Cahuilla
Tongva |
Person | ʔívil̃uqalet |
---|---|
People | ʔívil̃uqaletem |
Language | ʔívil̃uʔat |
Country | ʔívil̃uqaletem Meytémak |
The Cahuilla, also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a
Language and name
The
Prehistory
Oral legends suggest that when the Cahuilla first moved into the Coachella Valley, a large body of water which geographers call Lake Cahuilla was in existence. Fed by the Colorado River, it dried up sometime before 1700, following one of the repeated shifts in the river's course. In 1905 a break in a levee created the much smaller Salton Sea in the same location.
The Cahuilla lived from the land by using
The Cahuilla lived in smaller groups than some other tribes.History
The first encounter with Europeans was in 1774, when
The Cahuilla did not encounter Anglo-Americans until the 1840s. Chief
During the
During the 1850s, the Cahuilla came under increasing pressure from waves of European-American migrants because of the
In addition to the influx of Anglo-American miners, ranchers and outlaws, and groups of Mormon colonists, the Cahuilla came into conflict with the neighboring Cupeño tribe to the west. In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, wherein the Cupeno leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Juan Antonio into his revolt. Juan Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Antonio Garra, ending that revolt.
When the California Senate refused to ratify an 1852 treaty granting the Cahuilla control of their lands, some tribal leaders resorted to attacks on approaching settlers and soldiers. Juan Antonio did not participate in this as long as he lived.
To encourage the
The Cahuilla have intermarried with non-Cahuilla for the past century. A high percentage of today's Cahuilla tribal members have some degree of mixed ancestry, especially
Current status
Today Palm Springs and the surrounding areas are experiencing rapid development. The Agua Caliente Band of the Cahuilla is an important player in the local economy, operating an array of business enterprises, including land leasing, hotel and casino operations, and banking.
The
The Morongo Band of Mission Indians, also considered part of the Cahuilla nation, operates the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, as well as the Hadley Fruit Orchards in Cabazon. The Morongo Casino is one of the largest Indian casinos in the United States. The Morongo Indian Reservation is located in northern Riverside County. The city of Banning and community of Cabazon both extend partially onto reservation land. The reservation has a land area of 127.083 km2 (49.067 sq mi), with a resident population of 954, the majority of Native American heritage.
Smaller bands of Cahuilla are located in Southern California: the
The Torres-Martinez tribe has offices throughout Southern California, offering TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) benefits for members. They are in Imperial Valley (El Centro), Blythe, Riverside, San Bernardino, Victorville, Palmdale, San Diego, Orange County (Santa Ana), Pomona and Los Angeles. This is a result of Cahuilla migration to farming and factory jobs in the late half of the 20th century.
Extinct Cahuilla tribes (known as the Las Palmas band of Cahuilla-part of "Western Cahuilla") in the early 20th century resided in the Palm Desert area (between Thousand Palms, Cathedral City and La Quinta). This was before land developers and US Armed Forces purchased what was tribal land from the Montoya family-part of the "Desert Cahuilla" in present-day Indian Wells and from the San Cayetano band-part of "Desert Cahuilla" in Rancho San Cayetano during the Spanish-Mexican-1850s California period (now the city of Rancho Mirage). The number of these tribes' descendants is unknown. The Montoya family, who claim partial Cahuilla descent, are influential in local economics and city politics. [citation needed]
The ethnic composition of the Cahuilla descendants is like that of many other Americans: mixed with European (especially Anglo/Irish-American and Spanish), African American,
. Some Cahuilla families continue to intermarry with local populations; others try to marry within Native American tribes.To recognize Cahuilla history and cultural heritage, the
Federally recognized tribes
The Cahuilla have been historically divided into "Mountain," "Desert," and "(San Gorgonio) Pass / Western" groups by anthropologists. Today there are nine Southern California reservations that are acknowledged homes to bands of Cahuilla. These are located in Imperial, Riverside and San Diego counties and are the territory of federally recognized tribes.
