Cairo
Cairo
القاهرة | |
---|---|
Ibn Tulun Mosque | |
US$ 190 billion) | |
Time zone | UTC+02:00 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+03:00 |
Area code | (+20) 2 |
Website | cairo.gov.eg |
Official name | Historic Cairo |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | i, v, vi |
Designated | 1979 |
Reference no. | 89 |
Cairo (
Cairo is associated with
Cairo has the oldest and largest
With a population of over 10 million[13] spread over 453 km2 (175 sq mi), Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live close to the city. Cairo, like many other megacities, suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic. The Cairo Metro, opened in 1987, is the oldest metro system in Africa,[14] and ranks amongst the fifteen busiest in the world,[15] with over 1 billion[16] annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005,[17] and 43rd globally on Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index.[18]
Etymology
The name of Cairo is derived from the Arabic al-Qāhirah (القاهرة), meaning 'the Vanquisher' or 'the Conqueror', given by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz following the establishment of the city as the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. Its full, formal name was al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyyah (القاهرة المعزيّة), meaning 'the Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz'.[19] It is also supposedly due to the fact that the planet Mars, known in Arabic by names such as an-Najm al-Qāhir (النجم القاهر, 'the Conquering Star'), was rising at the time of the city's founding.[20]
Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; مَصر), the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's importance for the country.[21][22]
There are a number of Coptic names for the city. Tikešrōmi (Coptic: Ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ Late Coptic: [di.kɑʃˈɾoːmi]) is attested in the 1211 text The Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit and is either a calque meaning 'man breaker' (Ϯ-, 'the', ⲕⲁϣ-, 'to break', and ⲣⲱⲙⲓ, 'man'), akin to Arabic al-Qāhirah, or a derivation from Arabic قَصْر الرُوم (qaṣr ar-rūm, "the Roman castle"), another name of Babylon Fortress in Old Cairo.[23] The Arabic name is also calqued as ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϯⲣⲉϥϭⲣⲟ, "the victor city" in the Coptic antiphonary.[24]
The form Khairon (
Sometimes the city is informally referred to as Cairo by people from Alexandria (IPA:
History
Ancient settlements
The area around present-day Cairo had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta regions (roughly Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt), which also placed it at the crossing of major routes between North Africa and the Levant.[28][29] Memphis, the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and a major city up until the Ptolemaic period, was located a short distance south west of present-day Cairo.[30] Heliopolis, another important city and major religious center, was located in what are now the modern districts of Matariya and Ain Shams in northeastern Cairo.[30][31] It was largely destroyed by the Persian invasions in 525 BC and 343 BC and partly abandoned by the late first century BC.[28]
However, the origins of modern Cairo are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium AD. Around the turn of the fourth century,[32] as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance,[33] the Romans established a large fortress along the east bank of the Nile. The fortress, called Babylon, was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 285–305) at the entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea that was created earlier by emperor Trajan (r. 98–115).[b][34] Further north of the fortress, near the present-day district of al-Azbakiya, was a port and fortified outpost known as Tendunyas (Coptic: ϯⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲁⲥ)[35] or Umm Dunayn.[36][37][38] While no structures older than the 7th century have been preserved in the area aside from the Roman fortifications, historical evidence suggests that a sizeable city existed. The city was important enough that its bishop, Cyrus, participated in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449.[39]
The
Fustat and other early Islamic settlements
The
In 750, following the overthrow of the
In 868 a commander of
Foundation and expansion of Cairo
In 969, the Shi'a Isma'ili Fatimid empire conquered Egypt after ruling from Ifriqiya. The Fatimid general Jawhar Al Saqili founded a new fortified city northeast of Fustat and of former al-Qata'i. It took four years to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah,[63] which was to serve as the new capital of the caliphate.[64] During that time, the construction of the al-Azhar Mosque was commissioned by order of the caliph, which developed into the third-oldest university in the world. Cairo would eventually become a centre of learning, with the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books.[65] When Caliph al-Mu'izz li Din Allah arrived from the old Fatimid capital of Mahdia in Tunisia in 973, he gave the city its present name, Qāhirat al-Mu'izz ("The Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz"),[63] from which the name "Cairo" (al-Qāhira) originates. The caliphs lived in a vast and lavish palace complex that occupied the heart of the city. Cairo remained a relatively exclusive royal city for most of this era, but during the tenure of Badr al-Gamali as vizier (1073–1094) the restrictions were loosened for the first time and richer families from Fustat were allowed to move into the city.[66] Between 1087 and 1092 Badr al-Gamali also rebuilt the city walls in stone and constructed the city gates of Bab al-Futuh, Bab al-Nasr, and Bab Zuweila that still stand today.[67]
During the Fatimid period Fustat reached its apogee in size and prosperity, acting as a center of craftsmanship and international trade and as the area's main port on the Nile.
However, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to unfortified Fustat to prevent its potential capture by Amalric, the Crusader king of Jerusalem. While the fire did not destroy the city and it continued to exist afterward, it did mark the beginning of its decline. Over the following centuries it was Cairo, the former palace-city, that became the new economic center and attracted migration from Fustat.[70][71]
While the Crusaders did not capture the city in 1168, a continuing power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric, and the
Apogee and decline under the Mamluks
In 1250, during the Seventh Crusade, the Ayyubid dynasty had a crisis with the death of al-Salih and power transitioned instead to the Mamluks, partly with the help of al-Salih's wife, Shajar ad-Durr, who ruled for a brief period around this time.[77][78] Mamluks were soldiers who were purchased as young slaves and raised to serve in the sultan's army. Between 1250 and 1517 the throne of the Mamluk Sultanate passed from one mamluk to another in a system of succession that was generally non-hereditary, but also frequently violent and chaotic.[79][80] The Mamluk Empire nonetheless became a major power in the region and was responsible for repelling the advance of the Mongols (most famously at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260) and for eliminating the last Crusader states in the Levant.[81]
Despite their military character, the Mamluks were also prolific builders and left a rich
Multi-story buildings occupied by rental apartments, known as a rab' (plural ribā' or urbu), became common in the Mamluk period and continued to be a feature of the city's housing during the later Ottoman period.[87][88] These apartments were often laid out as multi-story duplexes or triplexes. They were sometimes attached to caravanserais, where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The oldest partially-preserved example of this type of structure is the Wikala of Amir Qawsun, built before 1341.[87][88] Residential buildings were in turn organized into close-knit neighbourhoods called a harat, which in many cases had gates that could be closed off at night or during disturbances.[88]
When the traveller
Though the plagues returned frequently throughout the 15th century, Cairo remained a major metropolis and its population recovered in part through rural migration.[96] More conscious efforts were conducted by rulers and city officials to redress the city's infrastructure and cleanliness. Its economy and politics also became more deeply connected with the wider Mediterranean.[96] Some Mamluk sultans in this period, such as Barbsay (r. 1422–1438) and Qaytbay (r. 1468–1496), had relatively long and successful reigns.[97] After al-Nasir Muhammad, Qaytbay was one of the most prolific patrons of art and architecture of the Mamluk era. He built or restored numerous monuments in Cairo, in addition to commissioning projects beyond Egypt.[98][99] The crisis of Mamluk power and of Cairo's economic role deepened after Qaytbay. The city's status was diminished after Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route around the Cape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1499, thereby allowing spice traders to avoid Cairo.[85]
Ottoman rule
Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans defeated Sultan al-Ghuri in the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and conquered Egypt in 1517. Ruling from Constantinople, Sultan Selim I relegated Egypt to a province, with Cairo as its capital.[100] For this reason, the history of Cairo during Ottoman times is often described as inconsequential, especially in comparison to other time periods.[85][101][102]
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo still remained an important economic and cultural centre. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated the transportation of
Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.
