Cairo

Coordinates: 30°2′40″N 31°14′9″E / 30.04444°N 31.23583°E / 30.04444; 31.23583
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Cairo
القاهرة
Ibn Tulun Mosque
US$ 190 billion)
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+03:00
Area code(+20) 2
Websitecairo.gov.eg
Official nameHistoric Cairo
TypeCultural
Criteriai, v, vi
Designated1979
Reference no.89

Cairo (

largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metropolitan area is the 12th-largest in the world by population with a population of over 22.1 million.[4]

Cairo is associated with

Roman fortress, Babylon. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in 969. It later superseded Fustat as the main urban centre during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods (12th–16th centuries).[10] Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life, and is titled "the city of a thousand minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture. Cairo's historic center was awarded World Heritage Site status in 1979.[11] Cairo is considered a World City with a "Beta +" classification according to GaWC.[12]

Cairo has the oldest and largest

film and music industry in the Arab world, as well as Egypt's oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city; the Arab League
has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.

With a population of over 10 million[13] spread over 453 km2 (175 sq mi), Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. An additional 9.5 million inhabitants live close to the city. Cairo, like many other megacities, suffers from high levels of pollution and traffic. The Cairo Metro, opened in 1987, is the oldest metro system in Africa,[14] and ranks amongst the fifteen busiest in the world,[15] with over 1 billion[16] annual passenger rides. The economy of Cairo was ranked first in the Middle East in 2005,[17] and 43rd globally on Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index.[18]

Etymology

The name of Cairo is derived from the Arabic al-Qāhirah (القاهرة), meaning 'the Vanquisher' or 'the Conqueror', given by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz following the establishment of the city as the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. Its full, formal name was al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyyah (القاهرة المعزيّة), meaning 'the Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz'.[19] It is also supposedly due to the fact that the planet Mars, known in Arabic by names such as an-Najm al-Qāhir (النجم القاهر, 'the Conquering Star'), was rising at the time of the city's founding.[20]

Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; مَصر), the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's importance for the country.[21][22]

There are a number of Coptic names for the city. Tikešrōmi (Coptic: Ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ Late Coptic: [di.kɑʃˈɾoːmi]) is attested in the 1211 text The Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit and is either a calque meaning 'man breaker' (Ϯ-, 'the', ⲕⲁϣ-, 'to break', and ⲣⲱⲙⲓ, 'man'), akin to Arabic al-Qāhirah, or a derivation from Arabic قَصْر الرُوم (qaṣr ar-rūm, "the Roman castle"), another name of Babylon Fortress in Old Cairo.[23] The Arabic name is also calqued as ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϯⲣⲉϥϭⲣⲟ, "the victor city" in the Coptic antiphonary.[24]

The form Khairon (

better source needed] Lioui (Ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic: [lɪˈjuːj]) or Elioui (Ⲉⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ Late Coptic: [ælˈjuːj]) is another name which is descended from the Greek name of Heliopolis (Ήλιούπολις).[23] Some argue that Mistram (Ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic: [ˈmɪs.təɾɑm]) or Nistram (Ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ Late Coptic: [ˈnɪs.təɾɑm]) is another Coptic name for Cairo, although others think that it is rather a name for the Abbasid province capital al-Askar.[26] Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ (Kahi•ree) is a popular modern rendering of an Arabic name (others being Ⲕⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ [Kairon] and Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ [Kahira]) which is modern folk etymology meaning 'land of sun'. Some argue that it was a name of an Egyptian settlement upon which Cairo was built, but it is rather doubtful as this name is not attested in any Hieroglyphic or Demotic source, although some researchers, like Paul Casanova, view it as a legitimate theory.[23] Cairo is also referred to as Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Late Coptic: [ˈkɪ.mi]) or Ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲟⲥ (Late Coptic: [ˈɡɪp.dos]), which means Egypt in Coptic, the same way it is referred to in Egyptian Arabic.[26]

Sometimes the city is informally referred to as Cairo by people from Alexandria (IPA:

Egyptian Arabic: كايرو).[27]

History

Ancient settlements

Remains of a circular Roman tower at Babylon Fortress (late 3rd century) in Old Cairo

The area around present-day Cairo had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location at the junction of the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta regions (roughly Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt), which also placed it at the crossing of major routes between North Africa and the Levant.[28][29] Memphis, the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and a major city up until the Ptolemaic period, was located a short distance south west of present-day Cairo.[30] Heliopolis, another important city and major religious center, was located in what are now the modern districts of Matariya and Ain Shams in northeastern Cairo.[30][31] It was largely destroyed by the Persian invasions in 525 BC and 343 BC and partly abandoned by the late first century BC.[28]

However, the origins of modern Cairo are generally traced back to a series of settlements in the first millennium AD. Around the turn of the fourth century,[32] as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance,[33] the Romans established a large fortress along the east bank of the Nile. The fortress, called Babylon, was built by the Roman emperor Diocletian (r. 285–305) at the entrance of a canal connecting the Nile to the Red Sea that was created earlier by emperor Trajan (r. 98–115).[b][34] Further north of the fortress, near the present-day district of al-Azbakiya, was a port and fortified outpost known as Tendunyas (Coptic: ϯⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓⲁⲥ)[35] or Umm Dunayn.[36][37][38] While no structures older than the 7th century have been preserved in the area aside from the Roman fortifications, historical evidence suggests that a sizeable city existed. The city was important enough that its bishop, Cyrus, participated in the Second Council of Ephesus in 449.[39]

The

Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus (from the late 7th or early 8th century), are located inside the fortress walls in what is now known as Old Cairo or Coptic Cairo.[40]

