Cadillac

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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Cadillac (disambiguation).

Cadillac
FormerlyCadillac Automobile Company
Company type
Industry
Parent
General Motors
Websitecadillac.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

Cadillac Motor Car Division, or simply Cadillac, (

luxury vehicles. Its major markets are the United States, Canada and China. Cadillac models are distributed in 34 additional markets worldwide. Historically, Cadillac automobiles were at the top of the luxury field within the United States, but have been outsold by European luxury brands including BMW and Mercedes since the 2000s.[3] In 2019, Cadillac sold 390,458 vehicles worldwide, a record for the brand.[4]

Cadillac is among the first automotive brands in the world, fourth in the United States only to Autocar Company (1897) and fellow GM marques Oldsmobile (1897) and Buick (1899). It was named after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1658–1730), who founded Detroit, Michigan. The Cadillac crest is based on his coat of arms.

By the time General Motors purchased the company in 1909, Cadillac had already established itself as one of America's premier luxury car makers. The complete interchangeability of its precision parts had allowed it to lay the foundation for the modern mass production of automobiles. It was at the forefront of technological advances, introducing full electrical systems, the clashless manual transmission and the steel roof. The brand developed three engines, with its V8 setting the standard for the American automotive industry.

Cadillac had the first U.S. car to win the Royal Automobile Club of the United Kingdom's Dewar Trophy by successfully demonstrating the interchangeability of its component parts during a reliability test in 1908; this spawned the firm's slogan "Standard of the World". It won the trophy again in 1912 for incorporating electric starting and lighting in a production automobile.[5]

Early history

Founding

Cadillac was formed from the remnants of the

Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, who had founded Detroit in 1701.[6][7]

First automobiles

Cadillac's first automobiles, the

New York Auto Show
in January 1903, where the vehicles impressed the crowds enough to gather over 2,000 firm orders. Cadillac's biggest selling point was precision manufacturing, and therefore, reliability; a Cadillac was simply a better-made vehicle than its competitors.

Runabout
  • 1902
    1902
  • 6½ HP 1904
    6½ HP 1904
  • 1907
    1907
  • 1907
    1907
  • 1908 with dickey seat open
    1908 with dickey seat open
  • 1908 Cadillac Model S
    1908 Cadillac Model S
Rear-entrance tonneau
  • 1903
    1903
  • 6½ HP 1903
    6½ HP 1903
  • 8¼ HP 1904
    8¼ HP 1904
  • 8¼ HP surrey-top 1904
    8¼ HP surrey-top 1904
  • 10 HP 1904
    10 HP 1904
Special bodies
  • Delivery 1903
    Delivery 1903
  • 8½ HP touring car 1904
    8½ HP touring car 1904
  • 8¼ HP detachable-top limousine 1904
    8¼ HP detachable-top limousine 1904
  • 9 HP limousine
    9 HP limousine
  • Model M coupé 1907
    Model M coupé 1907

Notable events: 1906–1912

The Cadillac Automobile Company merged with Leland & Faulconer Manufacturing, forming The Cadillac Motor Company in 1905.[8] From its earliest years, Cadillac aimed for precision engineering and stylish luxury finishes, causing its cars to be ranked amongst the finest in the United States. Cadillac was the first volume manufacturer of a fully enclosed car, in 1906. Cadillac participated in the 1908 interchangeability test in the United Kingdom, and was awarded the Dewar Trophy for the most important advancement of the year in the automobile industry.

On July 29, 1909,

aftermarket manufacturers. It became positioned at the top of GM's vehicle hierarchy, above Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland, and later, Chevrolet
.