The
Modern era
Until his death in 1848,
The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the
In 1906 the
The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged
The
British occupation until 1956
British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis.[137] Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million[138]—and its area increased from 10 to 163 km2 (4 to 63 sq mi).[139]
The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the
After 1956
In the second half of the 20th century Cairo continue to grow enormously in both population and area. Between 1947 and 2006 the population of Greater Cairo went from 2,986,280 to 16,292,269.[143] The population explosion also drove the rise of "informal" housing ('ashwa'iyyat), meaning housing that was built without any official planning or control.[144] The exact form of this type of housing varies considerably but usually has a much higher population density than formal housing. By 2009, over 63% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in informal neighbourhoods, even though these occupied only 17% of the total area of Greater Cairo.[145] According to economist David Sims, informal housing has the benefits of providing affordable accommodation and vibrant communities to huge numbers of Cairo's working classes, but it also suffers from government neglect, a relative lack of services, and overcrowding.[146]
The "formal" city was also expanded. The most notable example was the creation of Madinat Nasr, a huge government-sponsored expansion of the city to the east which officially began in 1959 but was primarily developed in the mid-1970s.[147] Starting in 1977 the Egyptian government established the New Urban Communities Authority to initiate and direct the development of new planned cities on the outskirts of Cairo, generally established on desert land.[148][149][150] These new satellite cities were intended to provide housing, investment, and employment opportunities for the region's growing population as well as to pre-empt the further growth of informal neighbourhoods.[148] As of 2014, about 10% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in the new cities.[148]
Concurrently, Cairo established itself as a political and economic hub for
In 1992, Cairo was hit by an earthquake causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.[151]
2011 Egyptian revolution
Cairo's
Post-revolutionary Cairo
Under the rule of President
Geography
Cairo is located in northern
Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward, providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the Mokattam highlands on which the city now stands. The land on which Cairo was established in 969 (present-day Islamic Cairo) was located underwater just over three hundred years earlier, when Fustat was first built.[162]
Low periods of the Nile during the 11th century continued to add to the landscape of Cairo; a new island, known as Geziret al-Fil, first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connected to the mainland. Today, the site of Geziret al-Fil is occupied by the Shubra district. The low periods created another island at the turn of the 14th century that now composes Zamalek and Gezira. Land reclamation efforts by the Mamluks and Ottomans further contributed to expansion on the east bank of the river.[163]
Because of the Nile's movement, the newer parts of the city—
Northern and extreme eastern parts of Cairo, which include
According to the World Health Organization, the level of air pollution in Cairo is nearly 12 times higher than the recommended safety level.[166]
Climate
In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is a
Wind storms can be frequent, bringing Saharan dust into the city, from March to May and the air often becomes uncomfortably dry. Winters are mild to warm, while summers are long and hot. High temperatures in winter range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while night-time lows drop to below 11 °C (52 °F), often to 5 °C (41 °F). In summer, the highs often exceed 31 °C (88 °F) but rarely surpass 40 °C (104 °F), and lows drop to about 20 °C (68 °F). Rainfall is sparse and only happens in the colder months, but sudden showers can cause severe flooding. The summer months have high humidity due to its coastal location. Snowfall is extremely rare; a small amount of graupel, widely believed to be snow, fell on Cairo's easternmost suburbs on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo's area received this kind of precipitation in many decades.[168] Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C (57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August.[169]
Climate data for Cairo (Cairo International Airport) 1991–2020 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
34.2 (93.6) |
37.9 (100.2) |
43.2 (109.8) |
47.8 (118.0) |
46.4 (115.5) |
42.6 (108.7) |
43.4 (110.1) |