Fustat and other early Islamic settlements

A man on a donkey walks past a palm tree, with a mosque and market behind Mohamed kamal
Excavated ruins of Fustat (2004 photo)

The

Mosque of Amr Ibn al-As, the oldest mosque in Egypt and Africa (although the current structure dates from later expansions).[29][49][50][51]

In 750, following the overthrow of the

Arabic: العسكر, lit.'the camp') as it was laid out like a military camp. A governor's residence and a new mosque were also added, with the latter completed in 786.[52] The Red Sea canal re-excavated in the 7th century was closed by the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur in al-Mansur (r. 754–775),[53] but a part of the canal, known as the Khalij, continued to be a major feature of Cairo's geography and of its water supply until the 19th century.[54][29] In 861, on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil, a Nilometer was built on Roda Island near Fustat. Although it was repaired and given a new roof in later centuries, its basic structure is still preserved today, making it the oldest preserved Islamic-era structure in Cairo today.[55][56]

The Mosque of Ibn Tulun, built by Ahmad Ibn Tulun in 876–879 AD

In 868 a commander of

Arabic: القطائـع, lit.'the allotments'), to the northeast of Fustat and of al-Askar.[59][60] The new city included a palace known as the Dar al-Imara, a parade ground known as al-Maydan, a bimaristan (hospital), and an aqueduct to supply water. Between 876 and 879 Ibn Tulun built a great mosque, now known as the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, at the center of the city, next to the palace.[58][60] After his death in 884, Ibn Tulun was succeeded by his son and his descendants who continued a short-lived dynasty, the Tulunids. In 905, the Abbasids sent general Muhammad Sulayman al-Katib to re-assert direct control over the country. Tulunid rule was ended and al-Qatta'i was razed to the ground, except for the mosque which remains standing today.[61][62]

Foundation and expansion of Cairo

A plan of Cairo before 1200 AD, as reconstructed by Stanley Lane-Poole (1906), showing the location of Fatimid structures, Saladin's Citadel, and earlier sites (Fustat not shown)

In 969, the Shi'a Isma'ili Fatimid empire conquered Egypt after ruling from Ifriqiya. The Fatimid general Jawhar Al Saqili founded a new fortified city northeast of Fustat and of former al-Qata'i. It took four years to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah,[63] which was to serve as the new capital of the caliphate.[64] During that time, the construction of the al-Azhar Mosque was commissioned by order of the caliph, which developed into the third-oldest university in the world. Cairo would eventually become a centre of learning, with the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books.[65] When Caliph al-Mu'izz li Din Allah arrived from the old Fatimid capital of Mahdia in Tunisia in 973, he gave the city its present name, Qāhirat al-Mu'izz ("The Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz"),[63] from which the name "Cairo" (al-Qāhira) originates. The caliphs lived in a vast and lavish palace complex that occupied the heart of the city. Cairo remained a relatively exclusive royal city for most of this era, but during the tenure of Badr al-Gamali as vizier (1073–1094) the restrictions were loosened for the first time and richer families from Fustat were allowed to move into the city.[66] Between 1087 and 1092 Badr al-Gamali also rebuilt the city walls in stone and constructed the city gates of Bab al-Futuh, Bab al-Nasr, and Bab Zuweila that still stand today.[67]

During the Fatimid period Fustat reached its apogee in size and prosperity, acting as a center of craftsmanship and international trade and as the area's main port on the Nile.

Ottoman periods.[69]

However, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to unfortified Fustat to prevent its potential capture by Amalric, the Crusader king of Jerusalem. While the fire did not destroy the city and it continued to exist afterward, it did mark the beginning of its decline. Over the following centuries it was Cairo, the former palace-city, that became the new economic center and attracted migration from Fustat.[70][71]

A multi-domed mosque dominates the walled Citadel, with ruined tombs and a lone minaret in front.
The Cairo Citadel, seen above in the 19th century, was begun by Saladin in 1176.

While the Crusaders did not capture the city in 1168, a continuing power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric, and the

Zengid general Shirkuh led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment.[72] In 1169, Shirkuh's nephew Saladin was appointed as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he seized power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al-'Āḍid.[73] As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Sunni Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad.[74] In 1176, Saladin began construction on the Cairo Citadel, which was to serve as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th century. The construction of the Citadel definitively ended Fatimid-built Cairo's status as an exclusive palace-city and opened it up to common Egyptians and to foreign merchants, spurring its commercial development.[75] Along with the Citadel, Saladin also began the construction of a new 20-kilometre-long wall that would protect both Cairo and Fustat on their eastern side and connect them with the new Citadel. These construction projects continued beyond Saladin's lifetime and were completed under his Ayyubid successors.[76]

Apogee and decline under the Mamluks

Mausoleum-Madrasa-Hospital complex of Sultan Qalawun, built in 1284–1285 in the center of Cairo, over the remains of a Fatimid palace

In 1250, during the Seventh Crusade, the Ayyubid dynasty had a crisis with the death of al-Salih and power transitioned instead to the Mamluks, partly with the help of al-Salih's wife, Shajar ad-Durr, who ruled for a brief period around this time.[77][78] Mamluks were soldiers who were purchased as young slaves and raised to serve in the sultan's army. Between 1250 and 1517 the throne of the Mamluk Sultanate passed from one mamluk to another in a system of succession that was generally non-hereditary, but also frequently violent and chaotic.[79][80] The Mamluk Empire nonetheless became a major power in the region and was responsible for repelling the advance of the Mongols (most famously at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260) and for eliminating the last Crusader states in the Levant.[81]