In 1912, Cadillac was the first automobile manufacturer to incorporate an electrical system enabling

starting, ignition, and lighting.[10][11]

Becoming the "Standard of the World" and the Great Depression: 1915–1941

1921 Cadillac logo

In 1915, Cadillac introduced a 90-degree flathead

overhead valves, set the standard for the entire American automotive industry in 1949.[11]

In July 1917, the

American Expeditionary Force in World War I.[12]

A 1921 Cadillac advertisement

General Motors of Canada had built Cadillacs from 1923 until 1936 and LaSalles from 1927 until 1935.[13]

Pre-World War II Cadillacs were well-built, powerful, mass-produced luxury cars aimed at an upper-class market. In the 1930s, Cadillac added cars with V12 and V16 engines to their range, many of which were fitted with custom coach-built bodies.[14]

In the 1920s and 1930s Cadillac and Buick vehicles were popular with longer-distance passenger service operators e.g. the Nairn Transport Company in the Middle East (Baghdad-Damascus) and Newmans Coach Lines in New Zealand.

In 1926, Cadillac recruited automobile stylist Harley Earl in a one-time consulting capacity, but his employment lasted considerably longer: by 1928, Earl was the head of the new Art and Color division and he would ultimately work for GM until he retired, over 30 years later. The first car he designed was the LaSalle, a new, smaller "companion marque" car, named after another French explorer and founder of Detroit, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. That marque remained in production until 1940.[15]

Cadillac introduced designer-styled bodywork (as opposed to auto-engineered) in 1927. It installed shatter-resistant glass in 1926. Cadillac also introduced the "turret top", the first all-steel roof on a passenger car.[11] Previously, car roofs had been made out of fabric-covered wood.

The Great Depression sapped the auto industry generally, with the luxury market declining more steeply; between 1928 and 1933, Cadillac sales declined by 84% to 6,736 vehicles.[16] Exacerbating sales performance for the Cadillac brand was a policy, reflective of the times, which discouraged sales to African Americans.[17] Nick Dreystadt, mechanic and national head of Cadillac service, urged a committee—set up to decide whether the Cadillac brand would live on—to revoke that policy. After the policy was eliminated, brand sales increased by 70% in 1934, and Dreystadt was promoted to lead the entire Cadillac Division.[17]

By 1940, Cadillac sales had risen tenfold compared to 1934.[14] In 1936, Dreystadt released the Series 60 as Cadillac's entry into the mid-priced vehicle market. It was replaced by the Series 61 in 1939, but a popular model that was derived from it, the Sixty Special, continued through 1993. Another factor helped boost Cadillac growth over the next few years: a revolution in assembly-line technology. In 1934, Henry F. Phillips introduced the Phillips screw and screwdriver to the market. He entered into talks with General Motors and convinced the Cadillac group his new screws would speed assembly times and therefore increase profits. Cadillac was the first automaker to use the Phillips technology, in 1937, which was widely adopted in 1940.[18] For the first time in many years all cars built by the company shared the same basic engine and drivetrain in 1941.[19]

1941 also saw the introduction of optional

Hydra-Matic, the first mass-produced fully automatic transmission, offered the previous year on the Oldsmobile
.

  • 1921 Cadillac Suburban
    1921 Cadillac Suburban
  • 1929 Cadillac
    1929 Cadillac
  • 1929 Cadillac towing a bus, Sydney, Australia, 1938
    1929 Cadillac towing a bus, Sydney, Australia, 1938
  • 1929 Cadillac Fleetwood
    1929 Cadillac Fleetwood
  • 1931 Cadillac phaeton
    1931 Cadillac phaeton
  • 1932 Cadillac 355B V8 sedan
    1932 Cadillac 355B V8 sedan
  • 1936 Cadillac Series 70 four door convertible V8
    1936 Cadillac Series 70 four door convertible V8
  • 1939 Cadillac Series 75 town car
    1939 Cadillac Series 75 town car
  • 1940 Cadillac 90 town car
    1940 Cadillac 90 town car

After World War II and the Great Depression: 1945–1959

Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac
; 1948 Cadillac. Bottom: two images of the iconic large tail fins of the 1959 Cadillac

Postwar Cadillac vehicles innovated many of the styling features that came to be synonymous with the late 1940s and 1950s American automobile. Incorporating many of the ideas of then

Dagmar bumpers
for their similarity to the buxom 1950s television personality, they were toned down in 1958 and gone the next year.

