Calais
Calais
Calés (Picard) | |
---|---|
Subprefecture and commune | |
Coordinates: 50°56′53″N 01°51′23″E / 50.94806°N 1.85639°E | |
Country | France |
Region | Hauts-de-France |
Department | Pas-de-Calais |
Arrondissement | Calais |
Canton | Calais-1, 2 and 3 |
Intercommunality | CA Grand Calais Terres et Mers |
Government | |
• Mayor (2020–2026) | Natacha Bouchart[1] (LR) |
Area 1 | 33.5 km2 (12.9 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[2] | 67,380 |
• Density | 2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi) |
Demonym | Calaisiens |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 62193 /62100 |
Elevation | 0–18 m (0–59 ft) |
Website | City; Port |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Calais (UK: /ˈkæleɪ/ KAL-ay, US: /kæˈleɪ/ kal-AY,[3][4] traditionally /ˈkælɪs/ KAL-iss, French: [kalɛ] ⓘ)[a] is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture.[5] Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's prefecture is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the city proper is 67,544; that of the urban area is 144,625 (2020).[6] Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 mi) wide here, and is the closest French town to England. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994, the Channel Tunnel has linked nearby Coquelles to Folkestone by rail.
Because of its position, Calais has been a major port and an important centre for transport and trading with England since the Middle Ages. Calais came under English control after Edward III of England captured the city in 1347, followed by a treaty in 1360 that formally assigned Calais to English rule. Calais grew into a thriving centre for wool production, and came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" because of its importance as the gateway for the tin, lead, lace and wool trades (or "staples"). Calais remained under English control until its capture by France in 1558.
During World War II, the town was virtually razed to the ground: in May 1940, it was a strategic bombing target of the invading German forces who took it during the siege of Calais. The Germans built massive bunkers along the coast in preparation for launching missiles at England.
The old part of the town, Calais-Nord, is on an
History
Early history
Sources on the early history of habitation in the area is limited. It is sometimes claimed that
Calais was an English outpost for many centuries while it was an island surrounded by marshes, and difficult to attack from the mainland. At some time before the 10th century, it would have been a Dutch-speaking fishing village on a sandy beach backed by pebbles and a creek,[10] with a natural harbour[11] at the west edge of the early medieval estuary of the river Aa. As the pebble and sand ridge extended eastward from Calais, the haven behind it developed into fen, as the estuary progressively filled with silt and peat. Afterwards, canals were cut between Saint-Omer, the trading centre formerly at the head of the estuary, and three places to the west, centre and east on the newly formed coast: respectively Calais, Gravelines and Dunkirk.[12] Calais was improved by the Count of Flanders in 997 and fortified by the Count of Boulogne in 1224.[7][11]
The first document mentioning the existence of this community is the town charter granted by
14th–15th century; the Pale of Calais
In 1360 the
The town came to be called the "brightest jewel in the English crown" owing to its great importance as a gateway port for the
Calais was regarded for many years as being an integral part of the Kingdom of England, with its representatives sitting in the English Parliament. The continued English hold on Calais however depended on expensively maintained fortifications, as the town lacked any natural defences. Maintaining Calais was a costly business that was frequently tested by the forces of France and the Duchy of Burgundy, with the Franco-Burgundian border running nearby.[26] The British historian Geoffrey Elton once remarked "Calais—expensive and useless—was better lost than kept".[27] The duration of the English hold over Calais was, to a large extent, the result of the feud between Burgundy and France: both sides coveted the town, but preferred to see England control it rather than their domestic rivals. The stalemate was broken by the victory of the French crown over Burgundy following Joan of Arc's final battle in the siege of Compiègne in 1430, and the later incorporation of the duchy into France.[28]
16th century
In 1532, the English King
In September 1552, the English adventurer Thomas Stukley, who had been for some time in the French service, betrayed to the authorities in London some French plans for the capture of Calais, to be followed by a descent upon England.[31] Stukley himself might have been the author of these plans.
On 7 January 1558, King
The town was
17th century to World War I
Calais remained an important maritime city and smuggling centre throughout the 17th century. However, during the next century, the port of Calais began to stagnate gradually, as the nearby ports of
The French revolution at the end of the 18th century did not disturb Calais and no executions took place.[39]
In 1805, Calais hosted part of Napoleon's army and invasion fleet for several months before his aborted invasion of Britain.[40] From October to December 1818, the British army used Calais as their departing port to return home after occupying post-Waterloo France. General Murray appointed Sir Manley Power to oversee the evacuation of British troops from France. Cordial relations had been restored by that time and on 3 December, the mayor of Calais wrote a letter to Power to express thanks for his "considerate treatment of the French and of the town of Calais during the embarkation."[41]
The population in 1847 was 12,580, many of whom were English.[42] It was one of the main ports for British travellers to Europe.