Despite their military character, the Mamluks were also prolific builders and left a rich

China.[85]

Multi-story buildings occupied by rental apartments, known as a rab' (plural ribā' or urbu), became common in the Mamluk period and continued to be a feature of the city's housing during the later Ottoman period.[87][88] These apartments were often laid out as multi-story duplexes or triplexes. They were sometimes attached to caravanserais, where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The oldest partially-preserved example of this type of structure is the Wikala of Amir Qawsun, built before 1341.[87][88] Residential buildings were in turn organized into close-knit neighbourhoods called a harat, which in many cases had gates that could be closed off at night or during disturbances.[88]

Funerary complex of Sultan Qaytbay, built in 1470–1474 in the Northern Cemetery
(seen in 1880)

When the traveller

Bahri Mamluks as rulers of the Mamluk state, but the Mamluk system continued to decline.[96]

Though the plagues returned frequently throughout the 15th century, Cairo remained a major metropolis and its population recovered in part through rural migration.[96] More conscious efforts were conducted by rulers and city officials to redress the city's infrastructure and cleanliness. Its economy and politics also became more deeply connected with the wider Mediterranean.[96] Some Mamluk sultans in this period, such as Barbsay (r. 1422–1438) and Qaytbay (r. 1468–1496), had relatively long and successful reigns.[97] After al-Nasir Muhammad, Qaytbay was one of the most prolific patrons of art and architecture of the Mamluk era. He built or restored numerous monuments in Cairo, in addition to commissioning projects beyond Egypt.[98][99] The crisis of Mamluk power and of Cairo's economic role deepened after Qaytbay. The city's status was diminished after Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route around the Cape of Good Hope between 1497 and 1499, thereby allowing spice traders to avoid Cairo.[85]

Ottoman rule

Map of Cairo in 1809, from the Description de l'Égypte

Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans defeated Sultan al-Ghuri in the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 and conquered Egypt in 1517. Ruling from Constantinople, Sultan Selim I relegated Egypt to a province, with Cairo as its capital.[100] For this reason, the history of Cairo during Ottoman times is often described as inconsequential, especially in comparison to other time periods.[85][101][102]

During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo still remained an important economic and cultural centre. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated the transportation of

Soncino family of printers, Italian Jews of Ashkenazi origin who operated a press in Constantinople. The existence of the press is known solely from two fragments discovered in the Cairo Geniza.[107]

Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933). On the Way Between Old and New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of the Mamelukes, 1872. Oil on canvas. Brooklyn Museum.

Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.

Napoleon arrived in Cairo in 1798, the city's population was less than 300,000, forty percent lower than it was at the height of Mamluk—and Cairene—influence in the mid-14th century.[85][109]

The

religious establishment, viceroy of Egypt in 1805.[113]

Modern era

Cairo in the late 19th century, Georg Macco (1863–1933), oil on canvas.

Until his death in 1848,

Isma'il Pasha (r. 1863–1879), who continued the modernisation processes started by his grandfather.[118] Drawing inspiration from Paris, Isma'il envisioned a city of maidans and wide avenues; due to financial constraints, only some of them, in the area now composing Downtown Cairo, came to fruition.[119] Isma'il also sought to modernize the city, which was merging with neighbouring settlements, by establishing a public works ministry, bringing gas and lighting to the city, and opening a theatre and opera house.[120][121]

The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the

British invasion in 1882.[85] The city's economic centre quickly moved west toward the Nile, away from the historic Islamic Cairo section and toward the contemporary, European-style areas built by Isma'il.[122][123] Europeans accounted for five percent of Cairo's population at the end of the 19th century, by which point they held most top governmental positions.[124]

In 1906 the

Heliopolis Oasis Company headed by the Belgian industrialist Édouard Empain and his Egyptian counterpart Boghos Nubar, built a suburb called Heliopolis (city of the sun in Greek) ten kilometers from the center of Cairo.[125][126] In 1905–1907 the northern part of the Gezira island was developed by the Baehler Company into Zamalek, which would later become Cairo's upscale "chic" neighbourhood.[127] In 1906 construction began on Garden City, a neighbourhood of urban villas with gardens and curved streets.[127]

Qasr El Nil Bridge
Aerial view in 1904 from a balloon of the central-eastern edge of Cairo, showing the early development of Gezira/Zamalek Island (center left), and Downtown (lower right), as well as Bulaq (upper right).

The British occupation was intended to be temporary, but it lasted well into the 20th century. Nationalists staged

large-scale demonstrations in Cairo in 1919,[85] five years after Egypt had been declared a British protectorate.[128] Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's independence in 1922
.

The

British occupation until 1956

Everyday life in Cairo, 1950s

British troops remained in the country until 1956. During this time, urban Cairo, spurred by new bridges and transport links, continued to expand to include the upscale neighbourhoods of Garden City, Zamalek, and Heliopolis.[137] Between 1882 and 1937, the population of Cairo more than tripled—from 347,000 to 1.3 million[138]—and its area increased from 10 to 163 km2 (4 to 63 sq mi).[139]

The city was devastated during the 1952 riots known as the

satellite towns and devise incentives for city-dwellers to move to them.[142]

After 1956

In the second half of the 20th century Cairo continue to grow enormously in both population and area. Between 1947 and 2006 the population of Greater Cairo went from 2,986,280 to 16,292,269.[143] The population explosion also drove the rise of "informal" housing ('ashwa'iyyat), meaning housing that was built without any official planning or control.[144] The exact form of this type of housing varies considerably but usually has a much higher population density than formal housing. By 2009, over 63% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in informal neighbourhoods, even though these occupied only 17% of the total area of Greater Cairo.[145] According to economist David Sims, informal housing has the benefits of providing affordable accommodation and vibrant communities to huge numbers of Cairo's working classes, but it also suffers from government neglect, a relative lack of services, and overcrowding.[146]

