Calais Jungle

Coordinates: 50°58′7″N 1°54′21″E / 50.96861°N 1.90583°E / 50.96861; 1.90583
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Calais Jungle
Jungle de Calais
Migrant camp
UTC+01
)

The Calais Jungle (known officially as Camp de la Lande) was a

European migrant crisis in 2015, when its population grew rapidly. Migrants stayed at the camp while they attempted to enter the United Kingdom, or while they waited for their French asylum claims
to be processed.

The camp was located on a former

Help Refugees census
gave a figure of 8,143 people just before the camp's demolition in October 2016. As well as residences, the Jungle contained shops, restaurants, hairdressers, schools, places of worship and a boxing club.

The

shipping containers to be used as shelters on the north-eastern side of the site. In February 2016, they evicted the southern sector of the Jungle and there were several arrests. The Jungle received local support and international solidarity from activists, artists, intellectuals and grassroots aid organisations. The camp was completely cleared and demolished in October 2016. According to Government plans, 6,400 migrants would be moved to 280 temporary reception centres around France. There were concerns over the fate of 200 unaccompanied children and Human Rights Watch
published a report in 2017 stating that up to 1,000 migrants were still living in the Calais region. While there is no longer a camp like the Jungle in Calais, a sizeable number of migrants are still present.

Context

Badeldin Shogar, a Sudanese migrant, at the Jungle in October 2015
See also: Migrants around Calais
See also:
Timeline of the European migrant crisis

Migrants

drowned during the journey.[7] Migrants risk their lives when they try to climb aboard or travel on lorries, occasionally falling off and breaking bones; some fatalities en route are also recorded.[7][8] In September 2016, workers began building a barrier, dubbed "The Great Wall Of Calais", to block refugees from accessing a highway where they could stow away on vehicles bound for Britain.[9]

Migrants have gathered around Calais since at least the 1990s.[10] A refugee centre opened in 1999 and had been administered by the French Red Cross at Sangatte, but rapidly became overcrowded.[11][12] After the Sangatte facility was closed in November 2002 by Nicolas Sarkozy (then the French Minister of the Interior) under pressure from the UK government, a "jungle" camp was established in the woods around the Port of Calais,[4][11] along with various other camps that sprung up around the city before being torn down by the authorities.[13] The large camp lasted until April 2009, when the French authorities launched a raid, arresting 190 people and using bulldozers to destroy tents. By July 2009, the camp had been re-established, and the BBC estimated it held around 800 inhabitants.[4] French authorities closed down the camp in a September 2009 dawn raid and detained 276 people.[14][15] Conditions in these camps were poor, typically without proper sanitary or washing facilities and accommodation consisting of tents and improvised shelters. Food was supplied by charity kitchens. The French authorities faced a dilemma of addressing humanitarian needs without attracting additional migrants.[4] The notion of humanitarian aid provision being a pull factor to the area has been contested by academics.[16][17][18][19]

Smaller camps continued to be set up and evicted over the following years, and local volunteers provided aid to migrants.[13][20] After a visit to the city by French interior minister Bernard Cazeneuve in September 2014, Cazeneuve and the mayor of Calais Natacha Bouchart agreed on opening a day centre in Calais for migrants and a night shelter specifically for women and children.[21] It was this decision that led to the opening of the Jules Ferry Centre in January of the following year, around which the camp expanded.[13] In December 2014, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said the conditions in Calais were "totally unacceptable".[13] In partnership with local associations, the UNHCR also reported that 15 people, including young women and teenagers, had died at the border during 2014.[13]

In January 2015, the government set up an official day centre, initially consisting of three military tents in the car park of a former children's holiday camp, the Jules Ferry Centre.[22] Located on the eastern outskirts of the city,[7] this was the first permanent site for migrants in the area since the camp at Sangatte.[22] It was run by La Vie Active[13] and was set up as a place from which food could be distributed, with overnight accommodation for up to 500 women and children added a few months later.[22] Migrants were pushed towards this site through the dismantling of other encampments around the city and the area around the Jules Ferry Centre became a "tolerated zone" where migrants camped.[7][23] It is this site that developed into the Calais Jungle.[13]

Location and name

The Calais Jungle was located on a former landfill site in a Seveso zone. The land had been polluted by industrial waste and had been designated a Natura 2000 protected nature habitat.[24][23] From 2000 onwards, the name "jungle" has been used by migrants to describe many encampments and shanty towns around Calais. The use of the word to describe encampments is thought to derive from the Pashto word "dzjangal" which means a forest or wood.[23] The moniker "Calais Jungle" is now most associated with this particular camp that existed from January 2015 to October 2016, located on the eastern edge of Calais, under 500 metres (1,600 ft) away from the Port of Calais and next to the N216 bypass, used by vehicles approaching or leaving the ferry terminal. It was tolerated by the French authorities who officially referred to it as the Camp de la Lande ("Lande" meaning "heath" or "moor", referring to the geography and location of the site, a sandy area of flats and dunes outside the perimeter of the city).[23]

Statistics

Tents at the jungle in October 2015

By September 2014, The Guardian estimated that there were 1,300 migrants in Calais, mostly from