43.7 (110.7) |
41.0 (105.8) |
37.4 (99.3) |
30.2 (86.4) |
47.8 (118.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.8 (74.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.6 (94.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
30.0 (86.0) |
24.9 (76.8) |
20.5 (68.9) |
28.1 (82.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.4 (57.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
29.1 (84.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
22.5 (72.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
22.2 (72.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.3 (75.7) |
22.7 (72.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.3 (54.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.3 (54.1) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.8 (0.19) |
3.8 (0.15) |
6.3 (0.25) |
1.3 (0.05) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.7 (0.03) |
4.3 (0.17) |
3.4 (0.13) |
24.8 (0.98) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 11.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
59 | 54 | 53 | 47 | 46 | 49 | 58 | 61 | 60 | 60 | 61 | 61 | 56 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 213 | 234 | 269 | 291 | 324 | 357 | 363 | 351 | 311 | 292 | 248 | 198 | 3,451 |
Percent possible sunshine | 66 | 75 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 85 | 84 | 86 | 84 | 82 | 78 | 62 | 77 |
Average ultraviolet index | 4 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 7.8 |
Source 1: NOAA (humidity, dew point, records 1961–1990)[170][171] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute for sunshine (1931–1960)[172] and Weather2Travel (ultraviolet)[173] |
Metropolitan area and districts
The city of Cairo forms part of
Cairo is a city-state where the governor is also the head of the city. Cairo City itself differs from other Egyptian cities in that it has an extra
The Northern Area is divided into 8 Districts:[178]
- Shubra
- Al-Zawiya al-Hamra
- Hadayek al-Qubba
- Rod al-Farg
- Al-Sharabia
- Al-Sahel
- Al-Zeitoun
- Al-Amiriyya
The Eastern Area divided into 9 Districts and three new cities:[179]
- Misr al-Gadidah and Al-Nozha (Heliopolis)
- Nasr City East and Nasr City West
- Al-Salam 1 (Awwal) and al-Salam 2 (Than)
- Ain Shams
- Al-Matariya
- Al-Marg
- Shorouk (Under jurisdiction of NUCA)
- Badr (Under jurisdiction of NUCA)
- Al-Qahira al-Gadida (New Cairo, three qisms, under jurisdiction of NUCA)
The Western Area divided into 9 Districts:[180]
- Manshiyat Nasser
- Al-Wayli (Incl. qism al-Daher)
- Wasat al-Qahira (Central Cairo, incl. Al-Darb al-Ahmar, al-Gamaliyya qisms)
- Bulaq
- Gharb al-Qahira (West Cairo, incl. Zamalek qism, Qasr al-Nil qism incl. Garden City and part of Down Town)
- Abdeen
- Al-Azbakiya
- Al-Muski
- Bab al-Sha'aria
The Southern Area divided into 12 Districts:[181]
- Masr El-Qadima (Old Cairo, including Al-Manial)
- Al-Khalifa
- Al-Moqattam
- Al-Basatin
- Dar al-Salam
- Al-Sayeda Zeinab
- Al-Tebin
- Helwan
- Al-Ma'sara
- Al-Maadi
- Tora
- 15th of May (Under jurisdiction of NUCA)
Satellite cities
Since 1977 a number of
Planned new capital
In March 2015, plans were announced for a new city to be built east of Cairo, in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Governorate,[186] which would serve as the New Administrative Capital of Egypt.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1884 | 352,416 | — |
1907 | 654,476 | +2.73% |
1950 | 2,493,514 | +3.16% |
1960 | 3,680,160 | +3.97% |
1970 | 5,584,507 | +4.26% |
1980 | 7,348,778 | +2.78% |
1990 | 9,892,143 | +3.02% |
2000 | 13,625,565 | +3.25% |
2010 | 16,899,015 | +2.18% |
2019 | 20,484,965 | +2.16% |
Source: Decennial census.[187][188] For Cairo agglomeration:[189] |
According to the 2017 census, Cairo had a population of 9,539,673 people, distributed across 46
Qism | Code 2017 | Total Population | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|---|
El Tibbin | 010100 | 72,040 | 36,349 | 35,691 |
Helwan | 010200 | 521,239 | 265,347 | 255,892 |
Al Maasara | 010300 | 270,032 | 137,501 | 132,531 |
15 May City | 010400 | 93,574 | 49,437 | 44,137 |
Tura | 010500 | 230,438 | 168,152 | 62,286 |
Maadi | 010600 | 88,575 | 43,972 | 44,603 |
El Basatin | 010700 | 495,443 | 260,756 | 234,687 |
Dar El Salam | 010800 | 525,638 | 273,603 | 252,035 |
Masr El Qedima | 010900 | 250,313 | 129,582 | 120,731 |
El Sayeda Zeinab | 011000 | 136,278 | 68,571 | 67,707 |
El Khalifa | 011100 | 105,235 | 54,150 | 51,085 |
Mokattam | 011200 | 224,138 | 116,011 | 108,127 |
Manshiyat Naser | 011300 | 258,372 | 133,864 | 124,508 |
Al Darb Al Ahmar | 011400 | 58,489 | 30,307 | 28,182 |
El Muski | 011500 | 16,662 | 8,216 | 8,446 |
Abdeen | 011600 | 40,321 | 19,352 | 20,969 |
Garden City | 011700 | 10,563 | 4,951 | 5,612 |
Zamalek | 011800 | 14,946 | 7,396 | 7,550 |
Bulaq | 011900 | 48,147 | 24,105 | 24,042 |
Azbakeya | 012000 | 19,763 | 9,766 | 9,997 |
Bab El Shariya | 012100 | 46,673 | 24,261 | 22,412 |