The "formal" city was also expanded. The most notable example was the creation of Madinat Nasr, a huge government-sponsored expansion of the city to the east which officially began in 1959 but was primarily developed in the mid-1970s.[147] Starting in 1977 the Egyptian government established the New Urban Communities Authority to initiate and direct the development of new planned cities on the outskirts of Cairo, generally established on desert land.[148][149][150] These new satellite cities were intended to provide housing, investment, and employment opportunities for the region's growing population as well as to pre-empt the further growth of informal neighbourhoods.[148] As of 2014, about 10% of the population of Greater Cairo lived in the new cities.[148]

Concurrently, Cairo established itself as a political and economic hub for

UNESCO World Heritage Site.[11]

In 1992, Cairo was hit by an earthquake causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.[151]

2011 Egyptian revolution

A protester holding an Egyptian flag during the protests that started on 25 January 2011

Cairo's

Tunisian revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.[155]
On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Hosni Mubarak resigned from office.

Post-revolutionary Cairo

Under the rule of President

Geography

Greater Cairo seen from Sentinel-2A
The river Nile flows through Cairo, here contrasting ancient customs of daily life with the modern city of today.
Aerial view looking south, with the Zamalek and Gezira districts on Gezira Island, surrounded by the Nile

Cairo is located in northern

sand dunes which date from the quaternary period.[160][161]

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward, providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the Mokattam highlands on which the city now stands. The land on which Cairo was established in 969 (present-day Islamic Cairo) was located underwater just over three hundred years earlier, when Fustat was first built.[162]

Low periods of the Nile during the 11th century continued to add to the landscape of Cairo; a new island, known as Geziret al-Fil, first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connected to the mainland. Today, the site of Geziret al-Fil is occupied by the Shubra district. The low periods created another island at the turn of the 14th century that now composes Zamalek and Gezira. Land reclamation efforts by the Mamluks and Ottomans further contributed to expansion on the east bank of the river.[163]

Because of the Nile's movement, the newer parts of the city—

Garden City, Downtown Cairo, and Zamalek—are located closest to the riverbank.[164] The areas, which are home to most of Cairo's embassies, are surrounded on the north, east, and south by the older parts of the city. Old Cairo, located south of the centre, holds the remnants of Fustat and the heart of Egypt's Coptic Christian community, Coptic Cairo. The Boulaq district, which lies in the northern part of the city, was born out of a major 16th-century port and is now a major industrial centre. The Citadel is located east of the city centre around Islamic Cairo, which dates back to the Fatimid era and the foundation of Cairo. While western Cairo is dominated by wide boulevards, open spaces, and modern architecture of European influence, the eastern half, having grown haphazardly over the centuries, is dominated by small lanes, crowded tenements, and Islamic architecture
.

Northern and extreme eastern parts of Cairo, which include

satellite towns, are among the most recent additions to the city, as they developed in the late-20th and early-21st centuries to accommodate the city's rapid growth. The western bank of the Nile is commonly included within the urban area of Cairo, but it composes the city of Giza and the Giza Governorate. Giza city has also undergone significant expansion over recent years, and today has a population of 2.7 million.[159] The Cairo Governorate was just north of the Helwan Governorate from 2008 when some Cairo's southern districts, including Maadi and New Cairo, were split off and annexed into the new governorate,[165]
to 2011 when the Helwan Governorate was reincorporated into the Cairo Governorate.

According to the World Health Organization, the level of air pollution in Cairo is nearly 12 times higher than the recommended safety level.[166]

Gezira Island, located in the middle of the Nile, with the Cairo Tower in the middle, the 6th October Bridge on the far left and El Galaa Bridge
on the far right

Climate

Cairo weather observations by French savants

In Cairo, and along the Nile River Valley, the climate is a

hot desert climate (BWh according to the Köppen climate classification system[167]
).

Wind storms can be frequent, bringing Saharan dust into the city, from March to May and the air often becomes uncomfortably dry. Winters are mild to warm, while summers are long and hot. High temperatures in winter range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while night-time lows drop to below 11 °C (52 °F), often to 5 °C (41 °F). In summer, the highs often exceed 31 °C (88 °F) but rarely surpass 40 °C (104 °F), and lows drop to about 20 °C (68 °F). Rainfall is sparse and only happens in the colder months, but sudden showers can cause severe flooding. The summer months have high humidity due to its coastal location. Snowfall is extremely rare; a small amount of graupel, widely believed to be snow, fell on Cairo's easternmost suburbs on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo's area received this kind of precipitation in many decades.[168] Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C (57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August.[169]