In World War I the British Expeditionary Force or BEF arrived in Calais on its way to the nearby frontline cutting through Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Flanders. Calais was a key port for the supply of arms and reinforcements to the Western Front.[43] In the 1930s, the town was known for being a politically socialist stronghold.[44]
World War II
Calais was virtually razed to the ground during
During the ensuing German occupation, it became the command post for German forces in the Pas-de-Calais/Flanders region and was very heavily fortified, as the Germans generally believed that the Allies would invade there.
21st century – migration issues
Since 1999 or earlier, an increasingly large number of
The
On 26 October 2016, French authorities announced that the camp had been cleared.[57] By January 2017, 500–1,000 migrants, mostly unaccompanied minors, had returned and were living rough in Calais[58] and there has been a presence ever since.[59][60]
Geography and climate
Calais is located on the
Calais is part of the
Calais has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). Temperature ranges are moderate and the winters are cool with unstable weather. It rains on average about 700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) per year.
Climate data for Calais ( CQF ), elevation: 2 m (7 ft), 1991–2010 normals, extremes 1991–present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.5 (77.9) |
31.1 (88.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.9 (103.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
32.0 (89.6) |
27.6 (81.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
39.9 (103.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
8.2 (46.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.2 (72.0) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.2 (45.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.5 (63.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.9 (53.4) |
8.2 (46.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −14.0 (6.8) |
−11.3 (11.7) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
3.3 (37.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 55.3 (2.18) |
42.7 (1.68) |
39.9 (1.57) |
41.3 (1.63) |
54.5 (2.15) |
53.6 (2.11) |
54.8 (2.16) |
63.5 (2.50) |
63.0 (2.48) |
86.2 (3.39) |
90.7 (3.57) |
77.1 (3.04) |
722.6 (28.45) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.0 | 9.3 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 11.7 | 13.3 | 12.0 | 119.0 |
Source: Meteo France[66]
|
The commune of Calais is divided into 13 quartiers :
Demographics
Changes in the number of inhabitants is known throughout the population censuses conducted since 1793 in Calais. Note the massive growth in population from 13,529 in 1881 to 58,969 in 1886, a growth of 335.9%; this is because the city of Saint-Pierre-lès-Calais merged with Calais in 1885.
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Source: EHESS[67] and INSEE[68] |
Economy
The city's proximity to England has made it a major port for centuries. It is the principal ferry crossing point between England and France, with the vast majority of Channel crossings being made between Dover and Calais. Companies operating from Calais include SeaFrance (currently in liquidation[69]), DFDS Seaways,[70] and P&O Ferries.[71] The French end of the Channel Tunnel is situated in the vicinity of Calais, in Coquelles some 4 miles (6.4 km) to the west of the town. Calais possesses direct rail links to Paris, 148 miles (238 km) to the south. More than 10 million people visit Calais annually.[40]
From medieval times, English companies thrived in Calais. Calais was a particularly important centre in the production and trade of wool and cloth, which outweighed the costs of maintaining the town as part of England. In 1830 some 113 manufacturers were based in Calais and the St Pierre suburbs, the majority of which were English.[72] There are still two major lace factories in Calais with around 700 looms and 3000 employees.[72] The town exports in the early 20th century were lace, chemicals, paper, wines, especially champagne, spirits, hay, straw, wool, potatoes, woven goods, fruit, glass-ware, lace and metal-ware.[73] Principal imports in the early 20th century included cotton and silk goods, coal, iron and steel, petroleum, timber, raw wool, cotton yarn and cork.[73] During the five years 1901–1905 the average annual value of exports was £8,388,000 (£6,363,000 in the years 1896–1900), of imports £4,145,000 (£3,759,000 in 1896–1900).[73]
As a fishing port, Calais has several notable fishing markets including Les Délices de la Mer and Huîtrière Calaisenne on the Boulevard La Fayette, the latter of which is noted for its oysters, lobster and crabs from Brittany. The Emile Fournier et Fils market on the Rue Mouron sells mainly smoked fish including salmon, trout, herring and halibut.[74]