El Gamaliya | 012200 | 36,368 | 18,487 | 17,881 |
Al Daher | 012300 | 71,870 | 35,956 | 35,914 |
Al Wayli | 012400 | 79,292 | 39,407 | 39,885 |
Hadayek El Qobbah | 012500 | 316,072 | 161,269 | 154,803 |
El Sharabiya | 012600 | 187,201 | 94,942 | 92,259 |
Shubra | 012700 | 76,695 | 38,347 | 38,348 |
Rod El Farag | 012800 | 145,632 | 72,859 | 72,773 |
El Sahel | 012900 | 316,421 | 162,063 | 154,358 |
El Zawya El Hamra | 013000 | 318,170 | 162,304 | 155,866 |
Amairiya | 013100 | 152,554 | 77,355 | 75,199 |
Zeitoun | 013200 | 174,176 | 87,235 | 86,941 |
El Matareya | 013300 | 602,485 | 312,407 | 290,078 |
Ain Shams | 013400 | 614,391 | 315,394 | 298,997 |
El Marg | 013500 | 798,646 | 412,476 | 386,170 |
El Salam 1 | 013600 | 480,721 | 249,639 | 231,082 |
El Salam 2 | 013700 | 153,772 | 80,492 | 73,280 |
El Nozha | 013800 | 231,241 | 117,910 | 113,331 |
Heliopolis | 013900 | 134,116 | 68,327 | 65,789 |
Nasr City 1 | 014000 | 634,818 | 332,117 | 302,701 |
Nasr City 2 | 014100 | 72,182 | 38,374 | 33,808 |
New Cairo 1 | 014200 | 135,834 | 70,765 | 65,069 |
New Cairo 2 | 014300 | 90,668 | 46,102 | 44,566 |
New Cairo 3 | 014400 | 70,885 | 37,340 | 33,545 |
El Shorouk | 014500 | 87,285 | 45,960 | 41,325 |
Badr City | 014600 | 31,299 | 17,449 | 13,850 |
Religion
The majority of Egypt and Cairo's population is Sunni Muslim.[192][193] A significant Christian minority exists, among whom Coptic Orthodox are the majority.[192][193] Precise numbers for each religious community in Egypt are not available and estimates vary.[194] Other churches that have, or had, a presence in modern Cairo include the Catholic Church (including Armenian Catholic, Coptic Catholic, Chaldean Catholic, Syrian Catholic, and Maronite), the Greek Orthodox Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile), and some Protestant churches.[195] Until the 20th century, Cairo had a sizeable Jewish community, but as of 2022 only three Jews were reported to be living in the city. A total of 12 synagogues in Cairo still exist.[196]
Economy
Cairo's economy has traditionally been based on governmental institutions and services, with the modern productive sector expanding in the 20th century to include developments in textiles and food processing – specifically the production of
Cairo accounts for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). The majority of the nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great majority of
This growth until recently surged well ahead of city services. Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all in short supply. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-urbanization".[197]
Automobile manufacturers from Cairo
- Arab American Vehicles Company[198]
- Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company (Egyptian NSU pedant)
- Ghabbour Group[199] (Fuso, Hyundai and Volvo)
- Daimler AG)
- Mod Car[201]
- Seoudi Group[202] (Modern Motors: Nissan, BMW (formerly); El-Mashreq: Alfa Romeo and Fiat)
- Chery, Daewoo)
- General Motors Egypt
Infrastructure
Health
Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main centre for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of
Education
Greater Cairo has long been the hub of education and educational services for Egypt and the region.
Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the
Some of the International Schools found in Cairo:
Universities in Greater Cairo:
University | Date of Foundation |
---|---|
Al Azhar University | 970–972 |
Cairo University | 1908 |
American University in Cairo | 1919 |
Ain Shams University | 1950 |
Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Maritime Transport
|
1972 |
Helwan University | 1975 |
Sadat Academy for Management Sciences | 1981 |
Higher Technological Institute | 1989 |
Modern Academy In Maadi
|
1993 |
Misr International University | 1996 |
Misr University for Science and Technology | 1996 |
Modern Sciences and Arts University
|
1996 |
Université Française d'Égypte
|
2002 |
German University in Cairo | 2003 |
Arab Open University | 2003 |
Canadian International College | 2004 |
British University in Egypt
|
2005 |
Ahram Canadian University | 2005 |
Nile University | 2006 |
Future University in Egypt | 2006 |
Egyptian Russian University | 2006 |
Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development
|
2009 |
New Giza University | 2016 |
Transport
Cairo has an extensive road network,
Public transportation
Cairo, specifically Ramses Station, is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.[210]
The Cairo Transportation Authority (CTA) manages Cairo's public transit. The subway system, the Cairo Metro, is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. The metro network covers Helwan and other suburbs. It can get very crowded during rush hour. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for women only, although women may ride in any car they want.
