COVID-19 pandemic in China
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The intro lacks info on the overall course of the pandemic, including the zero-covid policies and the 2022-2023 surge. It has too much focus on Macau. The page lacks any map or up-to-date graph.(June 2023) |
COVID-19 pandemic in China | |
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SARS-CoV-2 | |
Location | China |
First outbreak | Wuhan, Hubei[1] |
Index case | 1 December 2019 (4 years, 4 months and 3 weeks ago) |
Recovered | 309,259[2] |
Vaccinations | (doses administered) |
History of the People's Republic of China |
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History of |
China portal |
The COVID-19 pandemic in China is part of
The first wave of the disease manifested as the
Government response
From the start, the Chinese government response pursued a zero-COVID strategy, which aimed to eliminate transmission of the virus within the country and allow resumption of normal economic and social activity; by late 2021 it was one of few countries still pursuing this approach.[12]
On 1 February 2020, the
By late February 2020, the pandemic had been brought under control in most Chinese provinces. On 25 February, the reported number of newly confirmed cases outside mainland China exceeded those reported from within for the first time.[14] By the summer of 2020, widespread community transmission in mainland China had been ended, and restrictions were eased there.[15] As of October 2020 China's economy continued to broaden recovery from the recession during the pandemic, with stable job creation and record international trade growth, although retail consumption was still slower than predicted.[16][17]
By August 2021, China had donated 700 million vaccine doses abroad, an amount more than all other countries had combined.[18]: 199
In 2022, infection rates increased, and on 3 April 2022, China reported 13,146 new cases of COVID-19 in the past 24 hours, which was the highest single-day total of new cases since the height of the 2020 outbreak.[19]
Mainland China
Based on retrospective analysis published in The Lancet in late January 2020, the first confirmed patient started experiencing symptoms on 1 December 2019,[20] though the South China Morning Post later reported that a retrospective analysis showed the first case may have been a 55-year-old patient from Hubei province as early as 17 November 2019.[21][22]
The outbreak went unnoticed until 26 December 2019, when
On 22 January, 2020 Hubei launched a Class 2 Response to Public Health Emergency.[25] Ahead of the Hubei authorities, a Class 1 Response to Public Health Emergency, the highest response level was announced by the mainland province of Zhejiang on 23 January.[26][27] Around 23 January 2020, stringent measures such as lockdown of Wuhan and the wider Hubei province and face mask mandates were introduced,[28] which lowered and delayed the epidemic peak according to epidemiology modelling.[29] Guangdong and Hunan followed suit later on the day. On the following day, Hubei[30] and 13 other mainland provinces[31][32][33][34] also launched a Class 1 Response. By January 29, 2020 all parts of mainland had initiated a Class 1 Response after Tibet upgraded its response level on that day.[35]
Within three weeks of the first known cases, the government built sixteen large mobile hospitals in Wuhan and sent 40,000 medical staff to the city.[36]: 137 Implementing these measures made Chinese perceptions of the government's response more favorable.[37]: 256
Yet, by 29 January, the virus was found to have spread to all
In June 2020, the
China was one of a small number of countries that have pursued an
December 2022 surge
Nationwide protests broke out in November 2022 amid growing discontent among residents over the zero-COVID policy and the resulting economic costs.[48] Following the easing of the Zero-COVID strategy in December 2022, Beijing reported a surge in COVID-19 infections.[49][50] Restaurants and food delivery services were reported to have closed due to too many workers being infected and pharmacies have been emptied of medicine and disinfectant solution.[51] On 22 December, a report by UK research firm Airfinity modelling based on regional Chinese data estimated that more than 5,000 people are probably dying each day from COVID-19 in China, with cases rising fastest in Beijing and Guangdong province.[52] Internal minutes from a meeting of China's National Health Commission held on 21 December revealed that as many as 248 million people in China might have contracted COVID-19 over the first 20 days of December and nearly 37 million people may have been infected on a single day.[53]
On 23 December 2022 Qingdao's municipal health chief Bo Tao was quoted in a news report that the city was seeing "between 490,000 and 530,000" new infections each day and on the same day, Dongguan's health commission declared on its Weixin account that the city had 250,000 to 300,000 people being infected every day.[54] Officials in Yulin, a city of 3.6 million people in Shaanxi province, logged 157,000 new infections with models estimating more than a third of the city's population had already been infected. [55] On 25 December 2022, the National Health Commission announced that it would no longer report daily COVID-19 figures,[56] and Zhejiang provincial government said it was battling around a million new infections a day and expected the number to be doubling in days ahead.[57]
Special administrative regions
Hong Kong
Hong Kong was relatively unscathed by the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak and had a flatter epidemic curve than most other places, which observers consider remarkable given its status as an international transport hub. Furthermore, its proximity to China and its millions of mainland visitors annually would make it vulnerable.[58] Some experts now believe the habit of wearing masks in public since the SARS epidemic of 2003 may have helped keep its confirmed infections at 845, with four deaths, by the beginning of April.[58] In a study published in April 2020 in the Lancet, the authors expressed their belief that border restrictions, quarantine and isolation, social distancing, and behavioural changes such as wearing masks likely all played a part in the containment of the disease up to the end of March.[59] Others attributed the success to critical thinking of citizens who have become accustomed to distrusting the competence and political motivations of the government, the World Health Organization, and the Chinese Communist Party.[60]
After a much smaller second wave in late March and April 2020 caused by overseas returnees rushing to beat mandatory quarantine,[61] Hong Kong saw a substantial uptick in COVID cases in July, with more than a hundred cases being reported several days in a row until early August. Experts attributed this third wave to imported cases – sea crew, aircrew members, and domestic helpers made up the majority of 3rd wave infections.[62] In late November 2020, the city entered a fourth wave, called "severe" by Chief Executive Carrie Lam. The initial driver behind the fourth wave was a group of dance clubs in which wealthy, predominantly female Hong Kongers danced together and had dance lessons with mostly younger male dance instructors.[63] Measures taken in response included a suspension of school classroom teaching until the end of the year, and an order for restaurants to seat only two persons per table and close at 10:00 p.m. taking effect on 2 December;[64] a further tightening of restrictions saw, among other measures, a 6 pm closing time of restaurants starting from 10 December, and a mandate for authorities to order partial lockdowns in locations with multiple cases of COVID-19 until all residents were tested.[65] From late January 2021, the government pursued repeatedly locked down residential buildings to conduct mass testing. A free mass vaccination program with the Sinovac vaccine and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine was launched on 26 February 2021.[citation needed] The government sought to counter the vaccine hesitancy by material incentives, which led to an acceleration of vaccinations in June.[66]
Hong Kong is one of few countries and territories to pursue a "
Macau
At a press conference in February 2020, Ho Iat Seng welcomed mainland Chinese people to make use of Macau's free medical service. This created controversy online, with users worrying that people from the mainland would come to Macau and spread the virus. Afterwards, Secretary for Administration and Justice Cheong Weng Chon (張永春) said that any patients from outside Macau who had COVID-19 would need to pay their own medical bills; they would be able to apply for a fee waiver, and the government would make a decision based on their financial situation and effects on the public.[71]
When Guangdong became the province with the second-most cases in China, Macau still had tens of thousands of people going to and from Zhuhai every day. Many people asked for the border to be closed, but the government repeatedly said that a complete closure was not possible. Ho Iat Seng said, "If we closed all the ports of entry, who would remove the trash? Who would handle security? How would we get fresh produce? These are the issues we're thinking about."[72][73]
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Since its establishment after the
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Taiwan on 21 January 2020, with the first case being a 50-year-old woman who had been teaching in
Starting 19 March 2020, foreign nationals were barred from entering Taiwan with some exceptions such as those carrying out the remainder of business contracts and those holding valid Alien Resident Certificates, diplomatic credentials, or other official documentation and special permits.[79] Restrictions have since been relaxed for foreign university students and those seeking medical treatment in Taiwan, subject to prior government approval.[80][81] All who are admitted into the country must complete a fourteen-day quarantine upon arrival, except for business travelers from countries determined to be at low or moderate risk, who are subject to five- or seven-day quarantines and must submit to a COVID-19 test.[82][83]
In response to the worldwide spike in cases in October and November 2020, Taiwan announced that all travelers to and transiting through Taiwan, regardless of nationality, origin, or purpose, must submit a negative COVID-19 test performed within three working days of arrival.[84][85][86][87] Exceptions are granted to travelers responding to family emergencies or arriving from countries where on-demand or self-paid tests are unavailable, but they are required to be seated apart from other passengers and take a self-paid test immediately on arrival in Taiwan.[88]
In 2020, the pandemic had a smaller impact in Taiwan than in most other industrialized countries, with a total of seven deaths.[89][90] The number of active cases in this first wave peaked on 6 April 2020, at 307 cases, the overwhelming majority of which were imported.[91] Taiwan's handling of the outbreak has received international praise for its effectiveness in quarantining people.[78][92]
However, an outbreak among Taiwanese crew members of the state-owned
As of 23 April 2022, 14,214,319 tests had been conducted in Taiwan, of which 51,298 were confirmed cases, including 856 deaths.[97]
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External links
- Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases and historical data by Johns Hopkins University
- Reports on the COVID-19 pandemic in China, by the PRC National Health Commission
- Coronavirus China updates and news Archived 28 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine. China in Coronavirus Global international portal. Available in English, French, Spanish, Russian and more.