COMMAND.COM
Command-line interpreter |
COMMAND.COM is the default
Description
COMMAND.COM is the default
COMMAND.COM's successor on
COMMAND.COM is a DOS program. Programs launched from COMMAND.COM are DOS programs that use the
Operating modes
As a shell, COMMAND.COM has two distinct modes of operation. The first is
Internal commands
Internal commands are commands stored directly inside the COMMAND.COM binary. Thus, they are always available but can only be executed directly from the command interpreter.
All commands are executed after the ↵ Enter key is pressed at the end of the line. COMMAND.COM is not case-sensitive, meaning commands can be typed in any mixture of upper and lower case.
- BREAK
- Controls the handling of program interruption with Ctrl+C or Ctrl+Break.
- CHCP
- Displays or changes the current system code page.
- CHDIR, CD
- Changes the current working directory or displays the current directory.
- CLS
- Clears the screen.
- COPY
- Copies one file to another (if the destination file already exists, MS-DOS asks whether to replace it). (See also XCOPY, an external command that could also copy directory trees).
- CTTY
- Defines the device to use for input and output.
- DATE
- Display and set the date of the system.
- DEL, ERASE
- Deletes a file. When used on a directory, deletes all files inside the directory only. In comparison, the external command DELTREE deletes all subdirectories and files inside a directory as well as the directory itself.
- DIR
- Lists the files in the specified directory.
- ECHO
- Toggles whether text is displayed (
ECHO ON
) or not (ECHO OFF
). Also displays text on the screen (ECHO text
). - EXIT
- Exits from COMMAND.COM and returns to the program which launched it.
- LFNFOR
- Enables or disables the return of long filenames by the FOR command. (Windows 9x).[citation needed]
- LOADHIGH, LH
- Loads a program into DR DOS).
- LOCK
- Enables external programs to perform low-level disk access to a volume. (MS-DOS 7.1 and Windows 9x only)[citation needed]
- MKDIR, MD
- Creates a new directory.
- PATH
- Displays or changes the value of the PATH environment variable which controls the places where COMMAND.COM will search for executable files.
- PROMPT
- Displays or change the value of the PROMPT environment variable which controls the appearance of the prompt.
- RENAME, REN
- Renames a file or directory.
- RMDIR, RD
- Removes an empty directory.
- SET
- Sets the value of an environment variable; without arguments, shows all defined environment variables.
- TIME
- Display and set the time of the system.
- TRUENAME
- Display the fully expanded physical name of a file, resolving
- TYPE
- Display the content of a file on the console.
- UNLOCK
- Disables low-level disk access. (MS-DOS 7.1 and Windows 9x only)[citation needed]
- VER
- Displays the version of the operating system.
- VERIFY
- Enable or disable verification of writing for files.
- VOL
- Shows information about a volume.
Batch file commands
- :label
- Defines a target for GOTO.
- CALL
- Executes another batch file and returns to the old one and continues.
- FOR
- Iteration: repeats a command for each out of a specified set of files.
- GOTO
- Moves execution to a specified label. Labels are specified at the beginning of a line, with a colon (
:likethis
). - IF
- Conditional statement, allows branching of the program execution.
- PAUSE
- Halts execution of the program and displays a message asking the user to press any key to continue.
- REM
- comment: any text following this command is ignored.
- SHIFT
- Replaces each of the replacement parameterswith the subsequent one (e.g.
%0
with%1
,%1
with%2
, etc.).
IF command
On exit, all external commands submit a
If a program was invoked by COMMAND.COM, the internal IF command with its ERRORLEVEL conditional can be used to test on error conditions of the last invoked external program.[citation needed]
Under COMMAND.COM, internal commands do not establish a new value.[citation needed]
Variables
Batch files for COMMAND.COM can have four kinds of variables:
- Environment variables: These have the %VARIABLE% form and are associated with values with the SET statement. Before DOS 3 COMMAND.COM will only expand environment variables in batch mode; that is, not interactively at the command prompt.[citation needed]
- command-line parameters passed to the script (e.g., if the invoking command was myscript.bat John Doe, then %0 is "myscript.bat", %1 is "John" and %2 is "Doe"). The parameters to the right of the ninth can be mapped into range by using the SHIFT statement.[citation needed]
- Loop variables: Used in loops, they have the %%a format when run in batch files. These variables are defined solely within a specific FOR statement, and iterate over a certain set of values defined in that FOR statement.[citation needed]
- Under although most of the supported variable names differ.
Redirection, piping, and chaining
Because DOS is a single-tasking operating system, piping is achieved by running commands sequentially, redirecting to and from a temporary file.[citation needed] COMMAND.COM makes no provision for redirecting the standard error channel.[citation needed]
command < filename
- Redirect standard input from a file or device
command > filename
- Redirect standard output, overwriting target file if it exists.
command >> filename
- Redirect standard output, appending to target file if it exists.
command1 | command2
- Pipe standard output from command1 to standard input of command2
command1 ¶ command2
- Commands separated by ASCII-20 (¶, invoked by Ctrl+T) are executed in sequence (chaining of commands). (cmd does not support the ¶ separator.)