European migrant crisis, the numbers began to grow. Migrants arrived from Afghanistan, Darfur, Iraq and other conflict zones.[25] By July 2015, The Telegraph reported that the "new jungle" had 3,000 inhabitants.[26]

Help Refugees puts it at 5,497".[32] Aid organisations put discrepancies between their and the authorities' figures down to different counting methods and a reluctance from migrants to speak to border police.[33]

Refugee Rights Data Project (RRDP, later known as Refugee Rights Europe) released a report in April 2016 called The Long Wait: Filling the data gaps relating to refugees and displaced people in the Calais camp.[34] It stated that 75.9% of the 870 refugees surveyed said they had experienced police violence, a category including physical and sexual violence, verbal abuse and misuse of tear gas. A similar figure (76.7%) reported health issues resulting from living in the Jungle.[35] According to The Long Wait, at the time of the report 71.6% of the approximately 5,500 residents had been in the camp for three to six months. About 78 people had been there for more than a year and around 205 women lived in the camp at this time (3.2% of the population).[36]

A large fight between 200 and 300 migrants from Afghanistan and Sudan broke out at the camp in late May 2016, resulting in 40 injuries (33 migrants, 5 aid workers and 2 police officers), of which 3 were serious (including a stabbing).

non-governmental organisations (NGOs) put it at 9,000 – a figure accepted by Mayor Bouchart.[31] It was estimated that the population reached 10,000 before the camp's demolition.[39][38] Help Refugees' final count put the population of the camp at 8,143 in October 2016.[1] More than 1,000 police were deployed during the final eviction.[40]

In July 2017, Human Rights Watch (HRW) presented its findings on police violence in Calais based on interviews conducted with more than 60 temporary residents, half of whom were unaccompanied minors.[41] In the international NGO's report, it revealed that there was an unregulated use of pepper spray by Calais police throughout the Jungle, resulting not only in the physical and psychological trauma of the refugees, but also the spoilage of their food and water, an act which the interviewed refugees alleged as intentional. In a broader report published earlier in the month, "Nobody Deserves to Live This Way!", the Human Trafficking Foundation (HTF) noted that the hostilities of the French government and police towards Calais refugees were meant to deter them from initiating the process to seek asylum in the U.K., particularly impacting unaccompanied minors with decreased access to information about their rights.[42]

heart attack, and suspected murder by right-wing extremists.[43]

Facilities and infrastructure

A makeshift library in the camp, January 2016
The entrance to St Michael's Church in 2016

In 2015, a Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) doctor who had worked in the camp for ten days claimed that the conditions were worse than anything she had seen in African slums. Access to water taps and showers was inadequate.[44] Médecins du Monde stated in July 2015 that there was "insufficient drinking water (30 taps), practically no toilets (20 for 3,000 people), insufficient food, inadequate health care."[26] Roads could be mapped in the camp[45] and some lighting was installed through its centre; although most of the camp was unlit, residents reported feeling vulnerable at night.[46]

Residents built dwellings and set up amenities,[47] including shops,[48] restaurants,[49] hair dressers and places of worship.[50] Food critic A. A. Gill ate at a nameless restaurant run by Mohammed Ali from Peshawar, rating both food and atmosphere four out of five, commenting that the main course was "a properly, cleverly crafted and wholly unexpected dish, made with finesse".[51] After an appeal by NGOs to the court in Lille that the amenities were vital for feeding residents, a judge blocked authorities from attempting to raze restaurants and shops in August 2016, ruling there was no legal basis for the demolitions.[48]

St. Michael's Church (also known as the Ethiopian Church) was first erected in November 2014. It had to be moved in April 2015 and subsequently burnt down after a candle was dropped; it was reconstructed out of waste materials and completed in July 2015.[52] The church was featured on the BBC Television's Songs of Praise in August 2015.[53][54] This was a controversial action since the BBC was accused of wasting its licence payers' fees and of taking a political stance. Senior Church of England figures such as the Bishop of Leeds, the Dean of Durham and the Archbishop of Canterbury said they fully supported the program.[55] In 2016, a different church and a mosque were demolished by the authorities.[56]

A number of NGOs worked to provide refugee relief, including the French associations L'Aubergue des Migrants, Salam,

Help Refugees (working in partnership with L'Auberge des Migrants), Refugee Community Kitchen, Calais Kitchens, Belgium Kitchen, Calais Action, Care4Calais, and Refugee Info Bus.[57][13] Between them they provided food, material aid, legal information, sanitation and shelter.[58][59] Educational services were provided by Jungle Books, the Ecole Laïque chemins des dunes and by Edlumino.[57][60] Specialist services for women and children were run by the Unofficial Women's and Children's Centre[61] and the Refugee Youth Service.[62][63] NGOs also provided recreation:[62] such as a boxing club[64] and the Good Chance Theatre,[65] which ran from a dome doubling as a community space for other activities.[66]

Containers

The camp in January 2016

In January 2016, French authorities opened a new area in the northeastern part of the jungle.

running water or sanitary facilities (toilets and showers were made available at an existing nearby facility). At the time, Reuters described the entire jungle as "squalid" and "unsanitary" and estimated its total population to be 4,000.[67]

Many migrants subsequently moved into the container housing, but some resisted the French government's ultimatum to leave their makeshift housing and live in the container area, citing its spartan setup, lack of communal areas, and their fears that once in the new housing area, they would be blocked from going to Britain.

