Caliciviridae

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Caliciviridae
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Caliciviridae
Genera

See text

The Caliciviridae are a family of "small round structured"

icosahedral symmetry (T=1[5] or T=3[6][4]) with a diameter of 35–39 nm.[7]

Caliciviruses are not very well studied because until recently, they could not be grown in

rhesus monkeysTulane virus—can be grown in culture, and this system promises to increase understanding of these viruses.[8]

Etymology

Calici- comes from the Latin word Calyx and the Greek word kalyx. The words mean a cup or chalice, a Calix. This comes from the strains having visible cup-shaped depressions.

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic tree of the family Caliciviridae and Poliovirus

The following genera are recognized:[9]

A number of other caliciviruses remain unclassified, including the chicken calicivirus.

Virology

Calicivirus genome comparison

All viruses in this family possess a nonsegmented, polyadenylated, positive-sense, single-strand

nanometers in diameter.[citation needed
]

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediate endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and RNA termination-reinitiation. Vertebrates serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral.[4]

Human disease

Calicivirus infections commonly cause moderate to severe

immunocompromised may need to be hospitalized due to serious fluid loss.[citation needed
]

History

Establishing the viral etiology took many decades due to the difficulty of growing the virus in cell culture. In the 1940s and 1950s in the United States and Japan, caliciviridae could not be grown in culture, but as an experiment bacterial free filtrate of diarrhea was given to volunteers to check if viruses were present in volunteers' stool.

Norwalk virus) in Ohio led to stool samples again being given to volunteers and serially passaged to other people. Finally, in 1972, Kapikian and his colleagues isolated the Norwalk virus from volunteers using immune electron microscopy, a process that involves looking directly at antibody-antigen complexes.[10] The classification of this one Norwalk virus strain served as the prototype for other species and small round structured viruses later known as Norovirus.[10]

Animal viruses

Feline calicivirus (FCV)—a member of the Vesivirus—represents an important pathogen of cats.[citation needed]

Sapovirus, Norovirus, and Vesivirus have been detected in pigs, making this animal species of particular interest in the study of calicivirus pathogenesis and host range.[citation needed]

The first mouse norovirus, murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), was discovered in 2003. Since then, numerous murine norovirus strains have been identified and they were assigned a new genogroup in the genus Norovirus.[citation needed]

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus is a pathogen of rabbits that causes major problems throughout the world where rabbits are reared for food and clothing, make a significant contribution to ecosystem ecology, and where they support valued wildlife as a food source.[7]

Uses

Australia and New Zealand, in an effort to control their rabbit populations, have intentionally spread rabbit calicivirus.

References

  1. ^ "Caliciviridae - Caliciviridae - Positive-sense RNA Viruses - ICTV". talk.ictvonline.org. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  2. PMID 31573467
    .
  3. ^ a b "ICTV Report Caliciviridae".
  4. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  5. ^ T=1
  6. ^ T=3
  7. ^ .
  8. ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  9. ^ a b c d Themes, U. F. O. (11 August 2016). "Caliciviridae: The Noroviruses". Basicmedical Key. Retrieved 12 March 2021.

External links