Politics
Calais is part of
.The mayor of Calais has been Natacha Bouchart since 2008, first for the Union for a Popular Movement and then its successor The Republicans. From 1971 to 2008, the mayor was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF): Jean-Jacques Barthe (1971–2000) and Jacky Hénin (2000–2008).[75]
Notable landmarks
Place d'Armes
Place d'Armes is one of the largest squares in the city of Calais. It adjoins the watchtower, and during medieval times was once the heart of the city. While Calais was a territory of England (1347–1558), it became known as Market Square (place du Marché). Only at the end of English rule did it take the name of Place d'Armes. After the reconquest of Calais in 1558 by Francis, Duke of Guise, Francis II gave Calais the right to hold a fair twice a year on the square, which still exists today, as well as a bustling Wednesday and Saturday market.[76]
Hôtel de Ville
The town centre, which has seen significant regeneration over the past decade, is dominated by its distinctive town hall (Hôtel de Ville) at Place du Soldat Inconnu. It was built in the Flemish Renaissance style between 1911 and 1925 to commemorate the unification of the cities of Calais and Saint Pierre in 1885.[77] A previous town hall had been erected in 1818.[78] One of the most elegant landmarks in the city, its ornate 74-metre (246 ft) high clock tower and belfry can be seen from out to sea and chimes throughout the day and has been protected by UNESCO since 2005 as part of a series of belfries across the region.[79] The building parts have also been listed as a series of historic monuments by government decree of 26 June 2003, including its roofs and belfry, main hall, glass roof, the staircase, corridor serving the first floor, the rooms on the first floor (including decoration): the wedding room, the VIP lounge, the lounge of the council and the cabinet room. The hall has stained glass windows and numerous paintings and exquisite decor.[77] It houses police offices.[44]
Église Notre-Dame
The square, massive Norman tower has three-arched belfry windows on each face, surmounted by corner turrets, and a conically shaped tower of octagonal proportions, topped again by a short steeple. The tower was a main viewing point for the
The church was assigned as a historic monument by decree of 10 September 1913, only to have its stained glass smashed during a Zeppelin bombardment on 15 January 1915, falling through the roof.[83][84] General de Gaulle married Yvonne Vendroux on 6 April 1921 at the cathedral.[81] The building experienced extensive damage during World War II, and was partially rebuilt, although much of the old altar and furnishings were not replaced.
Towers
The Tour du Guet (Watch Tower), situated in Calais Nord on the Places d'Armes, is one of the few surviving pre-war buildings. Dating from 1229, when Philip I, Count of Boulogne, built the fortifications of Calais, it is one of the oldest monuments of Calais, although the oldest remaining traces date to 1302.[85] It has a height of 35–39 metres (sources differ). An earthquake in 1580 split the tower in two, and at one time it threatened to collapse completely.[86] The tower was repaired in 1606, and then had the purpose of serving as a hall to accommodate the merchants of Calais.[86] It was damaged in 1658 when a young stable boy set fire to it, while it was temporarily being used as royal stables during a visit of King Louis XIV.[87] It was not repaired for some 30 years. In 1770,[88] a bell identical to the original bell of 1348 was cast. Due to its height, from the late 17th century it became an important watchout post for the city for centuries until 1905;[85] the last keeper of the tower was forced to leave in 1926. Abraham Chappe (a brother of Ignace Chappe) installed a telegraph office in the tower in 1816 and operated for 32 years.[78] It was this office which announced the death of Napoleon I to the French public in 1821. It also had the dual function as lighthouse with a rotating beacon fuelled by oil from 1818.[85] The lantern was finally replaced by a new lighthouse on 15 October 1848. During the First World War, it served as a military observation post and narrowly missed destruction during World War II.[86] This tower has been classified as a historic monument since 6 November 1931.[86]
The Calais Lighthouse (Le phare de Calais) was built in 1848, replacing the old watch tower as the lighthouse of the port. The 55-metre-high (180 ft) tower was electrified in 1883 and automated in 1992. The staircase has 271 steps leading up to the lantern. By day it is easily distinguishable from other coastal lighthouses by its white color and black lantern. The lighthouse was classified as a historical monument on 22 November 2010.