EU Member State where they first gave their fingerprints and they may not seek asylum elsewhere, thus some migrants were concerned that if their fingerprints were taken in France they would then not be able to claim asylum in the UK. The authorities stated the fingerprints were taken for security reasons.[67][68]

Reactions

Solidarity

Local citizens,

Help Refugees was formed.[77][78][79]

Banksy created a mural called The Son of a Migrant from Syria in the camp in December 2015, featuring Steve Jobs as a migrant.[80] Prior to the eviction of the southern section of the camp, playwright Tom Stoppard and actors Jude Law, Tom Odell and Toby Jones performed in the camp at the end of February 2016 to draw attention to the eviction. The performance was organised by Letters Live in the Good Change theatre, a space set up by British volunteers the previous year and included readings by camp residents.[81] Popstar Lily Allen visited in summer 2016 at the instigation of a friend who runs a migrant charity. She apologised to a 13-year-old child migrant, Shamsher, on behalf of the UK;[82] Shamsher later entered the UK in October 2016.[83]

Opposition

Assaults on migrants near the Jungle were reported on several occasions.[84][85] Seven attackers belonging to anti-migrant movements and armed with iron bars and electric batons were arrested during the night of 10 February 2016 at Loon-Plage.[86] On 22 February 2016, four other people were arrested on suspicion of assaults against migrants.[87] On 9 March 2016, five people were arrested, three of whom had already been arrested at Loon-Plage on 10 February. The five men were allegedly involved in at least seven attacks on migrants.[88]

On 5 September 2016, truck drivers, local farmers, and trade unionists, protesting against what they saw as "wilful destruction" by migrants residing in the camp, slowed traffic entering the port of Calais and demanded the closure of the Jungle. The protesters blockaded the A16 with lorries and agricultural vehicles.[89][90][91]

Camp residents experienced hostility from the police.[92] While the camp was initially tolerated by the authorities, opposition grew and culminated in the final eviction of the camp in October 2016.

2016 evictions

Eviction of the southern sector

A young migrant or refugee playing with a ball at the camp in October 2015

On 25 February 2016, the French government received approval from a court in Lille to demolish the southern part of the camp.[93] The section to be demolished was an area of 7.5 hectares.[94] There had been a delay in the verdict because charities had petitioned the court to stop the demolition.[95][96] Local authorities estimated the population of the whole camp to be 3,700, with between 800 and 1,000 affected by the eviction. Aid groups put the number higher according to a census they had conducted, suggesting there were "at least 3,450 people in the southern part alone, including 300 unaccompanied children".[96]

During the night of 29 February, workers under heavy police guard began to demolish shacks in the encampment.[96][97] There was some resistance during the eviction and police clashed with migrants and No Border activists who threw stones.[97] About 12 structures were set on fire, some by heat from tear gas canisters fired by the police, others by residents of the structures being demolished.[32][97] Protests continued into the evening, when migrants blocked the nearby road. Three No Border activists and another person were arrested.[97]

According to aid associations, 80% of people whose shelters were demolished in the eviction relocated to the remaining part of the camp, resulting in overcrowding[94] and caused MSF to become increasingly concerned about health conditions within the camp.[98] Aid associations said the overcrowding also resulted in inter-community tensions.[94]

Final eviction and demolition

In September 2016, the Minister of the Interior Bernard Cazeneuve announced that the northern zone of the Calais Jungle would be dismantled and that the entirety of the Jungle would be closed until the end of the year. Refugees were informed of the government's decision through the distribution of thousands of leaflets throughout the Jungle. On Monday, 24 October 2016, the Government of France began the final major eviction at dawn. It was planned that 6,400 migrants would be moved from the Jungle to 280 temporary reception centres around France, in 170 buses.[99] Although the days leading up to the closure of the northern zone were marked by violent clashes between the police and refugees, news outlets asserted that the day of the eviction was much calmer than during the southern zone's closure earlier in the spring.[100]

The prefect of Pas-de-Calais, Fabienne Buccio, announced on Wednesday, 26 October, that the camp had been cleared, but news reporters stated there were still adults in the camp and unaccompanied children were waiting to be processed, the latter of whose information was forwarded to the British government in order to connect them to relatives in the U.K. Although Parisian authorities initially threatened uncooperative migrants with incarceration in administrative detention centers, upon a reevaluation of capacity, migrants were permitted to leave by themselves from Calais either by foot or by train. Whilst some migrants relocated to a camp in Grande-Synthe, many fled to informal settlements in rural areas across northern France.[101]

On Thursday, 27 October, the UK and French governments were condemned by aid workers from groups such as

Baroness Sheehan had intervened, a number of the children ended up being told by police to return to a derelict and unheated makeshift school building in the camp. Liberal Democrat peer Sheehan had travelled to the camp to witness the eviction.[102] The final stages of the eviction took place on Wednesday, 2 November. An estimated 1,500 people including children had been sleeping for a week in the shipping containers. Buses took the migrants to asylum centres at undisclosed locations across the country.[103] Aid groups later reported that many former jungle residents had moved to the streets of Paris.[104]