1956 saw the introduction of the pillarless four-door hardtop sedan, marketed as the "Sedan de Ville"; a year later the feature appeared in all standard Cadillacs. The fledgling automotive magazine

Coupe de Ville.[23] It also set a new sales mark of 100,000 cars,[23] matched in 1950 and 1951.[24] 1949 also saw the introduction with Buick of the first mass-produced hardtop
coupe, a closed-body style without a "B" pillar. Marketed as the Coupe de Ville, it would become one of Cadillac's most popular models for many years.

In 1951, Cadillac began production of the

Vietnam wars
.

In 1953, the "Autronic Eye" was introduced. This feature would automatically dim high-beam headlamps for the safety of oncoming motorists.[25] In 1957, Cadillac attempted to move further upmarket, creating the hand-built Series 70 Eldorado Brougham.[26] It featured self-levelling suspension, "memory seat" function, and an all-transistor signal-seeking car radio that was produced by GM's Delco Radio and which was available as standard equipment for the 1957 Eldorado Brougham models.[20][27][28][29] While the car showed Cadillac's technological prowess, it sold only 904 units.

Pinnacles in luxury and dimension: 1960–1976

Detroit, Michigan
, 1973

The dual-reservoir brake master cylinder, with separate front and rear hydraulic systems, was introduced in 1962, six years ahead of the federal requirement. The first fully automatic heater–air conditioning system also appeared, as did the three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic automatic transmission; it would become the GM standard model for several decades. Starting in the late 1960s, Cadillac offered a fiber-optic warning system[citation needed] to alert the driver to failed light bulbs. The use of extensive bright-work on the exterior and interior also decreased each year after 1959. By the 1966 model year, even the rear bumpers ceased to be all chrome—large portions were painted, including the headlight bezels.

In 1966, Cadillac had its best annual sales to that point, over 192,000 units (142,190 of them de Villes),[30] an increase of more than 60%.[31] This was exceeded in 1968, when Cadillac topped 200,000 units for the first time.[32] The years 1967 and 1968 saw the introduction of a host of federally mandated safety features, including energy-absorbing steering columns and wheels, soft interior and instrument panel knobs and surfaces, front shoulder belts, and side marker lights.

The front-wheel drive Eldorado was launched in 1967, setting a new standard for a personal luxury car. Its simple, elegant design was a far cry from the tailfin and chrome of the 1950s. Cadillac's success grew against rivals Lincoln and Imperial, which had division sales topping all of Chrysler for the first time in 1970.[33] The new 472 cu in (7.7 L) engine that debuted in the 1968 model year, designed for an ultimate capacity potential of 600 cu in (9.8 L),[34] was increased to 500 cu in (8.2 L) for the 1970 Eldorado. It was adopted across the model range beginning in 1975. Driver and front passenger airbags ("Air Cushion Restraint System") began to be offered on some Cadillac, as well as other Buick and Oldsmobile luxury models, in 1974, however this option was unpopular as was discontinued after the 1976 model year. The pillarless Coupe deVille ended with the 1973 model, while the Sedan deVille remained pillarless through 1976.

The 1970s saw new extremes in vehicle luxury and dimension. The 1972 Fleetwood was some 1.7 in (43 mm) longer in wheelbase and 4 in (100 mm) overall, compared to the 1960 Series 75 Fleetwood; the entry-level 1972 Calais was 2.4 in (61.0 mm) longer than the equivalent 1960 Series 62, on the same wheelbase.[35] Models gained a smoother ride while vehicle weight, standard equipment and engine displacement were all increased. Cadillac experienced record sales in 1973 and again in the late 1970s. In May 1975, the Seville was introduced as a competitor to the growing import luxury car market and was marketed as "international size".

  • 1967–70 Cadillac Eldorado
    1967–70 Cadillac Eldorado
  • 1968 Cadillac DeVille
    1968
    Cadillac DeVille
  • 1972 Cadillac DeVille
    1972 Cadillac DeVille
  • 1976 Cadillac DeVille
    1976 Cadillac DeVille
  • 1976 Cadillac Eldorado
    1976 Cadillac Eldorado
  • 1976 Cadillac Seville
    1976 Cadillac Seville

Downsizings and new technology-assisted luxury features: 1977–1988

In 1977, Cadillac's D-bodies experienced the same "downsizing" as the rest of GM's "B" and "C" bodied cars. In 1977,

DeVille
. Both Fleetwood and DeVille models were powered by the 425 cu in (7.0 L) V8s. This engine was basically a de-bored version of the 472/500 (7.9 L/8.2 L) V8 of previous years.

