CD-i

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"CDi" redirects here. For other uses, see CDI (disambiguation).

Compact Disc-Interactive
Philips CDI 910, the first consumer-oriented CD-i player, pictured with its "Touchpad" game controller
Media typeOptical disc
EncodingVarious
CapacityTypically up to 744 MB[1]
StandardGreen Book
Developed byPhilips, Sony
UsageAudio, video and data storage
Extended fromCompact disc
Released1990; 34 years ago (1990)
Discontinued1998; 26 years ago (1998)
Optical discs
General
Optical media types
Standards
See also

The Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-I, later CD-i) is a

data storage format that was mostly developed and marketed by Dutch company Philips. It was created as an extension of CDDA and CD-ROM and specified in the Green Book specifications, co-developed by Philips and Sony, to combine audio, text and graphics.[2] The two companies initially expected to impact the education/training, point of sale, and home entertainment industries,[3] but CD-i eventually became best known for its video games.[4]

Sony CD-i Intelligent Discman IVO

CD-i media physically have the same dimensions as CD, but with up to 744 

Real Time Operating System".[7][8][9][10]

Media released on the format included video games and "

game console,[5]
but at a lower price than a personal computer with a CD-ROM drive.

Audio CDs, CD+G (CD+Graphics), Photo CDs and Video CDs (VCDs), though the latter required an optional "Digital Video Card" to provide MPEG-1 decoding. Initially marketed to consumers as "home entertainment systems", and in later years as a "gaming platform",[2] CD-i did not manage to find enough success in the market, and was mostly abandoned by Philips in 1996.[14][15] The format continued to be supported for licensees for a few more years after.[16]

Specifications

Development of the "Compact Disc-Interactive" format began in 1984 (two years after the launch of the

Compact Disc) and it was first publicly announced by Philips and Sony – two of the largest electronics companies of the time – at Microsoft's CD-ROM Conference in Seattle in March 1986.[17][18][19] Microsoft's CEO Bill Gates had no idea beforehand that the format was under development.[20] The Green Book, formally known as the "CD-i Full Functional Specification", defined the format for interactive, multimedia compact discs designed for CD-i players. The Green Book specification also defines a whole hardware set built around the Motorola 68000 microprocessor family, and an operating system called CD-RTOS based on OS-9, a product of Microware.[21] The standard was originally not freely available and had to be licensed from Philips.[22] However, the 1994 version of the standard was eventually made available free by Philips.[23]

CD-i discs conform to the

CD-ROM XA specification (using either Mode 2 Form 1 or Mode 2 Form 2 modes), and have different classes depending on their contents ("data", "video", "audio", "empty" and "message"). "Message" sectors contain audio data to warn users of CD players that the track they are trying to listen to is a CD-i track and not a CD-DA track.[22] The CD-i specification also specifies a file system similar to (but not compatible with) ISO 9660 to be used on CD-i tracks, as well as certain specific files that are required to be present in a CD-i compatible disc.[22] Compared to the Yellow Book (specification for CD-ROM), the Green Book CD-i standard solves synchronisation problems by interleaving audio and video information on a single track.[24]

The format quickly gained interest from large manufacturers, and received backing from many particularly

Matsushita.[25][26] Although a joint effort, Philips eventually took over the majority of CD-i development at the expense of Sony.[27] Philips invested many millions in developing titles and players based on the CD-i specification.[28] Initially branded "CD-I", the name was changed in 1991 to "CD-i" with a lowercase i
.

The CD-i Ready format is a type of bridge format, also designed by Philips, that defines discs compatible with CD Digital audio players and CD-i players. This format puts CD-i software and data into the pregap of Track 1.

The

CD-i Bridge format, defined in Philips' White Book, is a transitional format allowing bridge discs to be played both on CD-ROM
drives and on CD-i players.

The CD-i Digital Video format was launched in 1993 containing movies that could be played on CD-i players with a Digital Video Cartridge add-on. The format was incompatible with Video CD (VCD), although a CD-i unit with the DVC could play both formats. Only about 20 movies were released on the format and it was stopped in 1994 in favor of VCD.[29]

Commercial software

See also:
CD-i games from The Legend of Zelda series
A Philips CDI 210 playing a standard Compact Disc

Applications were developed using authoring software produced by OptImage. This included OptImage's Balboa Runtime Libraries and MediaMogul. The second company that produced authoring software was Script Systems; they produced ABCD-I. Much of the CD-i software were promoted and/or published by American Interactive Media (AIM), a joint venture between Philips and its subsidiary PolyGram formed in Los Angeles in 1986, before its public debut, to publish CD-i based consumer software.[30][31][32] Similarly in Europe, Philips Interactive Media was launched.