Aftermath

French protesters in Calais hold banners saying "Reimmigrate" and "Diversity is a code word for white genocide", 8 November 2015

A month after the demolition, the Refugee Youth Service (RYS) reported that while a little over half of the migrant children on its

caseload had been relocated into French children's homes, another third—approximately 60 children—could no longer be located by child protection officers since being removed from the camp.[105] The mass disappearance of these children from RYS surveillance echoed a similar loss of contact with nearly 130 children earlier in the year during the March 2016 demolition of the southern part of the Jungle, raising global concerns of exploitation and trafficking.[106]

A few months after the demolition of the Jungle's northern zone, migrants began to return to the area, particularly those who had been refused asylum by the British government. According to figures provided by Le Monde, of the 1,934 minors who had left Calais in 2016, only 468 had been accepted to the U.K., leaving the vast majority of these underage refugees either stranded or missing.[107] Help Refugees reported that by mid-January 2017 between 500 and 1,000 migrants, mostly unaccompanied minors, were living rough in Calais.[13]

In February 2017, the mayor of Calais, Natacha Bouchart, faced global controversy for signing a decree banning the distribution of meals to refugees who had returned to the Jungle in order to prevent the reformation of "fixing points" (points de fixation) for refugees to regather.[108] Although she claimed the ban to be a "humanly difficult" decision, Bouchart justified this administrative action by citing the harm that had been inflicted upon Calais and its residents as a result of the informal settlements that had long existed on the city's outskirts. The act was denounced by humanitarian organizations including Utopia 56 and L'Auberge des Migrants, who argued that humanitarian aid to refugees residing in Calais would provide a safer and healthier environment for refugees and permanent residents, particularly by preventing hunger-driven theft and infectious diseases.

Human Rights Watch published a report in July 2017 called Like Living in Hell, documenting what it described as continuing human rights abuses by the police against children and adult migrants in the region. It stated that nine months after the eviction, around 500 migrants remained living around Calais. Having interviewed over 60 migrants and more than 20 aid workers, the report noted that police, particularly the CRS (French riot police), were routinely spraying migrants, their possessions and their food and water with pepper spray.[109]

Since the demolition of the Jungle in 2016, there has been a policy of "no fixation points" for migrants to settle in, aiming to stop another large camp from forming.[110] Police, including the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS), and clearance teams regularly evict migrants from their makeshift camps with new encampments later forming in another or the same location.[111][112][113][114] The encampments are dangerous due to exposure and poor living conditions resulting in health difficulties.[115][116][117][118] The United Nations has repeatedly spoken out about what its experts say are unacceptable conditions for migrants in the area.[119][120][121] A hostile environment is created for the migrants,[122][123] with migrants and NGOs supporting migrants[124] reporting violence from the police[114][125][109][126] and the local administration occasionally banning the distribution of food and water to migrants.[127][128]

On 11 October 2021, a Jesuit priest and two fellow activists started a hunger strike to ask the authorities to stop mistreatments of migrants.[129]

The site of the Calais Jungle was turned into a nature reserve.[130][131][122][132]

