Calcareous sponge
Calcareous sponges | |
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"Calcispongiae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904 | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Porifera |
Class: | Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864 |
Subclasses | |
The calcareous sponges
Biology
All sponges in this class are strictly marine, and, while they are distributed worldwide, most are found in shallow tropical waters. Like nearly all other sponges, they are sedentary filter feeders.
All three
Calcareous sponges vary from radially symmetrical vase-shaped body types to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms. The skeleton has either a mesh or honeycomb structure of interlocking spicules.[3] Some extinct species were hypercalcified, meaning that the spicule-based skeleton is cemented together by solid calcite.[5]
Classification
Of the approximately 15,000 living species of Porifera, only around 400 are calcareans. Some older studies applied the name Calcispongiae to the class, though "Calcarea" is much more common in modern nomenclature.
Calcarean sponges likely first appeared during the
Some molecular analyses suggest the class Calcarea is not exclusively related to other sponges, and should thus be designated as a phylum. This would also render Porifera (the sponge phylum) paraphyletic. Borchiellini et al. (2001) argued that calcareans were more closely related to Eumetazoa (non-sponge animals) than to other sponges.[8] A few studies have also supported a sister group relationship between calcareans and Ctenophora (comb jellies). Many authors have strongly doubted the hypothesis of sponge paraphyly, arguing that genetic studies have incomplete sampling and are incompatible with the unique anatomical traits shared by living sponges.[9]
Calcarea is divided into two subclasses (Calcinea and Calcaronea) and a number of orders.[4][5] The two subclasses are mainly distinguished by spicule orientation, soft tissue and developmental traits. For example, calcineans develop from a parenchymella (a larva with a solid center and radial symmetry). Calcaroneans, on the other hand, develop from an amphiblastula (a larva with a hollow center and semi-bilateral symmetry).[10][4]
Class Calcarea
- Subclass Calcinea
- Order Clathrinida [Holocene]
- Order Murrayonida [Holocene]
- Subclass Calcaronea
- Order Baerida [Pleistocene–Holocene]
- Order Sycettida[Carboniferous?–Holocene]
- Incertae sedis
- Order Lithonida[Jurassic–Holocene]
- Order †Sphaerocoeliida[Permian–Cretaceous]
- Order †Stellispongiida [Permian–Holocene?]
- Genus †Gravestockia [Cambrian]
- Order
Gallery
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Clathrina clathrus (order Clathrinida)
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Clathrina lacunosa (order Clathrinida)
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Leucetta chagosensis (order Clathrinida)
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Leucetta primigenia (order Clathrinida)
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Leucosolenia botryoides(order Leucosolenida)
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Leucandra losangelensis (order Leucosolenida)
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Sycon ciliatum (order Leucosolenida)
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Leucilla nuttingi (order Leucosolenida)
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Unidentified calcarean fossil (with encrusting crinoid) from the Jurassic of Israel
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†Peronidella fossil (order †Stellispongiida) from the Jurassic of Israel
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†Porosphaera globularis fossil (order Lithonida) from the Cretaceous of Germany
References
- ^ "Calcarea". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
- ^ Richard Hertwig (1912). A Manual of Zoology. Translated by J. S. Kingsley. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 204.
The calc sponges are exclusively marine and mostly live in shallow water.
- ^ ISBN 978-0030259821.
- ^ ISBN 0-8137-3131-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9903621-2-8.
- ^ PMID 15665105.
- PMID 31417767.
- .
- ^ Wörheide, G.; Dohrmann, M.; Erpenbeck, D.; Larroux, C.; Maldonado, M.; Voigt, O.; Borchiellini, C.; Lavrov, D.V. (2012), "Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera)", Advances in Sponge Science: Phylogeny, Systematics, Ecology, Elsevier, pp. 1–78, retrieved 2023-04-28
- ISBN 0-8137-3130-5.