Limitations
Generally, the command line length in interactive mode is limited to 126 characters.
In popular culture
- The message "Loading COMMAND.COM" can be seen on a Terminator and the internal viewport of RoboCop when he reboots.[citation needed]
- In the computer-animated children's TV series ReBoot, which takes place inside computers, the leader of a system (the equivalent of a city) is called the COMMAND.COM.[citation needed]
See also
- List of DOS commands
- Comparison of command shells
- cmd.exe — command-line interpreter in various Windows and OS/2 systems
- — starts the command processor as the first process
- SHELL (CONFIG.SYS directive)— to override default command processor
- COMSPEC (environment variable)— set by COMMAND.COM to reload transient portion of itself
- CMDLINE (environment variable)— set by COMMAND.COM to pass long command lines to external programs
- — third-party replacement command processors
- NDOS
- DOSSHELL / ViewMAX— alternative DOS shells
- — have similar command processors not named COMMAND.COM
- REAL/32
- PC-MOS/386 — has a similar command processor also named COMMAND.COM
- Transient Program Area— memory available for use either by the running application or the transient portion of COMMAND.COM
- SpartaDOS X — a similar implementation for Atari computers
References
- ^ "MS-DOS/COMMAND.ASM at master · microsoft/MS-DOS". GitHub.
- ^ Kurth, Rüdiger; Groß, Martin; Hunger, Henry (2016-11-29) [2007]. "Betriebssystem DCP". www.robotrontechnik.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30) [1994-05-01]. NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) (NB. The provided link points to a HTML-converted version of theNWDOSTIP.TXT
, which is part of theMPDOSTIP.ZIP
collection.) [1] - ^ Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the originalon 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
- ^ Paul, Matthias R. (1997-05-01) [1993-10-01]. BATTIPs — Tips & Tricks zur Programmierung von Batchjobs (in German). Kapitel 7: ERRORLEVEL abfragen. Archived from the original on 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) (NB. BATTIPS.TXT is part of MPDOSTIP.ZIP. The provided link points to an HTML-converted older version of the BATTIPS.TXT file.) [2] - ^ Auer, Eric; Paul, Matthias R.; Hall, Jim (2015-12-24) [2003-12-31]. "MS-DOS errorlevels". Archived from the original on 2015-12-24.
- ^ Paul, Matthias R. (2003) [1997]. Auer, Eric (ed.). "Exitcodes (errorlevels) of DOS utilities". Archived from the original on 2017-09-11. Retrieved 2017-09-11. [3]
- ^ Allen, William; Allen, Linda. "Windows 95/98/ME ERRORLEVELs". Archived from the original on 2005-10-29.
- Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the originalon 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
- ^ 4DOS 8.00 online help.
{{cite book}}
: |work=
ignored (help) (NB. MSDOSTIP.TXT is part of MPDOSTIP.ZIP, maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the MSDOSTIP.TXT file.) [4]
4DOS5TIP.TXT
file, which is part of the MPDOSTIP.ZIP
collection.) [5]
Further reading
[...] all MS-DOS versions prior to Windows 95 [...] used a COM style COMMAND.COM file which has a special signature at the start of the file [...] queried by the MS-DOS BIOS before it loads the shell, but not by the DR-DOS BIOS [...] COMMAND.COM would [...] check that it is running on the "correct" DOS version, so if you would load their COMMAND.COM under DR-DOS, you would receive a "Bad version" error message and their COMMAND.COM would exit, so DR-DOS would [...] display an error message "Bad or missing command interpreter" (if DR-DOS was trying to load the SHELL= command processor after having finished CONFIG.SYS processing). In this case, you could enter the path to a valid DR-DOS COMMAND.COM (C:\DRDOS\COMMAND.COM) and everything was fine. Now, things have changed since MS-DOS 7.0 [...] COMMAND.COM has internally become an EXE style file, so there is no magic [...] signature [...] to check [...] thus no way for DR-DOS to rule out an incompatible COMMAND.COM. Further, their COMMAND.COM no longer does any version checks, but [...] does not work under DR-DOS [...] just crashes [...] the PC DOS COMMAND.COM works fine under DR-DOS [...]
Paul, Matthias R. (2004-06-17). "Re: Random Lockups with DR-DOS 7.03". FidoNet conference: ALT_DOS. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
- Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22 (3 ed.). ISBN 978-0-78972573-8.
- Wolverton, Van (1990). MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference (4th revised ed.). ISBN 978-1-55615289-4.
- Archived 2019-05-01 at archive.today
- Archived 2019-04-28 at archive.today
External links
- COMMAND.ASM on GitHub – Source code to COMMAND.COM version 2.11 released by Microsoft as part of MS-DOS 2.0
- COMMAND.ASM on GitHub – Source code to COMMAND.COM version 1.17 released by Microsoft as part of MS-DOS 1.25
- FreeCom – COMMAND.COM implementation of FreeDOS