Climate data for Cairo (Cairo International Airport) 1991–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8)
34.2
(93.6)
37.9
(100.2)
43.2
(109.8)
47.8
(118.0)
46.4
(115.5)
42.6
(108.7)
43.4
(110.1)
43.7
(110.7)
41.0
(105.8)
37.4
(99.3)
30.2
(86.4)
47.8
(118.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0)
20.5
(68.9)
23.8
(74.8)
28.1
(82.6)
32.2
(90.0)
34.6
(94.3)
35.0
(95.0)
34.9
(94.8)
33.4
(92.1)
30.0
(86.0)
24.9
(76.8)
20.5
(68.9)
28.1
(82.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.4
(57.9)
15.6
(60.1)
18.3
(64.9)
21.8
(71.2)
25.6
(78.1)
28.2
(82.8)
29.1
(84.4)
29.2
(84.6)
27.6
(81.7)
24.6
(76.3)
20.0
(68.0)
15.9
(60.6)
22.5
(72.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2)
11.0
(51.8)
13.2
(55.8)
15.9
(60.6)
19.3
(66.7)
22.2
(72.0)
23.8
(74.8)
24.3
(75.7)
22.7
(72.9)
20.0
(68.0)
15.6
(60.1)
11.7
(53.1)
17.5
(63.5)
Record low °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2)
3.6
(38.5)
5.0
(41.0)
7.6
(45.7)
12.3
(54.1)
16.0
(60.8)
18.2
(64.8)
19.0
(66.2)
14.5
(58.1)
12.3
(54.1)
5.2
(41.4)
3.0
(37.4)
1.2
(34.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 4.8
(0.19)
3.8
(0.15)
6.3
(0.25)
1.3
(0.05)
0.2
(0.01)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.7
(0.03)
4.3
(0.17)
3.4
(0.13)
24.8
(0.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 1.3 2.0 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.8 11.0
Average
relative humidity
(%)
59 54 53 47 46 49 58 61 60 60 61 61 56
Average dew point °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)
5.0
(41.0)
6.1
(43.0)
7.5
(45.5)
10.1
(50.2)
13.9
(57.0)
17.5
(63.5)
18.3
(64.9)
16.7
(62.1)
14.0
(57.2)
10.7
(51.3)
6.7
(44.1)
11.0
(51.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 213 234 269 291 324 357 363 351 311 292 248 198 3,451
Percent possible sunshine 66 75 73 75 77 85 84 86 84 82 78 62 77
Average ultraviolet index 4 5 7 9 10 11.5 11.5 11 9 7 5 3 7.8
Source 1: NOAA (humidity, dew point, records 1961–1990)[170][171]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute for sunshine (1931–1960)[172] and Weather2Travel (ultraviolet)[173]

Metropolitan area and districts

Cairo city administrative boundary and districts in English

The city of Cairo forms part of

new towns surrounding them.[176]

Cairo is a city-state where the governor is also the head of the city. Cairo City itself differs from other Egyptian cities in that it has an extra

administrative division between the city and district levels, and that is areas, which are headed by deputy governors. Cairo consists of 4 areas (manatiq, singl. mantiqa) divided into 38 districts (ahya', singl. hayy) and 46 qisms (police wards, 1-2 per district):[177]

The Northern Area is divided into 8 Districts:[178]

Map of Northern Area, Cairo (En)

The Eastern Area divided into 9 Districts and three new cities:[179]

Cairo Eastern Area map

The Western Area divided into 9 Districts:[180]

Cairo Western Area map

The Southern Area divided into 12 Districts:[181]

Cairo Southern Area map

Satellite cities

Since 1977 a number of

Shorouk City, and New Cairo. In addition, two more are under construction: the New Administrative Capital.[182][183][184] And Capital Gardens, where land was allocated in 2021, and which will house most of the civil servants employed in the new capital.[185]

Planned new capital

In March 2015, plans were announced for a new city to be built east of Cairo, in an undeveloped area of the Cairo Governorate,[186] which would serve as the New Administrative Capital of Egypt.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1884352,416—    
1907654,476+2.73%
19502,493,514+3.16%
19603,680,160+3.97%
19705,584,507+4.26%
19807,348,778+2.78%
19909,892,143+3.02%
200013,625,565+3.25%
201016,899,015+2.18%
201920,484,965+2.16%
Source: Decennial census.[187][188] For Cairo agglomeration:[189]

According to the 2017 census, Cairo had a population of 9,539,673 people, distributed across 46

qisms (police wards):[190] [191]

Qism Code 2017 Total Population Male Female
El Tibbin 010100 72,040 36,349 35,691
Helwan 010200 521,239 265,347 255,892
Al Maasara 010300 270,032 137,501 132,531
15 May City 010400 93,574 49,437 44,137
Tura 010500 230,438 168,152 62,286
Maadi 010600 88,575 43,972 44,603
El Basatin 010700 495,443 260,756 234,687
Dar El Salam 010800 525,638 273,603 252,035
Masr El Qedima 010900 250,313 129,582 120,731
El Sayeda Zeinab 011000 136,278 68,571 67,707
El Khalifa 011100 105,235 54,150 51,085
Mokattam 011200 224,138 116,011 108,127
Manshiyat Naser 011300 258,372 133,864 124,508
Al Darb Al Ahmar 011400 58,489 30,307 28,182
El Muski 011500 16,662 8,216 8,446
Abdeen 011600 40,321 19,352 20,969
Garden City 011700 10,563 4,951 5,612
Zamalek 011800 14,946 7,396 7,550
Bulaq 011900 48,147 24,105 24,042
Azbakeya 012000 19,763 9,766 9,997
Bab El Shariya 012100 46,673 24,261 22,412
El Gamaliya 012200 36,368 18,487 17,881
Al Daher 012300 71,870 35,956 35,914
Al Wayli 012400 79,292 39,407 39,885
Hadayek El Qobbah 012500 316,072 161,269 154,803
El Sharabiya 012600 187,201 94,942 92,259
Shubra 012700 76,695 38,347 38,348
Rod El Farag 012800 145,632 72,859 72,773
El Sahel 012900 316,421 162,063 154,358
El Zawya El Hamra 013000 318,170 162,304 155,866
Amairiya 013100 152,554 77,355 75,199
Zeitoun 013200 174,176 87,235 86,941
El Matareya 013300 602,485 312,407 290,078
Ain Shams 013400 614,391 315,394 298,997
El Marg 013500 798,646 412,476 386,170
El Salam 1 013600 480,721 249,639 231,082
El Salam 2 013700 153,772 80,492 73,280
El Nozha 013800 231,241 117,910 113,331
Heliopolis 013900 134,116 68,327 65,789
Nasr City 1 014000 634,818 332,117 302,701
Nasr City 2 014100 72,182 38,374 33,808
New Cairo 1 014200 135,834 70,765 65,069
New Cairo 2 014300 90,668 46,102 44,566
New Cairo 3 014400 70,885 37,340 33,545
El Shorouk 014500 87,285 45,960 41,325
Badr City 014600 31,299 17,449 13,850