In 2017, plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking 6th of October to suburban Giza, a distance of 35 km (22 mi), and the other linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of 52 km (32 mi).[212][213]
Roads
Two trans-African automobile routes originate in Cairo: the
Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.[214] Traffic moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some congested areas.[210]
Other forms of transport
Culture
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Cultural tourism in Egypt
Cairo Opera House
Khedivial Opera House
The Khedivial Opera House, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988.
Cairo International Film Festival
Cairo held its first international film festival 16 August 1976, when the first Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.[216]
This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted.
In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's leading actors, Hussein Fahmy, who was appointed by the Minister of Culture, Farouk Hosni, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president.
Cairo Geniza
The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue (built 882) of Fustat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been archived in various American and European libraries. The Taylor-Schechter collection in the University of Cambridge runs to 140,000 manuscripts; a further 40,000 manuscripts are housed at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.
Food
The majority of Cairenes make food for themselves and make use of local produce markets.[217] The restaurant scene includes Arab cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine, including local staples such as koshary. The city's most exclusive restaurants are typically concentrated in Zamalek and around the luxury hotels lining the shore of the Nile near the Garden City district. Influence from modern western society is also evident, with American chains such as McDonald's, Arby's, Pizza Hut, Subway, and Kentucky Fried Chicken being easy to find in central areas.[217]
Sports
Football is the most popular sport in Egypt,[218] and Cairo has sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues, most notably Al Ahly and Zamalek SC, who were the CAF first and second African clubs of the 20th century. The annual match between Al Ahly and El Zamalek is one of the most watched sports events in Egypt. The teams form the major rivalry of Egyptian football. They play their home games at Cairo International Stadium, which is the second largest stadium in Egypt, as well as the largest in Cairo.
The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960. Its multi-purpose sports complex houses the main football stadium, an
Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the
There are other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including Gezira Sporting Club, el Shams Club, Shooting Club, Heliopolis Sporting Club, and several smaller clubs. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's downtown), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club.[222]
Most of the sports federations of the country are located in the city suburbs, including the
Egypt is internationally known for the excellence of its squash players who excel in professional and junior divisions.[225] Egypt has seven players in the top ten of the PSA men's world rankings, and three in the women's top ten. Mohamed El Shorbagy held the world number one position for more than a year. Nour El Sherbini has won the Women's World Championship twice and been women's world number one. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest woman to win the Women's World Championship. In 2017 she retained her title.
Cairo is the official end point of
Cityscape and landmarks
Tahrir Square
Tahrir Square was founded during the mid 19th century with the establishment of modern downtown Cairo. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. After the
Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among the collections on display are the finds from the
Grand Egyptian Museum
Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, under construction in Giza and was due to open by the end of 2020.[232][233]
Cairo Tower
The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. It provides a bird's eye view of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. At 187 m (614 ft), it is 44 m (144 ft) higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some 15 km (9 mi) to the southwest.[234]
Old Cairo
This area of Cairo is so-named as it contains the remains of the ancient Roman fortress of Babylon and also overlaps the original site of Fustat, the first Arab settlement in Egypt (7th century AD) and the predecessor of later Cairo. The area includes Coptic Cairo, which holds a high concentration of old Christian churches such as the Hanging Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George, and other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located in an enclave on the site of the ancient Roman fortress. It is also the location of the Coptic Museum, which showcases the history of Coptic art from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, the oldest and best-known synagogue in Cairo, where the important collection of Geniza documents were discovered in the 19th century.[235]
To the north of this Coptic enclave is the Amr ibn al-'As Mosque, the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of what was formerly Fustat, founded in 642 AD right after the Arab conquest but rebuilt many times since.[236] A part of the former city of Fustat has also been excavated to the east of the mosque and of the Coptic enclave,[237][238][239] although the archeological site is threatened by encroaching construction and modern development.[238][240] To the northwest of Babylon Fortress and the mosque is the Monastery of Saint Mercurius (or Dayr Abu Sayfayn), an important and historic Coptic religious complex consisting of the Church of Saint Mercurius, the Church of Saint Shenute, and the Church of the Virgin (also known as al-Damshiriya).[241] Several other historic churches are also situated to the south of Babylon Fortress.[242]
Islamic Cairo
Cairo holds one of the greatest concentrations of historical monuments of
The first mosque in Egypt was the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in what was formerly Fustat, the first Arab-Muslim settlement in the area. However, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque that still retains its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture from the classical period of Islamic civilization. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq.[246] It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful.[247][248] Another Abbasid construction, the Nilometer on Roda Island, is the oldest original structure in Cairo, built in 862 AD. It was designed to measure the level of the Nile, which was important for agricultural and administrative purposes.[249]
The settlement that was formally named Cairo (Arabic: al-Qahira) was founded to the northeast of Fustat in 959 AD by the victorious Fatimid army. The Fatimids built it as a separate palatial city which contained their palaces and institutions of government. It was enclosed by a circuit of walls, which were rebuilt in stone in the late 11th century AD by the vizier Badr al-Gamali,[250] parts of which survive today at Bab Zuwayla in the south and Bab al-Futuh and Bab al-Nasr in the north. Among the extant monuments from the Fatimid era are the large Mosque of al-Hakim, the Aqmar Mosque, Juyushi Mosque, Lulua Mosque, and the Mosque of Al-Salih Tala'i.[251][245]
One of the most important and lasting institutions founded in the Fatimid period was the Mosque of al-Azhar, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the
The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the Mamluk period, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa,
The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built wikalas or caravanserais to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy.