Forts
The Citadel, located on the Avenue Pierre Coubertin, was built between 1560 and 1571 on the site of a former medieval castle which was built in 1229 by Philippe de Hureprel.[37] The purpose of its construction was to fend off would-be invaders, but it wasn't long until the city was successfully invaded by Archduke Albert of Austria on 24 April 1596. Both Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu at one time considered expanding the citadel and Calais into a great walled city for military harbour purposes but the proposals came to nothing.[37]
Fort Risban, located on the coast on the Avenue Raymond Poincaré at the port entrance, was built by the English to prevent supplies reaching Calais by sea during the siege in November 1346 and continued to be occupied by them until 1558 when Calais was restored to France. In 1596, the fort was captured by the Spanish Netherlands until May 1598 when it was returned to the French following the Treaty of Vervins. It was rebuilt in 1640.[89] Vauban, who visited the fort some time in the 1680s, described it as "a home for owls, and place to hold the Sabbath" rather than a fortification.[90] During World War II it served as an air raid shelter. It contains the Lancaster Tower, a name often given to the fort itself.[91]
Fort Nieulay, located along the Avenue Roger Salengro originally dated to the 12th or 13th century. During the English invasion in 1346, sluices gates were added as water defences and a fort was built up around it in 1525 on the principle that the people of the fort could defend the town by flooding it.[92] In April and May 1677, Louis XIV and Vauban visited Calais and ordered a complete rebuilding of Fort Nieulay. It was completed in 1679, with the purpose to protect the bridge of Nieulay crossing the Hames River.[93] By 1815 the fort had fallen into a ruined state and it wasn't until 1903 that it was sold and improved by its farmer tenants.[92] The fort was briefly the site of a low-key scuffle with Germans in May 1940.
Museums, theatres and cultural centres
Calais contains several museums. These include the
Theatres and cultural centres include Le théâtre municipal, Le Centre Culturel Gérard Philipe, Le Conservatoire à rayonnement départemental (CRD), L'auditorium Didier Lockwood, L'École d'Art de Calais, Le Channel, Le Cinéma Alhambra and La Médiathèque municipale. Le théâtre municipal or Calais Theatre is located on the Boulevard Lafayette and was built in 1903 on a plot of land which was used as a cemetery between 1811 and 1871.[95] The theatre opened in 1905. On the first floor of the façade are statues which represent the performing arts subjects of Poetry, Comedy, Dance and Music.[95]
Monuments and memorials
Directly in front of the town hall is a bronze cast of Les Bourgeois de Calais ("The Burghers of Calais"), a sculpture by Auguste Rodin to commemorate six men who were to have been executed by Edward III in 1347. The cast was erected in 1895, funded by a public grant of 10,000 francs.[19] Rodin (who based his design on a fourteenth-century account by Jean Froissart) intended to evoke the viewer's sympathy by emphasizing the pained expressions of the faces of the six men about to be executed.[19]
The Monument des Sauveteurs ("Rescuers' Monument") was installed in 1899 on Boulevard des Alliés, and transferred to the Quartier of Courgain in 1960. It is a bronze sculpture, attributed to
Monument "Jacquard" was erected on the square in 1910, opposite the entrance to the Calais theatre. It commemorates
Parc Richelieu, a garden behind the war memorial, was built in 1862 on the old city ramparts and redesigned in 1956.[98] It contains a statue designed by Yves de Coëtlogon in 1962, remembering both world wars with an allegorical figure, representing Peace, which clutches an olive branch to her breast.[99] Another monument in the Parc Richelieu, erected on 23 April 1994, marks the approximate site of Emma, Lady Hamilton's last resting place. She died in Calais on 15 January 1815.[100]
Hotels and nightclubs
For many years the most famous hotel in Calais was the Hôtel d'Angleterre, often called Dessin's or Dessein's, after the family which owned it for almost a hundred years.
The main centre of night activity in Calais is at the Casino Le Touquet's on the Rue Royale and at the 555 Club. Every month, Casino Le Touquet hosts a dinner and dance cabaret. The casino features slot machines, blackjack, roulette, and poker facilities.[103]
Education
There are several schools in Calais. These include Groupe Scolaire Coubertin, Eglise Saint-Pierre, Universite du Littoral, Centre Universitaire,[104] Lycée HQE Léonard de Vinci on Rue du Pasteur Martin Luther-King, École d'Art de Calais on Rue des Soupirants, and the Centre Scolaire Saint-Pierre on Rue du Four à Chaux which provides education in the primary grades, high school, and vocational school.[105] There are at least seven colleges in the city, such as Collège Martin Luther King on Rue Martin Luther King, Collège Nationalisé Lucien Vadez on Avenue Yervant Toumaniantz, Collège Les Dentelliers on Rue Gaillard, College Jean Mace on Rue Maréchaux, Collège République on Place République, Collège Vauban on Rue Orléansville, and Collège Privé Mixte Jeanne d'Arc on Rue Champailler.