Philips at first marketed CD-i as a family entertainment product, and avoided mentioning video games to not compete against game consoles.[33] Early software releases focused heavily on educational, music, and self-improvement titles, with only a few games, many of them adaptations of board games such as Connect Four. However, the system was handily beaten in the market for multimedia devices by cheap low-end PCs,[34] and the games were the best-selling software. By 1993 Philips encouraged MS-DOS and console developers to create games, introduced a $250 peripheral with more memory and support for full-motion video, and added to new consoles a second controller port for multiplayer games.[33]

The attempts to develop a foothold in the games market were unsuccessful, as the system was designed strictly as a multimedia player and thus was under-powered compared to other game platforms on the market in most respects.

SNES-CD).[36] While Philips and Nintendo never released such a CD-ROM add-on, Philips was still contractually allowed to use Nintendo characters.[37]

As announced at

Burn:Cycle, is considered one of the stronger CD-i titles and was later ported to PC. The February 1994 issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly remarked that the CD-i's full motion video capabilities were its strongest point, and that nearly all of its best software required the MPEG upgrade card.[39]

Philips also released several versions of popular TV game shows for the CD-i, including versions of Jeopardy! (hosted by Alex Trebek), Name That Tune (hosted by Bob Goen), and two versions of The Joker's Wild (one for adults hosted by Wink Martindale and one for kids hosted by Marc Summers). All CD-i games in North America (with the exception of Name That Tune) had Charlie O'Donnell as announcer. The Netherlands also released its version of Lingo on the CD-i in 1994.

In 1993, American musician Todd Rundgren created the first music-only fully interactive CD, No World Order, for the CD-i. This application allows the user to completely arrange the whole album in their own personal way with over 15,000 points of customization. Dutch eurodance duo 2 Unlimited released a CD-i compilation album in 1994 called "Beyond Limits" which contains standard CD tracks as well as CD-i-exclusive media on the disc.[40][41]

CD-i had a series of learning games ("

The Berenstain Bears
and various others which usually had vivid cartoon-like settings accompanied by music and logic puzzles.

By mid-1996 the U.S. market for CD-i software had dried up and Philips had given up on releasing titles there, but continued to publish CD-i games in Europe, where the system still held some popularity from a video games perspective.[42] With the home market exhausted, Philips tried with some success to position the technology as a solution for kiosk applications and industrial multimedia.[43]

Some homebrew developers have released video games on the CD-i format in later years, such as Frog Feast (2005), Super Quartet (2018), and Nobelia (2022).[44]

Player models

CD-i compatible models were released (as of April 1995) in the U.S., Canada, Benelux, France, Germany, the UK, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong and former European Eastern Bloc. It was reported to be released further in Brazil, India and Australia in the "coming months", with plans to also introduce it in China, South Africa, Indonesia and the Philippines.[45][46]

Philips models

Philips CD-i (200-700 series)
Philips Videopac + G7400
(spiritual)

In addition to consumer models, professional and development players were sold by Philips Interactive Media Systems and their VARs. The first CD-i system was produced by Philips in collaboration with Kyocera in 1988 – the Philips 180/181/182 modular system.[49][50] Philips marketed several CD-i player models as shown below.[51]

  • The CD-i player 100 series, which consisted of the three-unit 180/181/182 professional system, first demonstrated at the CD-ROM Conference in March 1988.
  • The CD-i player 200 series, which includes the 205, 210, and 220 models. Models in the 200 series were designed for general consumption, and were available at major home electronics outlets around the world. The Philips CDI 910 is the American version of the CDI 205, the most basic model in the series and the first Philips CD-i model, released in December 1991. Originally priced about $799, within a year's time the price dropped to $599.[52]
  • The CD-i player 300 series, which includes the 310, 350, 360, and 370 models. The 300 series consists of portable players designed for the professional market and not marketed to home consumers. A popular use was multimedia sales presentations such as those used by pharmaceutical companies to provide product information to physicians, as the devices could be easily transported by sales representatives.[9]
  • The CD-i player 400 series, which includes the 450, 470, 490 models. The 400 models are slimmed-down units aimed at console and educational markets. The CDI 450 player, for instance, is a budget model designed to compete with game consoles. In this version, an infrared remote controller is not standard but optional, as this model is more gaming-oriented. This series was introduced at CES Chicago in June 1994 and the 450 player retailed at ƒ799 in the Netherlands.[41]
  • The CD-i player 500 series, which includes the 550 model, which was essentially the same as the 450 with an installed digital video cartridge. It was introduced at CES Chicago in June 1994.[41]
  • The CD-i player 600 series, which includes the 601, 602, 604, 605, 615, 660, and 670 models. The 600 series is designed for professional applications and software development. Units in this line generally include support for floppy disk drives, keyboards and other computer peripherals. Some models can also be connected to an emulator and have software testing and debugging features.
  • The CD-I player 700 series, which consists of the 740 model, the most advanced player and featuring an RS-232 port. It was only released in limited quantities.