Religion

The majority of Egypt and Cairo's population is Sunni Muslim.[192][193] A significant Christian minority exists, among whom Coptic Orthodox are the majority.[192][193] Precise numbers for each religious community in Egypt are not available and estimates vary.[194] Other churches that have, or had, a presence in modern Cairo include the Catholic Church (including Armenian Catholic, Coptic Catholic, Chaldean Catholic, Syrian Catholic, and Maronite), the Greek Orthodox Church, the Evangelical Church of Egypt (Synod of the Nile), and some Protestant churches.[195] Until the 20th century, Cairo had a sizeable Jewish community, but as of 2022 only three Jews were reported to be living in the city. A total of 12 synagogues in Cairo still exist.[196]

Economy

Egyptian economy, in Downtown Cairo
The NBE towers as viewed from the Nile
Informal economy in Cairo

Cairo's economy has traditionally been based on governmental institutions and services, with the modern productive sector expanding in the 20th century to include developments in textiles and food processing – specifically the production of

sugar cane. As of 2005, Egypt has the largest non-oil based GDP in the Arab world. [197]

Cairo accounts for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). The majority of the nation's commerce is generated there, or passes through the city. The great majority of

film studios are there, as are half of the nation's hospital beds and universities. This has fuelled rapid construction in the city, with one building in five being less than 15 years old.[197]

This growth until recently surged well ahead of city services. Homes, roads, electricity, telephone and sewer services were all in short supply. Analysts trying to grasp the magnitude of the change coined terms like "hyper-urbanization".[197]

Automobile manufacturers from Cairo

Infrastructure

Health

Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main centre for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of

57357 Hospital,[208] as well as Qasr El Eyni Hospital
.

Education

Greater Cairo has long been the hub of education and educational services for Egypt and the region.

Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the

higher education institutes
among other cities and governorates of Egypt.

Some of the International Schools found in Cairo:

Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University
Cairo University is the largest university in Egypt, and is located in Giza.
American University of Cairo in New Cairo

Universities in Greater Cairo:

University Date of Foundation
Al Azhar University 970–972
Cairo University 1908
American University in Cairo 1919
Ain Shams University 1950
Arab Academy for Science & Technology and Maritime Transport
1972
Helwan University 1975
Sadat Academy for Management Sciences 1981
Higher Technological Institute 1989
Modern Academy In Maadi
1993
Misr International University 1996
Misr University for Science and Technology 1996
Modern Sciences and Arts University
1996
Université Française d'Égypte
2002
German University in Cairo 2003
Arab Open University 2003
Canadian International College 2004
British University in Egypt
2005
Ahram Canadian University 2005
Nile University 2006
Future University in Egypt 2006
Egyptian Russian University 2006
Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development
2009
New Giza University 2016

Transport

Façade of Terminal 3 at Cairo International Airport
Departures area of Cairo International Airport's Terminal 1

Cairo has an extensive road network,

microbuses. Cairo International Airport is the country's largest airport and one of the busiest airports in Africa.[209]

Public transportation

The interior of Ramses Station

Cairo, specifically Ramses Station, is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.[210]

The Cairo Transportation Authority (CTA) manages Cairo's public transit. The subway system, the Cairo Metro, is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. The metro network covers Helwan and other suburbs. It can get very crowded during rush hour. Two train cars (the fourth and fifth ones) are reserved for women only, although women may ride in any car they want.

Trams in Greater Cairo and Cairo trolleybus were used as modes of transportation, but were closed in the 1970s everywhere except Heliopolis and Helwan. These were shut down in 2014, after the Egyptian Revolution.[211]

In 2017, plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking 6th of October to suburban Giza, a distance of 35 km (22 mi), and the other linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of 52 km (32 mi).[212][213]

Cairo Metro, LRT, BRT and monorail expansion plans

Roads

6th October Bridge in Cairo

Two trans-African automobile routes originate in Cairo: the

Cairo-Dakar Highway. An extensive road network connects Cairo with other Egyptian cities and villages. There is a new Ring Road that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo districts. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the 6th October Bridge that, when the traffic is not heavy, allow fast means of transportation from one side of the city to the other.[210]

Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded.[214] Traffic moves at a relatively fluid pace. Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some congested areas.[210]

Other forms of transport

Culture

Cairo Opera House, at the National Cultural Center, Zamalek district
Khedivial Opera House, 1869

Cultural tourism in Egypt

Cairo Opera House

JICA, the Japan International Co-operation Agency and stands as a prominent feature for the Japanese-Egyptian co-operation
and the friendship between the two nations.

Khedivial Opera House

The Khedivial Opera House, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. It was dedicated on 1 November 1869 and burned down on 28 October 1971. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988.

Cairo International Film Festival

Cairo held its first international film festival 16 August 1976, when the first Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983.[216]

This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. The request was granted.