1977 was Cadillac's 75th anniversary and saw the introduction of the downsized DeVille coupes and sedans. The redesigned Fleetwood Brougham was now similar in appearance to the lesser Sedan de Ville. Other than the name, there were only subtle exterior differences between a Fleetwood Brougham and Sedan de Ville. The interior of the Fleetwood was plusher and offered more features as standard. These new cars featured a higher roofline, resulting in a vehicle that was more than nine inches shorter, four inches narrower, and half a ton lighter than the previous year, but with a larger trunk and more headroom and legroom. These were also the first DeVilles to be marketed without

Corporate Average Fuel Economy
regulations.

For 1977, the lineup included the two-door Coupe de Ville ($9,654) and the four-door Sedan de Ville ($9,864). The $650 d'Elegance package, an interior dress-up option carried over from the previous generation of DeVilles, continued for both models. Three-sided, wrap-around tail lamps were a 1977 feature only (although they would re-appear in 1987). Coupe de Ville's popular "Cabriolet" option, priced at $348, included a rear-half padded vinyl roof covering and opera lamps. An optional electronic fuel-injected version of the standard 7.0-liter powerplant, adding 15 horsepower (11 kW), was available for an additional $647. Sales figures were 138,750 Coupe de Villes and 95,421 Sedan de Villes for an all-time sales record of 234,171 DeVilles sold.

With these downsizings, fuel economy and handling improved. In 1979, Cadillac's flagship Eldorado coupe would downsize. The 1980s saw further downsizing of many models including the DeVille, Fleetwood, Eldorado and Seville. Cadillac brought out a dramatic redesign for the Seville in 1980 featuring a bustle-back rear-end styling theme and a move to the same front-wheel-drive chassis as the Eldorado. In 1982, the Cimarron was introduced as the brand's first compact car. The Cimarron's market failure is one in a series of events throughout the 1980s and 1990s which sullied Cadillac's reputation and caused the division's share of the US market to fall from 3.8% in 1979 to 2.2% in 1997;[36] it is routinely cited as the nadir of GM's product planning. Automotive journalist Dan Neil included the Cimarron in his 2007 list of the "Worst cars of all time", saying "everything that was wrong, venal, lazy, and mendacious about GM in the 1980s was crystallized in this flagrant insult to the good name and fine customers of Cadillac."[37] He added that the Cimarron "nearly killed Cadillac and remains its biggest shame".[37]

For the 1981 model year, the long-running "Standard of the World" slogan was changed to "An American Standard of the World". For the 1982 model year, the slogan was changed to "Best of All ... It's A Cadillac", which was used until 1986.[38][39]

Due to a delay in the production of the new front-drive DeVilles (which were now scheduled for release as 1985 models), 1984 was a re-run for the rear-wheel-drive Coupe de Ville ($17,140) and its four-door companion, the popular Sedan de Ville ($17,625). It was also the last time DeVille used the "V" emblem below the Cadillac crest, as 1985 models and on would use the crest and wreath emblem—formerly a Fleetwood and Eldorado exclusive. For 1984, sales figures show a total four-door production of 107,920 units, and an additional 50,840 two-door units (figures include de Ville and Fleetwood models). The new front-drive 1985 Coupe de Ville and Sedan de Ville arrived in Cadillac showrooms during the spring of 1984, about six months earlier than most new-car introductions, so both the 1984 rear-drive and 1985 front-drive models were selling and being produced (due to separate assembly plants) at the same time for nearly half a year.