Sport
Calais was represented in association football by the Calais RUFC, who competed in the Championnat National. The club was founded 1902 as Racing Club de Calais and in 1974 was renamed as Calais Racing Union Football Club.[106] Calais RUFC had a good reputation in French cup competitions and went as far as
The rugby club in Calais is Amicale Rugby Calaisien.[108] Basketball is popular in Calais with the teams Calais Basket (male)[109] and COB Calais (female)[110] as is volleyball with the Lis Calais (male)[111] and Stella Calais (female) teams.[112] There is also the SOC club which caters in a range of sports including athletics, handball and football and Yacht Club de Calais, a yachting club.[113] Calais also has Les Seagulls, an American football team.[114]
Transport
Sea
The Port of Calais was the first cable ship port in Europe and is the fourth largest port in France and the largest for passenger traffic.[115] The port accounts for more than a third of economic activity of the town of Calais. Cargo traffic has tripled over the past two decades. In 2007 more than 41.5 million tonnes of traffic passed through Calais with some 11.52 million passengers, 1.4 million trucks and trailers, 2.249 million cars and 4,700 crossings a year.[115] Passenger numbers for the Dover to Calais route in 2018 were 9,168,000.[116] On average, ships sail from the port every 30 minutes.[115] A new 400 million euro project is underway at the port to create a breakwater protecting a pool of 700 meters long, thus allowing virtually all types of ships to stop at Calais.
Rail
As well as the large port, the town is served by three railway stations:
Road
Local bus services are provided by STCE. Free car parking facilities are available in front of the Calais ferry terminal and the maximum stay is three days.[117]
Air
Calais is served by an airport and an airfield. Calais–Dunkerque Airport is located at Marck, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east north east of Calais. Saint-Inglevert Airfield is located at Saint-Inglevert, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) south west of Calais.
Notable people
International relations
Calais is
- Bardejov, Slovakia (since 6 September 2002)
- Brăila, Romania (since 8 May 2002)
- Duisburg, Germany (since 25 June 1964)
- Dover, Kent, United Kingdom (since June 1973)
- Wismar, Germany (since December 1971)
- Xiangtan, China
See also
- Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department
- France–UK border
Notes
- West Flemish: Kales.
References
Footnotes
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- ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
- ^ INSEE commune file
- ^ Comparateur de territoire: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Calais (073), Commune de Calais (62193), INSEE
- ^ a b c d Riddell, June; Riddell, Len. "History". Calais.ws. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "C. IVLI CAESARIS COMMENTARIORVM DE BELLO GALLICO LIBER QVARTVS".
- ^ Adrian Goldsworthy Caesar, page 338
- ISBN 2-225-36795-7, Fig. 18
- ^ a b Thomas Cook Ltd (1877). Cook's tourist's handbook for Holland, Belgium, and the Rhine. Thomas Cook & Son. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
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- ^ Holinshed, Raphael (1808) [1586] Holinshed's chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Vol. 4 (England), Ellis, Sir H. (ed.), London : J. Johnson et al., 952 p.
- ^ Turpyn, Richard (1846). The chronicle of Calais: in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. to the year 1540. British Library, Printed for the Camden Society by J.B. Nichols. p. 24. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ Larousse, Pierre (1960). Grand Larousse encyclopédique. Librarire Larousse. p. 59.
- ^ a b c Riddell, June; Riddell, Len. "La Citadelle". Calais.ws. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
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- ^ "The Edinburgh gazetteer". 1827.
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Bibliography
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Calais". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- Calton, Robert Bell (1852). Annals and Legends of Calais. J. R. Smith. p. 1.
- Cooksey, John (1 September 2000). Calais: France. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-58097-011-2.
- Grummitt, David (2008). The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84383-398-7.
- Guérin de Tencin, Claudine Alexandrine (1740). The Siege of Calais. Garland Pub. ISBN 978-0-8240-1101-7.
- "Calais". Handbook for Travellers in France (8th ed.). London: John Murray. 1861. OL 24627024M.
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- "Calais". Northern France (3rd ed.). Leipsic: Karl Baedeker. 1899. OL 24872324M.
- Rose, Susan (2008). Calais: an English town in France, 1347–1558. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84383-401-4.
- Ruler, John (25 January 2011). Cross-Channel France: Nord-Pas de Calais: the land beyond the ports. ISBN 978-1-84162-327-6.
- Sandeman, George Amelius Crawshay (20 August 2008). Calais under English Rule. BiblioBazaar. ISBN 978-0-554-73198-8.
- Turpyn, Richard (1846). The Chronicle of Calais: in the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. to the year 1540. Printed for the Camden Society by J. B. Nichols.
External links
- Official website (in French)
- Agglomération Archived 27 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in French)
- Info about the port and city (in English)
- Info about the port and city (in English)
- Old maps of Calais, Historic Cities site Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine