Calcinosis cutis
Calcinosis cutis | |
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Other names | Cutaneous calcification |
Micrograph of calcinosis cutis. The calcification is purple (bottom of image). H&E stain. | |
Specialty | Dermatology |
Calcinosis cutis is an uncommon condition marked by calcium buildup in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Calcinosis cutis can range in intensity from little nodules in one area of the body to huge, crippling lesions affecting a vast portion of the body.[1] Five kinds of the condition are typically distinguished: calciphylaxis, idiopathic calcification, iatrogenic calcification, dystrophic calcification, and metastatic calcification.[2]
Signs and symptoms
Lesions might be more severe and widespread, or they can develop gradually and show no symptoms. The
Causes
Calcinosis may result from a variety of causes such as:[3]
- Trauma to the region
- Inflammation (bug bites, acne)
- Varicose veins
- Infections
- Tumors(malignant or benign)
- Diseases of connective tissue
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperphosphatemia
Calcinosis cutis is associated with
Diagnosis
Classification
Calcinosis cutis may be divided into the following types:[5]: 527–530
Dystrophic calcinosis cutis
Dystrophic calcinosis cutis is the most prevalent kind of calcification on the skin.[2] The ectopic calcified mass usually consists of amorphous calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite.[6] Dystrophic calcification is linked to a number of illnesses, such as infections, hereditary diseases, cutaneous neoplasms, and connective tissue diseases.[7] The clinical manifestation can be as minor as an accidental radiography imaging finding or as severe as subcutaneous nodules or plaques.[8]
Metastatic calcinosis cutis
Metastatic calcinosis cutis is the consequence of calcium salts precipitating in normal tissue due to an underlying abnormality in the metabolism of phosphate and/or calcium.[2] Metastatic calcification can result from any systemic condition raising serum calcium and/or phosphate levels. Chronic renal failure is the most frequent underlying cause.[9]
Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis
Iatrogenic calcinosis cutis is characterized by firm
Traumatic calcinosis cutis
Traumatic calcinosis cutis is a cutaneous condition characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of
Idiopathic calcinosis cutis
Skin calcification that is not linked to a systemic illness or an underlying tissue injury is referred to as idiopathic calcification.[2] Most often, the calcification is restricted to a single general location, yet there has been one case of calcinosis cutis that is exceptionally broad.[13]
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis
Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a cutaneous condition characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus occurring on the scrotum.[14]: 528 However, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood are normal.[15] Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis typically affects young males, with an onset between adolescence and early adulthood.[15] The scrotal calcinosis appears, without any symptoms, as yellowish nodules that range in size from 1 mm to several centimeters.[16]
Subepidermal calcified nodule
Subepidermal calcified nodule is characterized by calcification of the skin resulting from the deposition of calcium and phosphorus, occurring most frequently as one or a few
: 528Tumoral calcinosis
Tumoral calcinosis is distinguished by the accumulation of calcific masses surrounding the main joints. It mainly affects teens who are otherwise in good health. Joint function may be hampered by the subcutaneous or intramuscular calcified deposits.[2]
Osteoma cutis
Osteoma cutis is a cutaneous condition characterized by the presence of bone within the skin in the absence of a preexisting or associated lesion.[18]: 529 Osteoma cutis often manifests as solid, varying-sized, skin-colored subcutaneous nodules.[19]
Treatment
Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, has been a mainstay of medical treatment for calcinosis cutis.[1] It is thought to work by modifying intracellular calcium levels, which reduces the capacity for the production and crystallization of calcium nidus.[20]
Gallery
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Calcinosis cutis in a dog with Cushing's syndrome
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Histopathology of calcinosis cutis in human tissue
See also
- Calcinosis
- List of cutaneous conditions
References
- ^ .
- ^ .
- ^ PMID 28846311. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ^ "CREST syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ISSN 0003-987X.
- .
- ISSN 0049-0172.
- ^ a b "UpToDate". UpToDate. Retrieved 2024-02-29.
- ISSN 2042-8812.
- ISSN 0190-9622.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ISSN 0770-3198.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ^ PMID 21848465.
- PMID 21935341.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
- PMID 33282099.
- PMID 3816102.
Further reading
- Reiter, Nadine; El-Shabrawi, Laila; Leinweber, Bernd; Berghold, Andrea; Aberer, Elisabeth (2011). "Calcinosis cutis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 65 (1): 15–22. .
- Róbert, Lili; Kiss, Norbert; Medvecz, Márta; Kuroli, Enikő; Sárdy, Miklós; Hidvégi, Bernadett (2020). "Epidemiology and treatment of calcinosis cutis: 13 years of experience". Indian Journal of Dermatology. 65 (2). Medknow: 105. PMC 7059479.