Calcinosis cutis

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Calcinosis cutis
Other namesCutaneous calcification
Micrograph of calcinosis cutis. The calcification is purple (bottom of image). H&E stain.
SpecialtyDermatology Edit this on Wikidata

Calcinosis cutis is an uncommon condition marked by calcium buildup in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Calcinosis cutis can range in intensity from little nodules in one area of the body to huge, crippling lesions affecting a vast portion of the body.[1] Five kinds of the condition are typically distinguished: calciphylaxis, idiopathic calcification, iatrogenic calcification, dystrophic calcification, and metastatic calcification.[2]

Systemic sclerosis is linked to calcineuris cutis.[3] Calcinosis is seen in Limited Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis, also known as CREST syndrome (the "C" in CREST).[4]

Signs and symptoms

Lesions might be more severe and widespread, or they can develop gradually and show no symptoms. The

systemic sclerosis. Elbows, knees, and regions of prior inflammatory lesions in dermatomyositis are affected by calcification. Lupus erythematosus affects the limbs, buttocks, area beneath lupus lesions, and periarticular areas. Periarticular lesions are found in metastatic calcification. In tumoral calcinosis, the lesions are found around joints, but in idiopathic calcification, the lesions are found on children's faces as subepidermal calcified nodules. In iatrogenic calcification, the calcification is found at venipuncture sites.[3]

Causes

Calcinosis may result from a variety of causes such as:[3]

  • Trauma to the region
  • Inflammation (bug bites, acne)
  • Varicose veins
  • Infections
  • Tumors
    (malignant or benign)
  • Diseases of connective tissue
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hyperphosphatemia

Calcinosis cutis is associated with

systemic sclerosis.[3]

Diagnosis

Classification

Calcinosis cutis may be divided into the following types:[5]: 527–530 

Dystrophic calcinosis cutis

Dystrophic calcinosis cutis is the most prevalent kind of calcification on the skin.[2] The ectopic calcified mass usually consists of amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite.[6] Dystrophic calcification is linked to a number of illnesses, such as infections, hereditary diseases, cutaneous neoplasms, and connective tissue diseases.[7] The clinical manifestation can be as minor as an accidental radiography imaging finding or as severe as subcutaneous nodules or plaques.[8]

Metastatic calcinosis cutis

Metastatic calcinosis cutis is the consequence of calcium salts precipitating in normal tissue due to an underlying abnormality in the metabolism of phosphate and/or calcium.[2] Metastatic calcification can result from any systemic condition raising serum calcium and/or phosphate levels. Chronic renal failure is the most frequent underlying cause.[9]

Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis

Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis is characterized by firm

calcium salt exposure via electroencephalography or electromyographic electrode compounds.[11]

Traumatic calcinosis cutis

Traumatic calcinosis cutis is a cutaneous condition characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of

: 528 

Idiopathic calcinosis cutis

Skin calcification that is not linked to a systemic illness or an underlying tissue injury is referred to as idiopathic calcification.[2] Most often, the calcification is restricted to a single general location, yet there has been one case of calcinosis cutis that is exceptionally broad.[13]

Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis

Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus occurring on the scrotum.[14]: 528  However, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood are normal.[15] Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis typically affects young males, with an onset between adolescence and early adulthood.[15] The scrotal calcinosis appears, without any symptoms, as yellowish nodules that range in size from 1 mm to several centimeters.[16]

Subepidermal calcified nodule

Subepidermal calcified nodule is characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus, occurring most frequently as one or a few

skin lesions on the scalp or face of children.[17]
: 528 

Tumoral calcinosis

Tumoral calcinosis is distinguished by the accumulation of calcific masses surrounding the main joints. It mainly affects teens who are otherwise in good health. Joint function may be hampered by the subcutaneous or intramuscular calcified deposits.[2]

Osteoma cutis

Osteoma cutis is a cutaneous condition characterized by the presence of bone within the skin in the absence of a preexisting or associated lesion.[18]: 529  Osteoma cutis often manifests as solid, varying-sized, skin-colored subcutaneous nodules.[19]

Treatment

Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, has been a mainstay of medical treatment for calcinosis cutis.[1] It is thought to work by modifying intracellular calcium levels, which reduces the capacity for the production and crystallization of calcium nidus.[20]

antimicrotubule drug with anti-inflammatory properties that has been used for gouty arthritis treatment for a long time.[1] Calcinosis cutis inflammation brought on by a foreign body-like response aggravates the illness's symptoms.[21] Colchicine, therefore, has been used to treat calcinosis cutis, albeit with varying degrees of success.[1]

Gallery

See also

References

Further reading

External links