There also exist a number of hard-to-categorize models, such as the FW380i, an integrated mini-stereo and CD-i player; the 21TCDi30, a television with a built-in CD-i device; the CD-i/PC 2.0, a CD-i module with an ISA interface for IBM-compatible 486 PCs.[53][54]

  • Gallery
  • Philips CDI 180
    Philips CDI 180
  • Philips CDI 910 (American version of the CDI 205)
    Philips CDI 910 (American version of the CDI 205)
  • Philips CDI 210
    Philips CDI 210
  • Philips CDI 220
    Philips CDI 220
  • Philips CDI 450
    Philips CDI 450
  • Magnavox CDI 550 (NTSC) with its paddle controller. The CD-i's controllers were heavily criticized.
    Magnavox CDI 550 (NTSC) with its paddle controller. The CD-i's controllers were heavily criticized.

Other manufacturers

In addition to Philips, several manufacturers produced CD-i players some of which were still on sale years after Philips itself abandoned the format.[55] Manufacturers included:

  • Magnavox (a Philips subsidiary) made rebranded players for the American market.[39]
  • GoldStar / LG Electronics, the LG GDI-700 (c. 1997) was a professional player with a Motorola 68341 processor, faster than the Philips model.[56] GoldStar had a portable player, including another small one without an LCD screen.
  • Digital Video Systems
  • Memorex
  • Grundig
  • Kyocera made the portable Pro 1000S model
  • Maspro Denkoh released a GPS car navigation system with a built-in CD-i player, released in Japan in 1992.[57]
  • Saab Electric
  • Sony produced two models branded Intelligent Discman, a hybrid home/portable CD-i player released in 1990-1991 for professional use only.[58]
  • NBS
  • International Interactive Media (I2m) released in 1995 a CD-i
    Macintosh and PowerPC-based Macintosh computers[59]
  • Vobis Highscreen
  • Manna Space branded CD-i models (based on Magnavox's or GoldStar's version of Philips CDI 450) were made for a Japanese travel agency with the same name in 1995.[60]
  • Bang & Olufsen, who produced a high-end television with a built-in CD-i device (Beocenter AV5) on the market from 1997 to 2001.[61]

Before the actual commercial debut of the CD-i format, some other companies had interest in building players and some made prototypes, but were never released – this includes Panasonic (who were originally a major backer of the format), Pioneer, JVC, Toshiba, Epson, Ricoh, Fujitsu, Samsung and Yamaha.[62][17] In addition, Sanyo showed a prototype portable CD-i player in 1992.[63]

Hardware specifications

Back of a Philips CDI 210 (PAL) player
The CD-i Mouse, most commonly used for professional software
CD-i "Commander" remote control, with an opened sliding cover that reveals buttons for playing audio CDs
The CD-i "Roller" controller, specially designed for kids
CPU
Display and video
Audio
Operating System
Other
CD-i accessories
  • CD-i mouse
  • CD-I KeyControl (keyboard)
  • Roller controller
  • CD-i trackball
  • I/O port splitter
  • Touchpad controller (Gravis PC GamePad)
  • Gamepad controller
  • IR wireless controller
  • RAM expansion and Video-CD (MPEG-1) support with DV Cart
  • Peacekeeper Revolver

TeleCD-i and CD-MATICS

Recognizing the growing need among marketers for networked multimedia, Philips partnered in 1992 with Amsterdam-based CDMATICS to develop TeleCD-i [68] (also TeleCD). In this concept, the CD-i player is connected to a network such as PSTN or Internet, enabling data-communication and rich media presentation. Dutch grocery chain Albert Heijn and mail-order company Neckermann were early adopters and introduced award-winning TeleCD-i applications for their home-shopping and home-delivery services. CDMATICS also developed the special Philips TeleCD-i Assistant and a set of software tools to help the worldwide multimedia industry to develop and implement TeleCD-i. TeleCD-i is the world's first networked multimedia application at the time of its introduction. In 1996, Philips acquired source code rights from CDMATICS.