1985 saw the new front-wheel-drive DeVille and Fleetwood models released after quality delays prevented a planned 1984 model year introduction. 1986 saw new downsized Eldorado and Seville models. In 1987, the all-new

C-body lineup, with a planned production run of just 2,000 cars. The 1987 and 1988 Sixty Specials were unique, custom-crafted automobiles, which featured a five-inch (127 mm) longer wheelbase over the DeVille/Fleetwood on which they were based. Also in 1987, Detroit Assembly on Clark Street in Detroit
, where Cadillacs had been made since 1921, was closed.

The 1980s also saw the introduction of new, technology-assisted luxury features. Among these was the return of the memory seat option, not available since the 1958 Eldorado Brougham. 1981 brought standard digital heating and air conditioning controls to all models. In 1982, the High Technology engine was introduced. It was originally scheduled for a 1983 release, later delayed to 1985, with its intended applications being the downsized front-wheel-drive models Cadillac would introduce that year. 1983 saw the introduction of the Delco/Bose stereo system option, a US$895 cassette stereo system available only on the Eldorado and Seville. This Bose system would eventually become available on the DeVille and Fleetwood models on their 1985 FWD editions. The trip computer, available for Eldorado in 1979 and Seville in 1978 and 1979, was replaced in 1981 with the availability of digital instrumentation with some Trip Computer functions being replaced by the new digital heating and air conditioning control panel. Digital instrumentation would become available for the new FWD DeVille and Fleetwood series in 1985.

New introductions: 1989–1999

In 1991, Cadillac introduced the

Northstar engine, which was a family of high-performance 90° V engines produced by General Motors from 1991 to 2010. Regarded as GM's most technically complex engine, the original double overhead cam, four valve per cylinder, aluminum block/aluminum head V8 design was developed by Oldsmobile's R&D, but is most associated with Cadillac's Northstar series. The related Northstar System was Cadillac's trademarked name for a package of performance features introduced in mid-1992 that coupled variable valve timing, road sensing suspension, variable power steering and four-wheel disc brakes
to the Division's high-output and high-torque Northstar engines.

For 1992, the Seville was redesigned to better compete with luxury performance sedans from Europe and had adopted some styling cues from the 1988 Cadillac Voyage concept car.

Ten Best list
that year. A year later, the Brougham was discontinued and replaced by the all-new rear-wheel-drive 1993 Fleetwood. The previous front-wheel drive Fleetwood was renamed Sixty Special for 1993. That same year, the Coupe deVille was discontinued due to the declining popularity of full-size coupes.

For 1994, the DeVille was redesigned to share the

K-body platform with the Seville. The body was redesigned, although the wheelbase remained 113.8 inches—rather than the 111 inches used on the Seville. Production moved to Hamtramck, Michigan
. Also for 1994, all DeVille models included a standard SRS driver-side front airbag, as well as fully digital instrumentation with an integrated message center, which provided important vehicle information and status, current speed, outside temperature and more, with controls mounted to the left of the instrument cluster. Also standard was a dual-zone front HVAC system, with controls located to the right of the instrument cluster, and remote controls on the front passenger door panel. An SRS passenger's-side front airbag became standard equipment after a restyling in 1996, which also brought revised exterior styling and new audio systems with TheftLock coded anti-theft technology. In 1995, the high technology engine that had been used in Cadillacs since 1982 was discontinued.

For 1997, the

Rüsselsheim, Germany. The DeVille was also redesigned that year. The late 1990s saw Cadillac field its first-ever entry in the growing SUV segment. The Escalade, introduced in 1999, was marketed to compete with the Lincoln Navigator
and luxury SUVs from various import brands.

The "Art and Science" era: 2000–present

Cadillac dealership in Bakersfield, CA in 2006

In 2000, Cadillac introduced a new design philosophy for the 21st century called "Art and Science",

DOHC L37 Northstar V8 engine
.

The STS was Cadillac's highest-priced sedan, falling in size between the

mid-size CTS and full-size DTS. In 2006, the DeVille nameplate was replaced by Cadillac DTS, an abbreviation dating back to 1986, when a "DeVille Touring Sedan" package was first available. The new name brought the DeVille into line with Cadillac's Art and Science-era nomenclature, which saw the Seville renamed the STS and the Catera replacement called the CTS. The last DeVille rolled off the Detroit/Hamtramck Assembly
line on June 23, 2005.