In popular culture

  • 2015: Written with Nadene Ghouri, The Lightless Sky is Gulwali Passarlay's memoir of his journey from Afghanistan to the UK as a twelve year old. Passarlay's time in the Jungle features in the book.[133][134]
  • 2016: French writer Emmanuel Carrere published a report in the magazine XXI about Calais and the Jungle titled "Letter to a Woman of Calais."
  • 2016: Jérôme Sessini made a photo report for Magnum Photos about the Jungle.[135]
  • 2016: Comic book author Lisa Mandel and sociologist Yasmine Bouagga depict the daily lives of migrants in the Jungle through a blog, Les Nouvelles de la jungle, using interviews and observations from their personal excursions to Calais. They later compiled the comic strips into a book titled Les Nouvelles de la jungle de Calais, which won the Coup de Cœur 2017 of the Centre national de la littérature pour la jeunesse (BnF).[136]
  • 2017: Nicolas Klotz and Élisabeth Perceval launched a documentary film on the Calais Jungle: The Wild Frontier (original title: L'héroïque lande, la frontière brûle, France, 225 min.).[137]
  • 2017: Joe Robertson and Joe Murphy, who ran the Good Chance theatre in the camp, wrote a play entitled The Jungle. It premiered at the Young Vic in London and has since been performed in New York and San Francisco.[138]
  • 2017: Segments of Ai Weiwei's general release documentary film Human Flow were filmed in the Jungle.[139]
  • 2017: Pooja Puri's debut novel The Jungle tells the story of a teenager in the camp.[140][141]
  • 2017: Threads from the Refugee Crisis, an award-winning graphic novel by Kate Evans, depicts the work of volunteers in the Jungle and other encampments in northern France and their interactions with residents of the camps.[142][143]
  • 2018: The documentary film Calais Children: A Case to Answer made by Sue Clayton followed unaccompanied children before and after the final eviction.[144]
  • 2019: Roads, a film starring Fionn Whitehead and Stéphane Bak and directed by Sebastian Schipper, includes scenes set in migrant encampments and NGO workplaces in post-Jungle Calais.[145][146]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Calais 'Jungle' cleared of migrants, French prefect says". BBC News. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019.
  2. ^ "Learning from the Jungle". The Economist. 8 August 2015. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b "France: Where refugees go to avoid 'the jungle'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d Migrant squalor in Calais 'jungle'. Archived 10 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Emma-Jane Kirby, BBC News, 2 July 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Calais mayor threatens to block port if UK fails to help deal with migrants". Guardian. Agence France-Presse in Paris. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  6. ^ Francesca Ansaloni, 'Deterritorialising the Jungle: Understanding the Calais camp through its orderings' in Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space (25/02/20) doi.org/10.1177/2399654420908597
  7. ^ a b c d 'At night it's like a horror movie' – inside Calais's official shantytown. Archived 29 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Angelique Chrisafis, The Guardian, 6 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  8. ^ Taylor, Matthew; Grandjean, Guy (23 December 2014). "At least 15 migrants died in 'shameful' Calais conditions in 2014". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  9. ^ "Great Wall Of Calais: Work begins on barrier to stop migrants". Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  10. ^ N. Bajekal, 'Inside Calais's Deadly Migrant Crisis Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine (01/08/15) in Time
  11. ^ a b Bouchard, Melodie (5 November 2014). "Remembering Sangatte, France's Notorious Refugee Camp". Vice. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  12. ^ Rahman-Jones, Imran (24 October 2016). "The history of the Calais 'Jungle' camp and how it's changed since 1999". BBC Newsbeat. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marta Welander; Fee Mira Gerlach (2018). Refugees and displaced people in northern France: a brief timeline of the human rights situation in the Calais area (PDF) (Report). Refugee Rights Europe. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  14. ^ Dawn raid on Calais "Jungle". Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Connexion, 22 September 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  15. ^ French police round up 200 migrants in Calais swoop. Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Agence France-Presse, 21 April 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  16. ^ Violaine Carrère, 'Sangatte, un symbole d'impuissance Archived 4 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine' in Plein droit 2003/3 (n° 58)
  17. ^ Maud Angliviel, 'La relative consécration d’obligations étatiques dans la « jungle » calaisienne Dignité de la personne humaine Archived 2 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (2015) in La Revue des droits de l’homme
  18. ^ Jérôme Lèbre, '« Appel d'air », attractivité libérale et inhospitalité absolue' in Lignes 2019/3 (n° 60)
  19. ^ Jean-Pierre Alaux, 'Calais vaut bien quelques requiem Archived 3 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine' in Plein droit 2015/1 (n° 104)
  20. ^
    S2CID 149371936
    .
  21. ^ Agence France-Presse, 'Calais mayor threatens to block port if UK fails to help deal with migrants Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (03/09/14) in The Guardian
  22. ^ a b c R. Mulholland, 'Calais opens first migrant camp since Sangatte closed Archived 11 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (15/01/15) in The Daily Telegraph
  23. ^
    S2CID 149616204. Archived
    from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  24. ^ "La " jungle " de Calais est majoritairement située en zone Seveso" [The Calais "jungle" is mostly situated in the Seveso zone]. Le Monde.fr. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018 – via Le Monde.
  25. ^ Keane, Fergal (9 October 2014). "Calais 'Jungle': Migrants hit dead end in journey to UK". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  26. ^ a b Mulholland, Rory (5 July 2015). "Calais crisis: Bicycle repair shops, mosques and an Orthodox church – the town where migrants wait to cross to Britain". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  27. ^ La Voix du Nord (15 October 2015). "Médecins du Monde alerte sur la situation des migrants". Nordéclair (in French). Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019. Si à Calais se trouvent de nombreux femmes et enfants, la population des centres d'accueil est en majorité jeune et masculine (62% d'hommes, 33 ans de moyenne d'âge). MDM note une augmentation des mineurs étrangers isolés (517 accueillis en 2014, un chiffre multiplié par 8 depuis 2011), soumis par l'Etat à « des tests de maturation osseuse absolument pas fiables », dénonce Mme Sivignon, pour déterminer leur âge et savoir s'ils peuvent être pris en charge par l'aide sociale à l'enfance.