CD-Online

E-mail screen of CD-Online UK

Internet services on the CD-i devices were facilitated by the use of an additional hardware modem and "CD-Online" disc (renamed Web-i in the US

guilders),[72] and also released in Belgium.[62] The system was reportedly scheduled to launch in the US as "Web-i" in August 1996.[78] The domain cd-online.co.uk, which was used for the British CD-Online service, went offline in 2000.[79] The Dutch domain cd-online.nl stopped updating too but remained online until 2007.[80]

Only one game was released that supported CD-Online, the first-person shooter game RAM Raid. Players from any country in the world could compete against each other as long as they had a copy of the game.[81]

Reception and market performance

Philips had invested heavily in the CD-i format and system, and it was often compared with the Commodore CDTV as a single combination of computer, CD, and television.[82] The product was touted as a single machine for home entertainment connected to a standard TV and controlled by a regular remote control[83] – although the format was noted to have various non-entertainment business opportunities too, such as travel and tourism or the military. In 1990, Peugeot used CD-i for its point of sale application promoting its then-new 605 automobile, and it was also at the time used by fellow car manufacturer Renault for staff training programmes, and in Japan by the Ministry of Trade and Industry for an exhibition there. A Philips executive, Gaston Bastiaens, quoted in 1990 "CD-I will be 'the medium' for entertainment, education and information in the 90's.".[84] Sony introduced its three portable CD-i players in June 1990, pitching them as "picture books with sound".[17]

The ambitious CD-i format had initially created much interest after its 1986 announcement, both in the west and in Japan, buoyed by the success of the

IBM PC/AT computer.[86] Amid the attention around its potential rival DVI,[87] Philips and Sony decided to find a way to add full screen FMV abilities to the CD-i standard, causing further delay.[86] Meanwhile, the Microsoft-backed CD-ROM standard was improving and solved certain video playback issues that were present on the CD-i – CD-ROM format products were already on the market by 1987.[20] At the end, CD-ROM standard benefited from the CD-i and DVI mishaps,[86] and by the time CD-i players for consumers were released in 1991, CD-ROM had already become known and established.[20] Ron Gilbert commented in early 1990 "The CD-I specifications look great, but where are the machines? If they'd come out four years ago, they'd have been hot, but now they're behind the times."[88] Another reason that led to fading interest pre-launch was the fact CD-i players would not launch with FMV but instead receive it later through a purchasable add-on cartridge (it was originally expected to come built-in) – as well as the obsolete Motorola processor, OS-9 software, and a launch price considered high.[89]

Although Philips had aggressively promoted their CD-i products in the U.S., by August 1993

Apple Macintosh, and Sega Genesis.[90] The magazine stated in January 1994 that despite Philips' new emphasis on games "CD-i is still not the answer for hardcore gamers", but the console "may yet surprise us all in the future". It recommended the CD-i with video cartridge for those needing to buy a new console as "The price is right and there is more software to support it", but 3DO Interactive Multiplayer was probably better for those who could wait a few months.[33] The Electronic Entertainment August 1994 issue noted that the CD-i, along with the Atari Jaguar, neither have an "effective, let alone innovative" game library to compete against the then newly released Sega CD.[91]

After being outsold in the market by cheaper multimedia PCs, in 1994 Philips attempted to emphasize CD-i as a game playing machine, but this did not help the situation.

Electronic Entertainment Expo, there was no CD-i hardware or software on display. Next Generation scored the console one out of five stars.[65] Another trouble for Philips in 1995 was the formation of HDCD, which promised better quality video compared to Video CD's (VCD) MPEG-1 compression method – Philips had heavily promoted the CD-i's VCD playing capabilities.[94] Philips Media consolidated its CD-i activities from its Los Angeles office in March 1996.[95] It was reported in October 1996 that Philips was ready to "call it quits" in the American market.[96]

Sales

In October 1994, Philips claimed an installed base of one million units for the CD-i worldwide.[97] In 1996, The Wall Street Journal reported that total US sales amounted to 400,000 units.[98] In the Netherlands, about 60,000 CD-i players were sold by the end of December 1994.[45]

Legacy

The Philips CD-i 450 console at the Computer and Video Game Console Museum of Helsinki in 2012

Although extensively marketed by Philips, notably via

Super NES, which was announced for development with Nintendo in 1991, was never made.[100] The last CD-i game was Solar Crusade
, made by Infogrames and released in 1999.

After its discontinuation, the CD-i was overwhelmingly panned by critics who blasted its graphics, games, and controls.

PC World ranked it as fourth on their list of "The 10 Worst Video Game Systems of All Time".[103] Gamepro.com listed it as number four on their list of The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time.[104] In 2008, CNET listed the system on its list of the worst game console(s) ever.[105] In 2007, GameTrailers ranked the Philips CD-i as the fourth worst console of all time in its Top 10 Worst Console lineup.[106]

In later retrospective years, the CD-i has become (infamously) best known for its video games, particularly those from the Nintendo-licensed

Burn:Cycle was positively received by critics and has often been held up as the standout title for the CD-i.[93][109][110][65]

See also

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