CLE peptide
CLE peptides (CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-Related) are a group of
Background
Plants and animals alike both use small polypeptides for signaling in cell-to-cell communication. CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-Related, also known as a plant peptide hormone, signaling is important for cell to cell signaling but also long distance communication. These two actions are especially important for plant cells because they are stationary and must perform cell expansion. In multicellular organisms cell-to-cell communication has been found to be very crucial for many growth processes that occur inside the organism. The 12 or 13 amino acid polypeptides are the mature forms of the CLE proteins that are derived from the conserved CLE domains.
Genes
Most research that has been conducted on CLE peptide signaling has been conducted with Arabidopsis, since this genome contains 32 members of the CLE gene family. CLV3 which belongs to the CLE family of genes is found within one or more tissues of Arabidopsis. All 32 members of the CLE family share two characteristics that include: encoding of a small protein with a putative secretion signal at their N- termini and contain a conserved CLE motif at or near their C-termini.[7] The 32 members of the CLE gene family originated from mutations of the original gene.
Structures
CLE peptides are coded by the CLE genes. These peptides vary in structure with each peptide structure performing a different job with in the plant. The minimal length of functioning CLE peptides has been found to be 12 amino acids with several critical residues.[8] There are two different peptide structures that are found within the plant and they are A-type and B-type. When A-type hormones are secreted the plant slows down the rate of root growth whereas the secretion of B-type peptides effects the vascular growth of the plant.[9] The secretion of A-type peptides speeds up the vascular development of the plant that is mediated by the B-type peptides. This suggests that these two types of peptides work together to regulate the growth of the plant. The specific peptides are:[8]
A-type peptides
- CLE 1/3/4
- CLE 2
- CLE 5/6
- CLE 7
- CLE 8
- CLE 9
- CLE 10
- CLE 11
- CLE 12
- CLE 13
- CLE 14
- CLE 16
- CLE 17
- CLE 18
- CLE 19
- CLE 20
- CLE 21
- CLE 22
- CLE 25
- CLE 26
- CLE 27
- CLE 40
- CLE 45
B-type peptides
- CLE 41/44/TDIF
- CLE 42
- CLE 43
- CLE 46
Signaling in the shoot apical meristem
Genes in other plants
CLE genes have been found in numerous
References
Further reading
- Bommert P, Je BI, Goldshmidt A, Jackson D (October 2013). "The maize Gα gene COMPACT PLANT2 functions in CLAVATA signalling to control shoot meristem size". Nature. 502 (7472): 555–8. S2CID 4407655.
- Chu H, Liang W, Li J, Hong F, Wu Y, Wang L, Wang J, Wu P, Liu C, Zhang Q, Xu J, Zhang D (December 2013). "A CLE-WOX signalling module regulates root meristem maintenance and vascular tissue development in rice". J. Exp. Bot. 64 (17): 5359–69. PMID 24043854.
- Clark SE, Williams RW, Meyerowitz EM (May 1997). "The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis". Cell. 89 (4): 575–85. PMID 9160749.
- Jun J, Fiume E, Roeder AH, Meng L, Sharma VK, Osmont KS, Baker C, Ha CM, Meyerowitz EM, Feldman LJ, Fletcher JC (December 2010). "Comprehensive analysis of CLE polypeptide signaling gene expression and overexpression activity in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiol. 154 (4): 1721–36. PMID 20884811.
- Laux T, Mayer KF, Berger J, Jürgens G (January 1996). "The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis". Development. 122 (1): 87–96. PMID 8565856.