In 1998, the Festival took place under the presidency of one of Egypt's leading actors, Hussein Fahmy, who was appointed by the Minister of Culture, Farouk Hosni, after the death of Saad El-Din Wahba. Four years later, the journalist and writer Cherif El-Shoubashy became president.

Cairo Geniza

Solomon Schechter at work in Cambridge University Library, studying the fragments of the Cairo Geniza, c. 1898

The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue (built 882) of Fustat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been archived in various American and European libraries. The Taylor-Schechter collection in the University of Cambridge runs to 140,000 manuscripts; a further 40,000 manuscripts are housed at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

Food

Down Town Cairo Snack

The majority of Cairenes make food for themselves and make use of local produce markets.[217] The restaurant scene includes Arab cuisine and Middle Eastern cuisine, including local staples such as koshary. The city's most exclusive restaurants are typically concentrated in Zamalek and around the luxury hotels lining the shore of the Nile near the Garden City district. Influence from modern western society is also evident, with American chains such as McDonald's, Arby's, Pizza Hut, Subway, and Kentucky Fried Chicken being easy to find in central areas.[217]

Sports

Cairo International Stadium with 75,100 seats

Football is the most popular sport in Egypt,[218] and Cairo has sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues, most notably Al Ahly and Zamalek SC, who were the CAF first and second African clubs of the 20th century. The annual match between Al Ahly and El Zamalek is one of the most watched sports events in Egypt. The teams form the major rivalry of Egyptian football. They play their home games at Cairo International Stadium, which is the second largest stadium in Egypt, as well as the largest in Cairo.

The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960. Its multi-purpose sports complex houses the main football stadium, an

African Games, U17 Football World Championship and the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations. Egypt later won the competition and the next edition in Ghana (2008) making the Egyptian and Ghanaian national teams the only to win the African Nations Cup back to back. Egypt won the title for a record six times in the history of African Continental Competition. This was followed by a third consecutive win in Angola in 2010, making Egypt the only country with a record 3-consecutive and 7-total Continental Football Competition winner. As of 2021, Egypt's national team is ranked #46 in the world by FIFA.[219]

Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the

There are other sports teams in the city that participate in several sports including Gezira Sporting Club, el Shams Club, Shooting Club, Heliopolis Sporting Club, and several smaller clubs. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's downtown), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club.[222]

Most of the sports federations of the country are located in the city suburbs, including the

International Rugby Board.[224]

Egypt is internationally known for the excellence of its squash players who excel in professional and junior divisions.[225] Egypt has seven players in the top ten of the PSA men's world rankings, and three in the women's top ten. Mohamed El Shorbagy held the world number one position for more than a year. Nour El Sherbini has won the Women's World Championship twice and been women's world number one. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest woman to win the Women's World Championship. In 2017 she retained her title.

Cairo is the official end point of

Great Pyramids of Giza with a huge trophy-giving ceremony.[226]

Cityscape and landmarks

Tahrir Square

View of Tahrir Square (in 2020)

Tahrir Square was founded during the mid 19th century with the establishment of modern downtown Cairo. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. After the

2011 Egyptian Revolution against former president Hosni Mubarak.[227] In 2020 the government completed the erection of a new monument in the center of the square featuring an ancient obelisk from the reign of Ramses II, originally unearthed at Tanis (San al-Hagar) in 2019, and four ram-headed sphinx statues moved from Karnak.[228][229][230]

Egyptian Museum

Main entrance of the Egyptian Museum, located at Tahrir Square

The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum, is home to the most extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities in the world. It has 136,000 items on display, with many more hundreds of thousands in its basement storerooms. Among the collections on display are the finds from the

tomb of Tutankhamun.[231]

Grand Egyptian Museum

Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, under construction in Giza and was due to open by the end of 2020.[232][233]

Cairo Tower

Cairo Tower at night

The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. It provides a bird's eye view of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. At 187 m (614 ft), it is 44 m (144 ft) higher than the Great Pyramid of Giza, which stands some 15 km (9 mi) to the southwest.[234]

Old Cairo

The Hanging Church in Old Cairo

This area of Cairo is so-named as it contains the remains of the ancient Roman fortress of Babylon and also overlaps the original site of Fustat, the first Arab settlement in Egypt (7th century AD) and the predecessor of later Cairo. The area includes Coptic Cairo, which holds a high concentration of old Christian churches such as the Hanging Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George, and other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located in an enclave on the site of the ancient Roman fortress. It is also the location of the Coptic Museum, which showcases the history of Coptic art from Greco-Roman to Islamic times, and of the Ben Ezra Synagogue, the oldest and best-known synagogue in Cairo, where the important collection of Geniza documents were discovered in the 19th century.[235]

Cemetery in Coptic Cairo

To the north of this Coptic enclave is the Amr ibn al-'As Mosque, the first mosque in Egypt and the most important religious centre of what was formerly Fustat, founded in 642 AD right after the Arab conquest but rebuilt many times since.[236] A part of the former city of Fustat has also been excavated to the east of the mosque and of the Coptic enclave,[237][238][239] although the archeological site is threatened by encroaching construction and modern development.[238][240] To the northwest of Babylon Fortress and the mosque is the Monastery of Saint Mercurius (or Dayr Abu Sayfayn), an important and historic Coptic religious complex consisting of the Church of Saint Mercurius, the Church of Saint Shenute, and the Church of the Virgin (also known as al-Damshiriya).[241] Several other historic churches are also situated to the south of Babylon Fortress.[242]

Islamic Cairo

Al-Azhar Mosque, view of Fatimid-era courtyard and Mamluk minarets
Al-Muizz Street in Islamic Cairo
, seen from the Citadel