The Cahuilla bands (sometimes called "villages") are:
"Pass" Cahuilla or "Western" Cahuilla (on San Gorgonio Pass, centering in Palm Springs and Palm Desert in Coachella Valley, wandering north to Desert Hot Springs)
- Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation (main clans: Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisiktum ("fox or rock People", at Palm Springs area), Painakic/Panic/Paniktum (″People of Daylight″, of Andreas and Murray Canyons), Atcitcem/Ahchechem (″People of Good″, of Lower Palm Canyon, later at Indian Wells), Wanikik/Wainikik (″Running Water People″, Snowcreek and Whitewater Canyon, now most part of Morongo Band), and another clan (its identity has been lost), headquarters at Palm Springs, California (Cahuilla: Se-Khi/Sec-he - ″boiling water″), the Spanish who arrived named it Agua Caliente - ″hot water″)
- Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation (Wanikik/Wainikik and Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisiktum clan,[7] and Serrano, tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at Banning, California.)
"Mountain" Cahuilla (Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains)
- Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation (Natcutakiktum (″Sand People″, from Horse Canyon), headquartered at Anza, California)
- Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation (first Wiwaiistam (″Coyote People″, from Coyote Canyon) (and Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem lineage - later Isilsiveyyaiutcem clan although, and Cupeño, headquarters at Warner Springs, California)
- Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians (Apapatcem (″Medicine People″) clan, headquarters at Anza, California)
- Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians (original dominated by the Costakiktum/Costai-kiktem and Natcutakiktum, together with Pauatiauitcem/Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum, and Temewhanic (″Northerners″), later Guanche-pakiktem and some Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem (from Rockhouse Canyon) clans, headquarters at Hemet, California[11])
"Desert" Cahuilla (deserts of northern Lake Cahuilla area)
- Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians (Nanxaiyem clan (originally a "Pass" Cahuilla clan), headquarters at Coachella, California)
- Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (Kawisiktum, Kaunukalkiktum (″Living at kaunukvela People), Iviatim (″Cahuilla language speaking People″), Telakiktum, Mumkwitcem (″Always sick People″), Palpunivikiktum (″People living at water, circling territory″), Tamolanitcem/Tamulanitcum (″Knees bent Together People″), Tevivakiktum (″Round Basket People″), Tuikikiktum (″People at Tuikiktumhemki village″, subordinate the Kauwicpameauitcem) clans,[12] late 19th century although Wantcinakik Tamianawitcem territory, through Chief Cabazon the Kauwicpameauitcem (″Caught By the Rock People″) clan dominated this area, headquarters at Indio, California, called Pàl téwet)[13]
- Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians (own name: ″Mau-Wal-Mah Su-Kutt Menyil″, or ″Deer Moon Among the Palms″, Panakauissiktum (″water fox People″), Palpunivikiktum, Tamolanitcem/Tamulanitcum and later Sawalakiktum, Wakaikiktum (″Night Heron People″, which in turn became Panakauissiktum), and Sewahilem (″Mesquite that is not sweet People″) clans (Torres (Toro) area; Maulma/Mauulmii - ″among the palms″) and Mumletcem (″Mixed Up People″), Masuwitcem (″Long Hairs in the Nose People″), Wiitem (″Grasshoppers People″), Wantcauem (″Touched By the River People″), Autaatem (″High Up People″), Awilem (″Dogs People″), Watcinakiktum/Wantcinakiktum clans (later known as Isilsiveyyaiutcem, subordinate Awilem clan), and late 1870s Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem (Martinez & Martinez Canyon area; Soqut Menyily/So-kut Men-yil - "Lady moon [figure in creation myth]") clans, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at Thermal, California, Telmuva - "dark resin or sap from mesquite tree"[14])[15][16]
Notable Cahuilla
- Juan Antonio (Cahuilla Band, 1783-1863), major chief of the Mountain Cahuilla
- Ramona Lubo (1865-1922), basketmaker and icon of Helen Hunt Jackson's novel Ramona
- Marigold Linton (Morongo Band, b. 1936), cognitive psychologist
- John Tortes "Chief" Meyers(Cahuilla Band, 1880–1971), Major League baseball catcher
- Katherine Siva Saubel (Los Coyotes, 1920–2011), language preservationist and former tribal chairperson
- Gerald Clarke (Cahuilla Band), Artist and educator
See also
- Agua Caliente Cultural Museum
- Cahuilla mythology
- Cahuilla traditional narratives
- Golden Checkerboard
- Muut
- O. M. Wozencraft negotiated the Treaty of Temecula on January 5, 1852.[17]
References
- ^ "Census 2010" (PDF). census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-09.