Citadel of Cairo
The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by
Khan el-Khalili
Society
In the present day, Cairo is heavily urbanized and most Cairenes live in apartment buildings. Because of the influx of people into the city, lone standing houses are rare, and apartment buildings accommodate for the limited space and abundance of people. Single detached houses are usually owned by the wealthy.[262] Formal education is also seen as important, with twelve years of standard formal education. Cairenes can take a standardized test similar to the SAT to be accepted to an institution of higher learning, but most children do not finish school and opt to pick up a trade to enter the work force.[262] Egypt still struggles with poverty, with almost half the population living on $2 or less a day.[263]
Women's rights
The civil rights movement for women in Cairo – and by extent, Egypt – has been a struggle for years. Women are reported to face constant discrimination, sexual harassment, and abuse throughout Cairo. A 2013
Pollution
The
In recent years, a black cloud (as Egyptians refer to it) of smog has appeared over Cairo every autumn due to temperature inversion. Smog causes serious respiratory diseases and eye irritations for the city's citizens. Tourists who are not familiar with such high levels of pollution must take extra care.[271]
Cairo also has many unregistered lead and
The city also suffers from a high level of land pollution. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not
Water pollution is also a serious problem in the city as the sewer system tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the demand of the city.[citation needed] The dangerously high levels of mercury in the city's water system has global health officials concerned over related health risks.[citation needed]
International relations
The Headquarters of the Arab League is located at Tahrir Square in downtown Cairo.
Twin towns – sister cities
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Amman, Jordan
- Baghdad, Iraq
- Beijing, China
- Damascus, Syria
- East Jerusalem, Palestine
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Kairouan, Tunisia
- Khartoum, Sudan
- Muscat, Oman
- Palermo Province, Italy
- Rabat, Morocco
- Sanaa, Yemen
- Seoul, South Korea
- Stuttgart, Germany
- Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Tbilisi, Georgia
- Tokyo, Japan
- Tripoli, Libya
Notable people
- Zulfikar family, Egyptian noble family
- Rabab Al-Kadhimi (1918–1998), dentist and poet
- Wael Alaa (born 1987), musician known as Neobyrd
- 2019 college admissions bribery scandal
- Yasser Arafat (1929–2004), born Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf al-Qudwa al-Husseini, was the 3rd Chairman of The PLO and first president of the Palestinian Authority
- Abu Sa'id al-Afif, 15th-century Samaritan
- Ezz El-Dine Zulficar, (1919–1963) was an Egyptian film director, screenwriter, actor and producer, known for his distinctive style, which blends romance and action. Zulficar was one of the most influential filmmakers in the Egyptian Cinema's golden age.
- Boutros Ghali (1922–2016), former Secretary-General of the United Nations
- diamond disc
- space scientist who worked with NASAto assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography
- Ahmed Mourad Bey Zulfikar (1888–1945), Egyptian chief of police
- Freddy Elbaiady (born 1971), Egyptian politician
- Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005 Nobel Peace Prize laureate
- Nourane Foster (born 1987), Cameroonian entrepreneur, politician and member of the National Assembly
- William Donald Hamilton(1936–2000), British evolutionary biologist, was born in Cairo
- Mauro Hamza (born 1965 or 1966), fencing coach
- Taco Hemingway (born 1990), Polish hip-hop artist
- protein crystallography, Nobel Prize in Chemistryin 1964
- Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006), novelist, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate in 1988
- Roland Moreno (1945–2012), French inventor, engineer, humorist and author who invented the smart card
- second President of Egyptfrom 1954 until his death in 1970.
