits both genders.[2]
In 2007 CARE announced that by 2009 it would no longer accept certain types of US food aid worth some $45 million a year, arguing that these types of food aid are inefficient and harmful to local markets.
In 2011 CARE added its first affiliate member, CARE India, and in 2012 the CI board accepted CARE Peru as CARE's second affiliate member.[2] CARE India became a full member in November 2013. The CI board accepted CARE Peru as a full member of the confederation in June 2015.
CARE is currently one of the only major NGOs to make their database of
Structure
CARE International is a confederation of twenty CARE National Members, coordinated by the CARE International Secretariat. The Secretariat is based in Geneva, Switzerland, with offices in New York City and in Brussels to liaise with the United Nations and European institutions, respectively.[41]
Each CARE National Member is an autonomous non-governmental organization registered in the country and runs programs, fundraising, and communications activities both in its own country and in developing countries in which CARE operates. The fourteen CARE National Members and four affiliate members are:[41]
CARE Member | Joined the confederation as of: | Website | |
---|---|---|---|
CARE Australia | 1987[26] | www.care.org.au | |
CARE Canada | 1946[4] | www.care.ca | |
CARE Caucasus | 2021 | http://www.care-caucasus.org.ge/ | |
CARE Czech Republic | 2021 | https://www.care.cz/ | |
Chrysalis Sri Lanka * | 2017 | http://chrysaliscatalyz.com/ | |
CARE Danmark | 1987[27] | www.care.dk | |
CARE Deutschland | 1981[4] | www.care.de | |
CARE Egypt | 2022 | www.care.org.eg/ | |
CARE France | 1983[23] | www.carefrance.org | |
CARE India | 2011 [42] | www.careindia.org | |
CARE Indonesia | 2023 | http://www.careindonesia.or.id/ | |
CARE International Japan | 1987[28] | www.careintjp.org | |
CARE Luxemburg | 2022 | https://www.care.lu/ | |
CARE International Maroc (Morocco) | 2023 | https://www.caremaroc.org/ | |
CARE Nederland | 2001[34][43] | www.carenederland.org | |
CARE Norge | 1980[22] | www.care.no | |
CARE Österreich | 1986[25] | www.care.at | |
CARE Peru | 2012[2] | www.care.org.pe | |
Raks Thai Foundation (CARE Thailand) | 2003[35] | www.raksthai.org | |
CARE International UK | 1985[24] | www.careinternational.org.uk | |
CARE USA (founding member: originally simply CARE) | 1945[4] | www.care.org |
Affiliate members are marked with an asterisk (*)
Programming scope
In 2016 CARE was active in the following countries (as well as in member and affiliate countries):[2]
Region | Countries where CARE was active in 2014 |
---|---|
Asia-Pacific | |
East and Central Africa | Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda |
Latin America and Caribbean | Bolivia, Guatemala, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Honduras, Ecuador, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Mexico |
Middle East, North Africa and Europe | Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Lebanon, Luxemburg, Macedonia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Serbia, Switzerland, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen. |
North America | Canada and the United States of America. |
Southern Africa | Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe |
West Africa | Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. |
A total of 962 development and humanitarian aid projects were carried out in these countries, with 80,120,323 million people directly reached. The breakdown by region was as follows:[2]
Region | Direct Participants | Projects |
---|---|---|
East & Central Africa | 9,086,533 | 200 |
Latin America & Caribbean | 965,705 | 93 |
Middle East, North Africa & Europe | 3,616,754 | 194 |
Asia & the Pacific | 56,738,386 | 329 |
Southern Africa | 4,640,456 | 80 |
West Africa | 5,072,468 | 137 |
For the fiscal year 2016, CARE reported a budget of more than 574 million Euros and a staff of 9,175 (94% of them local citizens of the country where they work).[2]
Emergency response
CARE supports emergency relief as well as prevention, preparedness, and recovery programs. In 2016, CARE reportedly reached more than 7.2 million people through its humanitarian response. CARE's core sectors for emergency response are Food Security, Shelter, WASH and Sexual & Reproductive Health. CARE is a signatory of major international humanitarian standards and codes of conduct including the Code of Conduct for the
Networks and partnerships
CARE is a signatory to the following standards of humanitarian intervention: the Code of Conduct for The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief,[44] the Sphere standards,[45] and the Core Humanitarian Standard[46] As well, CARE is a member of a number of networks aiming to improve the quality and coordination of humanitarian aid: The Emergency Capacity Building Project,[47] The Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies,[48] the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action,[49] the Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response,[50] the International Council for Voluntary Agencies,[51] and the INGO Accountability Charter.[52] CARE also regularly engages in joint advocacy campaigns with other major NGOs. The Global Campaign for Climate Change Action is one example.[53]
List of CEO
2015 - Present Michelle Nunn
List of secretaries general
Date | Name |
---|---|
2020 - Present | Sofia Sprechmann Sineiro |
2019 - 2020 | Lindsay Glassco |
2018 - 2019 | Caroline Kende-Robb |
2018 | Laurie Lee (interim) |
References
- ^ "CARE's History". Care International. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 19, 2015.