- ^ a b c "California Indians and Their Reservations. SDSU Library and Information Access. Archived February 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bean, 1978
- ^ Sieler, Hansjakob; Hioki, Kojiro (1979). Cahuilla Dictionary. Morango Indian Reservation, Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2009
- ^ "Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion".
- ^ Malki Museum
- ^ [1]Lowell John Bean, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young: The Cahuilla and the Santa Rosa Mountain region: places and their Native American associations :a review of published and unpublished sources
- ^ Whitewater, California named after the nearby Whitewater River is known to the local Cahuilla people as Kíš čáwal
- ^ Mission Creek Band, Village of Indians, Mission Creek Reservation
- Lugo family invited these Mountain Cahuilla to settle in Politana, Californiato replace the New Mexicans as guardians of their herds against enemy Mojave Indians (1846)
- ^ William Duncan Strong: Aboriginal Society in Southern California
- ^ Desert Cahuilla Chief Cabazon (a Spanish nickname which means "stubborn" or "big-headed") also joined in alliance with the Californios
- ^ Richard Lando & : Ruby E. Modesto: Temal Wakhish: A Desert Cahuilla Village
- ^ Edward Winslow Gifford: Clans and Moities in Southern California
- ^ Larea Lewis: The Desert Cahuilla: A Study of Cultural Landscapes and Historic Settlements
- ^ CARRICO, RICHARD L. (Summer 1980). "San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865". The Journal of San Diego History. San Diego Historical Society. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Sources
- Bean, Lowell John (1972). Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 201. LCC E99.C155 B4
- Bean, Lowell John. (1978) "Cahuilla", in California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575–587. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
- Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young. (1991) The Cahuilla Landscape: The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press
- Hogan, C. Michael. 2009. California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
- Kroeber, A. L. (1925) Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
- James, Harry C. (1969) The Cahuilla Indians, Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press, .
Further reading
- Apodaca, Paul (with Luke Madrigal). 1999. "Cahuilla bird songs", California Chronicles, 2(2): 4-8.
- Brumgardt, John R.; Bowles, Larry L. (1981). People of the Magic Waters: The Cahuilla Indians of Pam Springs. Palm Springs: ETC Publications. p. 124. LCC E99.C155 B77
- Holtzclaw, Kenneth M.; San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society (2006). San Gorgonio Pass. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Press. p. 128. LCC F868.R6 H65 2006
- James, Harry Clebourne (1968) [1960]. The Cahuilla Indians. ollas(pp. 174–5).
- Kroeber, A.L. (1908) Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians. Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2007 reprint) ISBN 978-0548681077
- Quinn, Harry M. (1997). Observations on the Cahuilla Indians – Past and Present. Palm Springs, CA: Coachella Valley Archaeological Society. p. 46. LCCN 97204029.
External links
- Home page Agua Caliente Band
- Home page Augustine Band
- Cabazon Band
- Home page Cahuilla Band
- Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians contacts
- Home page Morongo Band
- Home page Ramona Band
- Home page Santa Rosa Band
- Home page Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians
- Frazer, Robert W. (ed.) (1976). "Lovell's Report on the Cahuilla Indians: 1854." The Journal of San Diego History 22 (1).
- Agua Caliente Reservation and Morongo Reservation, California United States Census Bureau