  28. ^ Cooper, Yvette (7 January 2016). "The most shocking thing about Calais is that it's not even too big to solve". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  29. ^ "France has less and less influence in the EU, and fears to use what it still has". The Economist. 7 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  30. ^ A. Zemouri, 'La "jungle" de Calais inquiète les autorités Archived 3 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (21/10/15) in Le Point
  31. ^ a b c M. Solletty, 'INFOGRAPHIE. L'explosion du nombre de migrants à Calais en un graphique Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (02/09/16) on France Info
  32. ^ a b "EU migrant crisis: Clashes as France clears Calais 'Jungle'". BBC News. 29 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  33. ^ Full Fact, 'Counting the number of migrants in the Calais 'jungle' Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine' (31/08/16)
  34. ^ Cotterill, Nicholas; et al. (2016). The Long Wait: Filling data gaps relating to refugees and displaced people in the Calais camp (PDF) (Report). Refugee Rights Europe. p. 1. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  35. ^ Yeung, Peter (4 April 2016). "Calais 'Jungle': 75% of refugees have 'experienced police violence'". Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  36. ^ Cotterill, Nicholas; et al. (2016). The Long Wait: Filling data gaps relating to refugees and displaced people in the Calais camp (PDF) (Report). Refugee Rights Europe. p. 11. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  37. ^ a b c Dozens injured at fight at Calais 'Jungle' migrant camp Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Deutsche Welle (27 May 2016).
  38. ^ a b c Buchanan, Elsa (21 July 2016). "Migrant crisis: A record 7,300 people now live in Calais' Jungle migrant camp". Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  39. ISSN 1467-8330. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  40. ^ Vandoorne, Saskya; Jones, Bryony; Narayan, Chandrika. "Tensions high inside 'Jungle' refugee camp as demolition nears". CNN. No. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  41. ^ "Human Rights Watch dénonce l'utilisation de gaz poivre contre les migrants à Calais". Le Monde.fr (in French). 26 July 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  42. ^ Beddoe, Christine (July 2017). "Nobody Deserves to Live This Way!" (PDF). Human Trafficking Foundation. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  43. ^ List of 36 570 documented deaths of refugees and migrants due to the restrictive policies of "Fortress Europe" (PDF). Amsterdam: UNITED for Intercultural Action. 1 April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  44. ^ "Calais, la jungle, une médecin mayennaise témoigne" [Calais, the jungle, a Mayennais doctor bears witness]. La Mayenne, on adore !. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015. Dans mes séjours passés en Afrique, je n'ai jamais vu un bidonville d'une telle insalubrité. Des toilettes, des points d'eau inutilisables vu leur état et leur nombre tellement insuffisant.
  45. ^ Ahn, E.; Hervé, C.; Zinsz, L. (2017). Crowdsourcing forQuality of Life: The Case of Collaborative Crisis Mapping. Tampere, Finland: Bobcatsss. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  46. ^ Dhesi, S.; Isakjee, A.; Davies, T. (2015). An Environmental Health Assessment of the New Migrant Camp in Calais (PDF). University of Birmingham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  47. ^ Wainwright, Oliver (8 June 2016). "We built this city: how the refugees of Calais became the camp's architects". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  48. ^ a b Chrisafis, Angelique (12 August 2016). "French court rejects bid to demolish shops at Jungle refugee camp". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  49. ^ Dent, Nancy (10 August 2016). "The last days of the Calais Jungle's refugee restaurants". Huck. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  50. ^ Plotain, Myrtille (13 March 2016). "In the Restaurants of the Calais Jungle". Vice. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  51. ^ Gill, A. A. (28 February 2016). "Table Talk: AA Gill reviews a refugee camp cafe in Calais's The Jungle". The Times. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  52. ^ Fraser, Giles (7 August 2015). "The migrants' church in Calais is a place of raw prayer and defiant hope". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  53. ^ Ahmed, Aaqil (14 August 2015). "Why Songs of Praise is visiting the migrant camp in Calais". BBC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  54. ^ "Inside the Calais migrants' church – in pictures". The Guardian. 4 August 2015. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  55. ^ Jessica Elgot (8 August 2015). "Church of England defends Songs of Praise filmed in Calais migrant camp". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  56. ^ Hayden, Sally (1 February 2016). "Church and Mosque Bulldozed in Calais Jungle Refugee Camp". Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  57. ^ a b "Who's Who". Calaidipedia. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  58. ^ Hall, Tim; Lounasmaa, Aura; Squire, Corinne. Birey, Tegiye; Cantat, Céline; Maczynska, Ewa; Sevinin, Eda (eds.). "From margin to centre? Practising new forms of European politics and citizenship in the Calais 'Jungle'" (PDF). Challenging the Political Across Borders: Migrants' and Solidarity Struggles. Central European University: 103. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  59. ^ Fishwick, Carmen (25 May 2019). "A homemade humanitarian mission: what it's like to take donations to Calais". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  60. ^ Scott, Natalie (27 April 2016). "Teaching in France's refugee camps". SecEd. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  61. JSTOR j.ctt21c4t9k.13
    .
  62. ^
    S2CID 148717892
    . Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  63. ^ Godin, Marie (28 October 2016). "Women and Young Girls at Risk as Camps in Calais Are Cleared". Refugees Deeply. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  64. ^ Schaller, Alan (12 September 2016). "How sports and activities in the Calais jungle are improving the lives and mental health of the camp's residents". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  65. ^ Ruffini, Rosaria (2019). "Alle soglie d'Europa: Il Good Chance Theatre e la sperimentazione di linguaggi performativi nei centri di prima accoglienza e nei campi per rifugiati". European Journal of Theatre and Performance (1).