- ^ "'Father' of CARE Hailed On Its 12th Anniversary". The New York Times. May 14, 1958. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w O’Keefe L, Drew J, Bailey L, Ford M. (1991). "Guide to the Records of CARE" (PDF). New York Public Library.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ "How Much Famine is "Policy Made"?". Saturday Evening Post. 1946. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ Modarressi, Matin. "CARE's Stamp on History". Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ ISBN 1-56352-285-3
- ^ "Cooperative Aids Overseas Relief" (PDF). The New York Times. November 30, 1945. p. 2. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ "Gen. Haskell Dies on 74th Birthday" (PDF). The New York Times. August 14, 1952. p. 23. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ Dabrowski, Marek. "Difficult Beginnings: The First CARE Mission to Poland, 1946-1949". www.wilsoncenter.org. The Wilson Center. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
- ^ "Richard D. McKinzie (1975) "Oral History Interview with Arthur Ringland " Truman Library, p1(10–11)". Trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ Goldberg A. (April 17, 1947). "Surplus Army Rations Gone, CARE Adopts Own Packages for Hungry". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c Henry K. (1999) "CARE International: Evolving to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century", Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. 28: 109
- ^ Wong, Brian Tsz Ho. "A CARE Package for Hirohito | Wilson Center". Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ a b Barnett M (2011) Empire of Humanity: A History of Humanitarianism. Cornell University Press
- ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (January 13, 2005). "Richard W. Reuter, Executive at Relief Agencies, Dies at 86". The New York Times.
- ^ "CARE Package: Then and Now". October 31, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Rangan K, Lee K (2008). "Repositioning CARE USA" (PDF). Harvard Business School. (Case Study)
- ^ "CARE packages prevented starvation in post-war Germany". DW. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ Strom, S. (March 8, 2011). "CARE, in Return To Roots, Will Offer Virtual Packages". The New York Times. p. 8. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
- ^ a b "CARE – CAREs historie". Care.no. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "ONG CARE France | Association de solidarité internationale". Carefrance.org. September 2, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "Our history | CARE International United Kingdom | One of the world's leading poverty charities | CARE International United King". Careinternational.org.uk. May 11, 1946. Archived from the original on March 30, 2015. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "CARE in Österreich". Care.at. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "CARE Australia History". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ a b "CARE's History". CARE Denmark. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011.
- ^ a b "CARE's History | Who is care? | CARE International Japan". Careintjp.org. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ Karam, Zeina; Seir, Ahmed (August 13, 2021). "Afghan women fear return to 'dark days' amid Taliban sweep". Daily Herald. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
- ^ a b Hamadziripi, A. (2008). "Village Savings and Loans Associations in Niger: Mata Masu Dubara Model of Remote Outreach" (PDF). COADY International Institute, St Francis Xavier University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
- ^ Anyango E, Esipisu E, Opoku L, Johnson S, Malkamaki M, Musoke C (2007). "Village Savings and Loan Associations – experience from Zanzibar". Small Enterprise Development, 18:1 p11-24(14). Commissioned by DFID & Decentralized Financial Services" (PDF). Ruralfinance.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2013.
- ^ "Micro finance Africa Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
- ^ Allen H, Panetta D (2010). "Savings Groups: What Are They?" (PDF). The SEEP Network. Sswm.info.
- ^ a b [1] Archived November 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Thailand". CARE. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ Dugger, C. (August 16, 2007). "CARE Turns down Federal Funds for Food Aid". New York Times.
- ^ a b Harrell, Eben (August 15, 2007). "CARE Says No Thanks to U.S. Food Aid". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ a b "White Paper on Food Aid Policy" (PDF). Care.org. 2006.
- ^ "CARE". GiveWell. May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ Home – Welcome to CARE International’s Electronic Evaluation Library (EEL) Archived October 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Global Network". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
- ^ "CARE India". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ "CARE Netherlands".
- ^ "Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief List of signatories" (PDF). IFRC. 2011.
- ^ "Board organizations | Governance". The Sphere Project. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ "Home Page – CHS". corehumanitarianstandard.org. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
- ^ "The Emergency Capacity Building Project (ECB)". Ecbproject.org. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ "The Consortium of British Humanitarian Agencies". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ "Full and Associate members". ALNAP. Archived from the original on April 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ "IASC – Inter-Agency Standing Committee". Humanitarianinfo.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ "List of ICVA Member Agencies | International Council of Voluntary Agencies". Icva.ch. Archived from the original on January 28, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ^ "INGO Accountability".
- ^ "Partners » TckTckTck | The Global Call for Climate Action". Gc-ca.org. Archived from the original on October 26, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.