The new second-generation CTS-V performance sedan was introduced in 2009 as a direct competitor to the BMW M5.[44] Powered by a supercharged OHV 6.2 L LSA V8 engine, an automatic version of the CTS-V lapped the Nürburgring in 7:59.32, at the time a record for production sedans.[45] The last DTS rolled off the assembly line at 11:51 a.m. on May 27, 2011.[46] It was replaced by the Cadillac XTS which debuted in 2012 as a 2013 model. The Cadillac ATS compact sedan also debuted in 2012 as a 2013 model and a coupe version of the ATS was added two years later.

In 2016, the Cadillac CT6 was introduced and was the brand's first full-size rear-wheel-drive sedan since the discontinuation of the Fleetwood in 1996. In early 2017, Cadillac launched Book By Cadillac, a vehicle subscription service which was initially available in New York City. In November 2017, it was announced that Book by Cadillac would be expanding to Dallas and Los Angeles.

The Cadillac XT6, a new seven-seat

crossover SUV, was introduced on January 12, 2019, at the North American International Auto Show.[47] It went on sale in the third quarter of 2019 as a 2020 model.[48] Other additions to the Cadillac lineup for the 2020 model year included the CT5 mid-size luxury sedan, replacing the CTS, and the CT4
compact sedan which replaced the ATS. Performance "V" versions of the CT4 and CT5 were also added for 2020.

Models

Main article: List of Cadillac vehicles

Current

  • 1999–present Escalade
    • 1999–present Escalade
    • 2003–present Escalade ESV
  • 2016–present CT6
    • 2016–present CT6
    • 2019–present CT6-V
  • 2017–present XT5
  • 2019–present XT4
  • 2020–present CT4
    • 2020–present CT4
    • 2020–present CT4-V[49]
  • 2020–present CT5
    • 2020–present CT5
    • 2020–present CT5-V
  • 2020–present XT6
  • 2023–present Lyriq
  • 2023–present GT4

Upcoming

  • 2023–present Optiq
  • 2024– Celestiq
  • 2025–
    Escalade IQ
  • 2026– Vistiq
  • Cadillac CT4
    Cadillac CT4
  • Cadillac CT5
    Cadillac CT5
  • Cadillac CT6
    Cadillac CT6
  • Cadillac Escalade
    Cadillac Escalade
  • Cadillac Escalade ESV
    Cadillac Escalade ESV
  • Cadillac Lyriq
    Cadillac Lyriq
  • Cadillac GT4
    Cadillac GT4
  • Cadillac XT4
    Cadillac XT4
  • Cadillac XT5
    Cadillac XT5
  • Cadillac XT6
    Cadillac XT6

Assembly plants

Advertisements

  • 1906
    1906
  • 1907
    1907
  • Syracuse Herald, 30 September 1917
    Syracuse Herald, 30 September 1917
  • Syracuse Herald, 30 September 1917
    Syracuse Herald, 30 September 1917
  • 1930
    1930
  • 1954
    1954
  • 1956
    1956
  • 1965
    1965

Awards

Cadillac has won the Motor Trend Car of the Year award five times:[22] [50]

1949 Cadillac Motor Division—for innovations in overhead valve V8 engine design
1952 Cadillac Motor Division
1992 Cadillac Seville Touring Sedan
2008 Cadillac CTS
2014 Cadillac CTS

Motorsports

Cadillac Racing logo
Cadillac DPi-V.R

Before the outbreak of World War II, Cadillac (like most manufacturers) participated in various motorsports. Many Allard automobiles used Cadillac engines.

In the 1950s, Cadillac (like all American manufacturers at the time) participated in the

Grand National Series
. The brand disappeared from the series by the 1960s.

Cadillac powered the

WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
with considerable success.

In 2023, Cadillac entered its Cadillac V-Series.R into the FIA World Endurance Championship and IMSA SportsCar Championship. An official manufacturer entry was entered with Chip Ganassi Racing in both FIA World Endurance Championship and IMSA SportsCar Championship as full season entries. They also provided customer cars to Action Express Racing.[51] It will also enter in 2024.