Cairo holds one of the greatest concentrations of historical monuments of

The first mosque in Egypt was the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in what was formerly Fustat, the first Arab-Muslim settlement in the area. However, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque that still retains its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture from the classical period of Islamic civilization. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq.[246] It is one of the largest mosques in Cairo and is often cited as one of the most beautiful.[247][248] Another Abbasid construction, the Nilometer on Roda Island, is the oldest original structure in Cairo, built in 862 AD. It was designed to measure the level of the Nile, which was important for agricultural and administrative purposes.[249]

The settlement that was formally named Cairo (Arabic: al-Qahira) was founded to the northeast of Fustat in 959 AD by the victorious Fatimid army. The Fatimids built it as a separate palatial city which contained their palaces and institutions of government. It was enclosed by a circuit of walls, which were rebuilt in stone in the late 11th century AD by the vizier Badr al-Gamali,[250] parts of which survive today at Bab Zuwayla in the south and Bab al-Futuh and Bab al-Nasr in the north. Among the extant monuments from the Fatimid era are the large Mosque of al-Hakim, the Aqmar Mosque, Juyushi Mosque, Lulua Mosque, and the Mosque of Al-Salih Tala'i.[251][245]

One of the most important and lasting institutions founded in the Fatimid period was the Mosque of al-Azhar, founded in 970 AD, which competes with the

Fes for the title of oldest university in the world.[252] Today, al-Azhar University is the foremost Center of Islamic learning in the world and one of Egypt's largest universities with campuses across the country.[252] The mosque itself retains significant Fatimid elements but has been added to and expanded in subsequent centuries, notably by the Mamluk sultans Qaytbay and al-Ghuri and by Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda in the 18th century.[253]

The most prominent architectural heritage of medieval Cairo, however, dates from the Mamluk period, from 1250 to 1517 AD. The Mamluk sultans and elites were eager patrons of religious and scholarly life, commonly building religious or funerary complexes whose functions could include a mosque, madrasa,

Madrasa of Sultan Barquq. Some mosques include spolia (often columns or capitals) from earlier buildings built by the Romans, Byzantines, or Copts.[243]

The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built wikalas or caravanserais to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy.

Tannoura Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe.[255] The Khan al-Khalili is a commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais (also known as khans).[256]

Citadel of Cairo

Mosque of Muhammad Ali

The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by

Mosque of Muhammad Ali which commands a dominant position on Cairo's skyline.[258]

Khan el-Khalili

A medieval gateway in Khan al-Khalili

souqs existing today.[259] Many medieval elements remain today, including the ornate Mamluk-style gateways.[260] Today, the Khan el-Khalili is a major tourist attraction and popular stop for tour groups.[261]

Society

In the present day, Cairo is heavily urbanized and most Cairenes live in apartment buildings. Because of the influx of people into the city, lone standing houses are rare, and apartment buildings accommodate for the limited space and abundance of people. Single detached houses are usually owned by the wealthy.[262] Formal education is also seen as important, with twelve years of standard formal education. Cairenes can take a standardized test similar to the SAT to be accepted to an institution of higher learning, but most children do not finish school and opt to pick up a trade to enter the work force.[262] Egypt still struggles with poverty, with almost half the population living on $2 or less a day.[263]

Women's rights

The civil rights movement for women in Cairo – and by extent, Egypt – has been a struggle for years. Women are reported to face constant discrimination, sexual harassment, and abuse throughout Cairo. A 2013

#MeToo movement in Egypt.[268]

Pollution

Smog in Cairo
Traffic in Cairo

The

aromatic hydrocarbon levels are higher than many other similar cities.[269] Air quality measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of lead, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter concentrations due to decades of unregulated vehicle emissions, urban industrial operations, and chaff and trash burning. There are over 4,500,000 cars on the streets of Cairo, 60% of which are over 10 years old, and therefore lack modern emission cutting features. Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of its lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect.[270]

In recent years, a black cloud (as Egyptians refer to it) of smog has appeared over Cairo every autumn due to temperature inversion. Smog causes serious respiratory diseases and eye irritations for the city's citizens. Tourists who are not familiar with such high levels of pollution must take extra care.[271]

Cairo also has many unregistered lead and

emissions tests on cars. Twenty thousand buses have also been commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are very high.[273]

The city also suffers from a high level of land pollution. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not

Both are working together to pick up as much waste as possible within the city limits, though it remains a pressing problem.

Water pollution is also a serious problem in the city as the sewer system tends to fail and overflow. On occasion, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the demand of the city.[citation needed] The dangerously high levels of mercury in the city's water system has global health officials concerned over related health risks.[citation needed]

International relations

The Headquarters of the Arab League is located at Tahrir Square in downtown Cairo.

Twin towns – sister cities

Cairo is twinned with:[275]

Notable people

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Cairo Metropolitan is enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. Government statistics consider that the whole governorate is urban and the whole governorate is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Governorate Cairo is considered a city-proper and functions as a municipality. The city of Alexandria is on the same principle as the city of Cairo, being a governorate-city. Because of this, it is difficult to divide Cairo into urban, rural, subdivisions, or to eliminate certain parts of the metropolitan administrative territory on various theme (unofficial statistics and data).
  2. John of Nikiou
    attributed the construction of the fortress to Trajan, but more recent excavations date the fortress to the time of Diocletian. A succession of canals connecting the Nile Valley with the Red Sea were also previously dug around this region in different periods prior to Trajan. Trajan's canal fell out of use some time between the reign of Diocletian and the 7th century.

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