- Ahmed Sabri (1889–1955), painter
- Dina Zulfikar (born 1962), film distributor and animal welfare activist
- Mohamed Sobhi (born 1948), film, television and stage actor, and director
- Blessed Maria Caterina Troiani (1813–1887), a charitable activist
- Magdi Yacoub (born 1935), Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon
- Hesham Youssef, Egyptian diplomat
- Ahmed Zulfikar (1952–2010), mechanical engineer and entrepreneur
- Orascom Telecom Holding
- Yakub Kadri Karaosmanoğlu(1889–1974), Turkish novelist
- Mona Zulficar (born 1950), lawyer and human rights activist. She was included in the Forbes 2021 list of the "100 most powerful businesswomen in the Arab region".
- Ismail Pacha (1830–1895), was an Egyptian politician who served as Khedive of Egypt from 1863 to 1879
- Avi Cohen (1956–2010), Israeli international footballer
See also
- Charles Ayrout
- Cultural tourism in Egypt
- List of buildings in Cairo
- List of cities and towns in Egypt
- Outline of Cairo
- Outline of Egypt
- Architecture of Egypt
Explanatory notes
- ^ Cairo Metropolitan is enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. Government statistics consider that the whole governorate is urban and the whole governorate is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Governorate Cairo is considered a city-proper and functions as a municipality. The city of Alexandria is on the same principle as the city of Cairo, being a governorate-city. Because of this, it is difficult to divide Cairo into urban, rural, subdivisions, or to eliminate certain parts of the metropolitan administrative territory on various theme (unofficial statistics and data).
- John of Nikiouattributed the construction of the fortress to Trajan, but more recent excavations date the fortress to the time of Diocletian. A succession of canals connecting the Nile Valley with the Red Sea were also previously dug around this region in different periods prior to Trajan. Trajan's canal fell out of use some time between the reign of Diocletian and the 7th century.
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Works cited
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Further reading
- Alsayyad, Nezar (2011). Cairo. ISBN 9780674060791.
- Beattie, Andrew (2005). Cairo: A Cultural History (illustrated ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517893-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4437-2783-9.
- Artemis Cooper, Cairo in the War, 1939–1945, ISBN 0-14-024781-5(Pbk)
- ISBN 0-330-33710-6(Pbk)
- Wahba, Magdi (1990). Cairo Memories" in Studies in Arab History: The Antonius Lectures, 1978–87. Edited by Derek Hopwood. London: Macmillan Press.
- "Rescuing Cairo's Lost Heritage". Islamica Magazine (15). 2006. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
- National Geographic MagazineApril 1993
- Cynthia Myntti, Paris Along the Nile: Architecture in Cairo from the Belle Epoque, American University in Cairo Press, 2003.
- Cairo's belle époque architects 1900–1950, by Samir Raafat.
- Antonine Selim Nahas, one of city's major belle époque (1900–1950) architects.
- Nagib Mahfooz novels, all tell great stories about Cairo's deep conflicts.
- Lewicka, Paulina (2011). Food and Foodways of Medieval Cairenes. ISBN 9789004206465.
- Sanders, Paula (2008). Creating Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo. ISBN 978-977-416-095-0.
- Jörg Armbruster, Suleman Taufiq (Eds.) مدينتي القاهرة (MYCAI – My Cairo Mein Kairo), text by different authors, photos by Barbara Armbruster and Hala Elkoussy, edition esefeld & traub, Stuttgart 2014, ISBN 978-3-9809887-8-0.
External links
- Cairo City Government
- Coptic Churches of Cairo
- Geographic data related to Cairo at OpenStreetMap
- Map of Cairo, 1914. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel.
- Maps of Cairo. Archived 18 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine Historic Cities Research Project. Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
Photos and videos
- Cairo 360-degree full-screen images
- Cairo Travel Photos Pictures of Cairo published under Creative Commons License
- Call to Cairo Time-lapsefilm of Cairo cityscapes
- Cairo, Egypt – video by Global Post
- Photos of Cairo / Travel