Calicium

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Calicium
Calicium viride
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Caliciales
Family: Caliciaceae
Genus: Calicium
Pers.
(1794)
Type species
Calicium viride
Pers. (1794)

Calicium is a

leprose lichens.[1]: 234  It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.[2]

The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose

pin lichen.[1]: 15  They are also commonly called stubble lichens.[1]
: 234 

They have been used as

old growth redwood forests.[1]
: 234 

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 1794 by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. He included three species in his initial circumscription of the genus: C. viride, C. salicinum, and C. pallidum.[3] The genus name, derived from the Latin calix or calicis ("cup") with the diminutive suffix -ium, refers to the shape of the ascocarps.[4]

Description

The genus Calicium features crustose lichens, which can be

apothecial in nature, usually elevated on a long, distinct stalk with a spherical to lens-shaped head, though some may be directly attached (sessile). These stalks consist of thickened hyphae that are brown to greenish-black and irregularly interwoven. The cup-shaped excipulum, a supportive structure around the ascomata, is well developed and envelops the dry spore mass.[5]

The asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to clavate (club-shaped) and develop individually from ascogenous hyphae with croziers, typically dissolving early in their lifespan. Ascospores within the genus contain a single septum and form a distinctive black, dry-spore mass known as a mazaedium. These spores have a thick, dark brown wall, often adorned with unique ornamentation.[5] They are generally in the size range 7–l9 by 4–8 μm.[6]

In terms of asexual reproduction, Calicium possesses

conidia (asexual spores). These pycnidia are simple and spherical with a punctiform (point-like) ostiole. The conidiophores within are branched, with somewhat cylindrical, enteroblastic conidigenous cells. The conidia themselves are broadly ellipsoid to short-cylindrical, colourless, and lack septa.[5]

Chemically, the genus contains an array of compounds including orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides, along with depsidones, dibenzofurans, anthraquinones, xanthones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid. These chemicals vary across different species within the genus.[5]

Habitat and distribution

Calicium has a global presence, primarily found in cool to

tropical areas. These species typically grow on bark and wood, with rare occurrences on rocks and one species specifically adapted to siliceous rocks. Calicium prefers environments with low light, high humidity, and shelter, often thriving in old-growth forests, although some species can adapt to more open, sun-exposed locations.[6]

Evolutionary history

The discovery of a Calicium-like fossil in

phylogeny that includes this fossil suggests that the family Caliciaceae diversified from its most recent common ancestor 103–156 myr ago in the early Cretaceous.[8] This fossil lichen has since been formally named as Calicium succini.[9]

Species

As of December 2023[update],

Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 40 species in Calicium:[2]

Calicium abietinum
Calicium hyperelloides
Calicium glaucellum
Calicium trabinellum

The species Calicium adaequatum, first described by

monotypic genus allocalicium in 2016 based on molecular phylogenetics analysis.[8]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
  2. ^
    Species Fungorum. "Calicium". Catalogue of Life
    . Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  3. ^ Persoon, C.H. (1794). "Einige Bemerkungen über die Flechten". Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) (in Latin). 7: 1–32 [20].
  4. ISBN 978-0-89054-618-5
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9540418-8-5
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.18968/jhbl.100.0_809
  7. PMID 21149012
    .
  8. ^
    doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0372-y
    .
  9. ^
    doi:10.1002/spp2.1238
    .
  10. ^ Persoon, C.H. (1797). Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum (in Latin). p. 59.
  11. ^ Persoon, C.H. (1800). Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. pp. 27–60 [59, t. 14:6].
  12. ^ a b Bailey, F.M. (1891). "Contributions to the Queensland Flora". Botany Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of Queensland. 7.
  13. ^ Knudsen, K.; Kocourková, J.; Lendemer, J.C. (2019). "Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic". Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26 (2): 51–53.
  14. ^ a b Wilson, F.R.M. (1889). "A description of forty-one Victorian lichens new to science". Victorian Naturalist. 6: 61–69.
  15. ^ Nylander, W. (1868). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. VII". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 51: 161–165.
  16. ^ Tibell, Leif; Knutsson, Tommy (2016). "Calicium episcalaris, (Caliciaceae), a new lichen species from Sweden" (PDF). Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis. 38: 49–52.
  17. ^ Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 70 (18): 283–288.
  18. ^ Nylander, W. (1860). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 153.
  19. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00759.x
    .
  20. ^ Murray, J. (1960). "Studies of New Zealand lichens. I - The Coniocarpinae". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 88: 177–195.
  21. ^ Tibell, L.; Thor, G. (2003). "Calicioid lichens and fungi of Japan". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 94: 205–260.
  22. ^ Tibell, L. (1975). The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 21. p. 84.
  23. ISBN 978-3-443-58083-4
    .
  24. ^ Nylander, W. (1861). "Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae". Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. 4 (in Latin). 15: 37–54.
  25. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007615
    .
  26. S2CID 259223535
    .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Calicium.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calicium&oldid=1216988531"