Formula One

On January 5, 2023, Cadillac's parent company General Motors announced their intention to enter the Cadillac brand into the Formula One World Championship in conjunction with Andretti Global.[52][53] Cadillac planned to produce a Formula 1 engine for Andretti for the 2028 season. However, on January 31, 2024, the Andretti F1 team was denied entry for 2025/2026 entry by F1 after being approved by the FIA in July 2023. F1 has still not ruled out letting Andretti and Cadillac enter in 2028, assuming Cadillac's engine is ready.[54]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c General Motors buys Cadillac on History.com
  2. ^ "Form 10-K Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2012 Commission File Number 001-34960 General Motors Company". General Motors. General Motors Company. February 15, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  3. ^ Keith Bradsher (January 13, 2000). "Luxury Wheel Turns to Europe; On U.S. Premium Car Sales, the Continent Sets the Pace". The New York Times. Retrieved August 1, 2023. European-brand luxury cars as a group managed for the first time last year to accomplish what once seemed impossible: beating American luxury brands in sales in their home market
  4. ^ "GM Reports Earnings and Provides 2020 Outlook" (Press release). General Motors. February 5, 2020. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  5. ^ General Motors (1954). "Cars That Built GM: An Album of Historic General Motors Cars" (PDF). p. 10,12,14,16. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  6. ^ "Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe, Sieur de". S9.com. September 11, 2007. Archived from the original on November 13, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
  7. ^ Granzo T History of Detroit
  8. ISBN 978-1-58663-168-0
    )
  9. ^ "1909, Cadillac Enters the Fold". Generations of GM History. GM Heritage Center. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
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  11. ^ a b c d e f Laam, Michael (January 2002). "100 Years of Cadillac History". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010.
  12. ^ Bentley, John The Old Car Book, Fawcett Books (1952) p 12
  13. ^ GM Heritage Center, http://history.gmheritagecenter.com/wiki/index.php/Canada_Only_General_Motors_Cars Archived August 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
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  17. ^ a b Gordon.
  18. ^ "The Beginning of the Phillips Screw Company". Phillips Screw Company. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  19. ^ Bonsall, p. 17
  20. ^ a b "1957 & 58 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham". Generations of GM History. GM Heritage Center. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
  21. ^ Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. American Cars 1946–1959 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p. 190.
  22. ^ a b "Cadillac CTS Scores Second Motor Trend Car of the Year® Award". Media.cadillac.com. November 7, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
  23. ^ a b Flory, p. 255.
  24. ^ Flory, p.323.
  25. ^ 80 Years of Cadillac LaSalle by Walter M.P. McCall, Motorbooks International, Osceola WI, 1992, p. 298
  26. ^ "The Cadillac Eldorado Brougham". Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  27. ^ 1956 GM Year-End Annual Report, 1957 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham car model introduction announcement, pg 15
  28. ^ Radio & TV News, August 1957, "Delco's All-Transistor Auto Radio", pg 60
  29. ^ The Cadillac Serviceman, Volume XXXI, No.4, April 1957 issue, Pg 34
  30. ^ Flory, J. "Kelly" Jr. (2004), American Cars 1960–1972, Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, pp. 423, 425–428
  31. ^ Flory, p. 423
  32. ^ Flory, p. 570. Karl Ludvigsen's "Cadillac: The Great American Dream Come True", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Vol. 3, p. 297, mistakenly dates this to 1967.
  33. ^ Flory, p. 721.
  34. ^ "Cadillac Eldorado History". Edmunds. October 24, 2011.
  35. ^ Flory, pp. 20, 23, 878, & 880.
  36. ^ Flammang and Kowalke, pp. 149–189
  37. ^ a b Dan Neil. "The 50 Worst Cars of All Time". Time.
  38. ^ "What year did Cadillac stop being the "Standard of the World"?". Cadillac & LaSalle Club Discussion Forum. US. February 7, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
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Further reading

External links

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