  66. ^ Haydon, Christopher (18 February 2016). "Between the razor-wire and the riot police: the amazing shows I saw at the Calais Jungle theatre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  67. ^ a b c d e Blamont, Matthias (11 January 2016). "Migrant shelter made of shipping containers opens in France's Calais". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  68. ^ a b Elzas, Sarah (22 February 2016). "Calais Jungle to be demolished, yet migrants resist government rehousing". Radio France Internationale. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  69. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (12 January 2016). "Calais 'Jungle' residents defy bulldozers as police issue ultimatum to leave". Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  70. ^ Crawley, H.; Clochard, O. "After the Calais Jungle: is there a long-term solution? Views from France and Britain". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  71. ^ Gerbier-Aublanc, M. (2018). "The "hybridisation of humanitarianism": ordinary citizens in French migrant camps" (PDF). Humanitarian Alternatives (9). Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  72. PMID 29756402
    .
  73. ^ "What is Britain doing to help the Calais migrant crisis? – France 24". 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  74. ^ "Jungle de Calais : l'appel des 800". Libération.fr (in French). 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  75. ^ a b "Couple overwhelmed by Calais donations". BBC News. 6 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  76. ^ Alwakeel, Ramzy (6 September 2015). "CalAid: Hundreds descend on Dalston social centre to donate goods for Calais refugees". London Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  77. ^ Isaac, Anna (1 October 2015). "#HelpCalais: how a hashtag grew into a social movement to support refugees". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  78. ^ Anthony, A. (12 June 2016). "Accidental activists: the British women on the front line of the refugee crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  79. ^ "Help Refugees By Dancing To Paloma Faith And Peace". The Londonist. 19 November 2015. Archived from the original on 30 November 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  80. ^ "Banksy work in Calais 'Jungle' shows Steve Jobs as migrant". BBC News. 11 December 2015. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  81. ^ "British celebrities highlight refugee plight in Calais 'Jungle'". The New Arab. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  82. ^ "Lily Allen's been trolled after visiting a migrant camp in Calais". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  83. ^ "The refugee who made Lily Allen cry in Calais has arrived in the UK". BBC Newsbeat. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  84. ^ Maurice, Stéphanie (1 October 2015). ""Ratonnades" en série chez les migrants de Calais". Libération. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  85. ^ Perrigueur, Elisa (10 February 2016). "Une journée à Calais, entre tensions, rumeurs et ratonnades". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  86. ^ Sabéran, Haydée (12 February 2016). "Ratonnade contre des migrants : "Ils m'ont frappé partout très fort"". Libération. Archived from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  87. ^ "Cinq hommes, soupçonnés d'avoir agressé et volé des migrants à Calais, placés en garde à vue". France 3. France Info. Agence France-Presse. 10 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  88. ^ "Agressions sur migrants à Calais : les cinq interpellés mis en examen pour violences volontaires et écroués". La Voix du Nord. 11 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  89. ^ "French Truckers Block Road in Calais Protest". 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  90. ^ "Calais blockade: Protest targets migrant Jungle camp". BBC. 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  91. ^ "Protesters set up Calais blockade to demand migrant camp closure". Financial Times. 5 September 2016. Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  92. ^ Le Berre, Rozenn (20 July 2016). "Calais : les violences policières intégrées au paysage quotidien des exilés". Les Inrockuptibles. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  93. ^ "Calais 'Jungle' eviction gets go-ahead". BBC News Online. 25 February 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  94. ^ a b c ""Jungle" de Calais : 19 blessés dans des rixes entre migrants". Le Parisien. 17 March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  95. ^ Chazan, David (23 February 2016). "Belgium reintroduces border controls with France to prevent influx of Calais migrants". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  96. ^ a b c "Clashes as authorities dismantle Calais 'Jungle'". France24. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  97. ^ a b c d Chrisafis, Angelique; Walker, Peter; Quinn, Ben. "Calais 'Jungle' camp: clashes as authorities demolish homes". Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  98. ^ "Calais : le démantèlement de la zone sud de la " jungle " est terminé". Le Monde. 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  99. ^ Baumard, Maryline (21 October 2016). "" Jungle " de Calais : le démantèlement débutera lundi à l'aube" [Calais "Jungle": the dismantling will begin Monday at dawn]. Le Monde.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2016. A partir de 8 heures, les premiers autocars commenceront à évacuer 6 400 exilés vers 280 lieux répartis dans toute la France
  100. ^ "France: Calais 'jungle' camp refugees clash with police". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  101. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (5 November 2016). "Refugees take to hiding in northern France after Calais camp demolished". Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018 – via www.theguardian.com.
  102. ^ Gentleman, Amelia; O'Carroll, Lisa; Travis, Alan (27 October 2016). "Calais minors lured from camp then abandoned by authorities". Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  103. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (2 November 2016). "Last of Calais refugee children evacuated as camp clearance ends". Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  104. ^ Nossiter, Adam (3 November 2016). "Paris Is the New Calais, With Scores of Migrants Arriving Daily". New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  105. ^ H. Agerholm, 'Almost one in three Calais child refugees missing since Jungle camp demolition Archived 4 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (24/11/16) in The Independent
  106. ^ "129 children are missing after the Calais 'Jungle' refugee camp was demolished". The Independent. 3 April 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  107. ^ "Les migrants sont de retour à Calais". Le Monde.fr (in French). 21 January 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  108. ^ "La maire de Calais interdit la distribution des repas aux migrants". LEFIGARO (in French). 2 March 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  109. ^ a b Garcia Bochenek, "Like Living in Hell": Police Abuses Against Child and Adult Migrants in Calais (2017) Archived 9 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch
  110. ^ France 24, 'Calais : Collomb ne veut pas de "point de fixation" pour les migrants Archived 14 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (23/06/17)
  111. ^ I. Bourke, '"A matter of political will": There's no end in sight for the refugee crisis in Calais Archived 16 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (16/12/17) in New Statesman
  112. ^ M. Bulman, 'The lost childhoods on Britain's doorstep: How growing number of families are waiting in tents to attempt dangerous Channel crossing Archived 1 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (01/12/18) on The Independent
  113. ^ M. Bulman, 'Calais camp evictions fuelling rise in Channel crossings as situation reaches tipping point, say charities Archived 5 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (11/09/19) in The Independent
  114. ^ a b Jenowein, Whitaker, Lindner, Forced Evictions in Calais and Grande-Synthe: 1 August 2018-1 June 2019 (2019). Human Rights Observers
  115. ^ N. Stanton (ed.), 'Six Months on' (2017). Refugee Rights Europe
  116. ^ A. Lucas (ed.), 'Twelve Months on' (2017). Refugee Rights Europe
  117. ^ G. Farrell, 'Children Stuck in Limbo' (2019). Refugee Rights Europe
  118. ^ A. Rawsome, 'From periods to pregnancy – the sexual health crisis for Calais refugees Archived 5 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine' (26/02/18) in The Guardian
  119. ^ UN News, 'UN rights experts urge France to provide safe water, sanitation for migrants in 'Calais Jungle' Archived 4 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (16/10/17). United Nations
  120. ^ UN News, 'UN rights experts urge France to provide essential services to migrants, asylum seekers Archived 20 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (04/04/18). United Nations
  121. ^ A. Chrisafis, 'UN urges France to act on 'dire' living conditions of refugees Archived 16 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine' (12/04/19) in The Guardian
  122. ^ a b M. Hagan, 'Inhabiting A Hostile Environment: The Sanitary Politics Of Life At The Post-Camp Calais Border' (13/05/19) in Society and Space
  123. ^ Edmond-Pettitt, 'Territorial Policing and the 'hostile environment' in Calais: from policy to practice' (2018) in Justice, Power and Resistance
  124. ^ Allen, Maddy (25 March 2019). "Displacement in our Neighbourhood: Police Violence, Forced Evictions and Help Refugees". Conflict Analysis Research Centre. University of Kent. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  125. ^ A. Mohdin, 'Calais clamps down as asylum seekers say: 'They just beat us' Archived 5 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine' (18/09/19) in The Guardian
  126. ^ E. Vigny, Calais: the police harassment of volunteers Archived 6 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine (2018). L'Auberge des Migrants
  127. ^ Amelia Gentleman, 'Calais mayor bans distribution of food to migrants Archived 22 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (02/03/17) in The Guardian
  128. ^ P. Charrier, 'À Calais, des associations dénoncent un arrêté municipal « stigmatisant » envers les migrants Archived 12 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (01/11/19) in La Croix
  129. ^ "Priest, 72, on hunger strike". Kent Online. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  130. ^ M. Bell, 'Former Jungle camp becomes home for migrant birds Archived 26 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine' (26/07/17). CNN
  131. ^ H. Rullman, Fort Vert: Nature conservation as border regime in Calais (2020). Statewatch
  132. ^ Conservatoire du littoral, La lande de Calais: Restauration des milieux naturels et accueil du public (2017)
  133. ^ Popescu, Lucy (25 October 2015). "The Lightless Sky, by Gulwali Passarlay – book review: A refugee's long, hard road to a new life". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  134. ^ Halkon, Ruth (20 October 2015). "The Taliban tried to recruit him as suicide bomber but he ended up carrying the OLYMPIC TORCH". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  135. ^ Sessini, Jérôme (26 May 2016). "The Calais Jungle". Magnum. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  136. ^ "La jungle de Calais en BD : drôles de chroniques". LEFIGARO (in French). 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  137. ^ Prozeniuk, Tyler (15 November 2017). "Review: 'The Wild Frontier'". Point of View Magazine. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  138. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived
    from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  139. ^ L. Marshall, ''Human Flow': Venice Review Archived 24 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine' (01/09/17) in Screen Daily
  140. ^ Eyre, Charlotte. "Black & White Publishing names new YA imprint | The Bookseller". The Bookseller. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  141. ^ Shaw, Fiona. "Ten Novels to Help Young People Understand the World and Its Complexities". The Wire. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  142. ^ Conner, Shawn. "Cartoonist Kate Evans draws on experiences as a refugee camp volunteer for graphic novel". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  143. ^ Kate, Evans (20 June 2017). "Inside the Notorious Camp Where Refugees Sewed Their Lips Shut". Vice. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  144. ^ "Perspective – UK filmmaker on fate of unaccompanied minors in Calais". France 24. 19 October 2018. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  145. ^ Barraclough, Leo (4 November 2017). "First Look: 'Dunkirk' Star Fionn Whitehead in Sebastian Schipper's 'Caravan' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  146. ^ Brooks, N. L. (11 June 2019). "Road-Tripping: Director Sebastian Schipper on Why Shooting Roads Chronologically Was His Film's Best Path Forward". MovieMaker. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

Further reading

Books

Reports

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calais jungle.
  • France-UK Border Research: A library of research and primary sources regarding the situation for displaced people at the France-UK border
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calais_Jungle&oldid=1209026014"