Kozhikode

Coordinates: 11°15′31.7″N 75°46′49.4″E / 11.258806°N 75.780389°E / 11.258806; 75.780389
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Calicut
)
This article is about the city. For the district, see
Kozhikode District. For the medieval kingdom of the Town of Calicut, see Kozhikode (disambiguation)
.
Not to be confused with Kolkata.

Kozhikode
Calicut
Metropolis
From top:
IIM Kozhikode, Calicut mini bypass, KSRTC bus stand complex, Hilite Mall, Chaliyam harbour, Calicut beach skyline.
Nickname(s): 
City of Spices[1]
(Other nicknames include City of Truth,
Calicut International Airport
Websitewww.kozhikode.nic.in

Kozhikode (pronounced [koːɻikːoːɖɨ̆] ⓘ), also known in English as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. It has a corporation limit population of 609,224[7] and a metropolitan population of more than 2 million, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Kerala and the 19th largest in India.[10] Kozhikode is classified as a Tier 2 city by the Government of India.[11]

It is the largest city in the region known as the

Samoothiris (Zamorins). The port at Kozhikode acted as the gateway to medieval South Indian coast for the Chinese, the Persians, the Arabs, and finally the Europeans.[12] According to data compiled by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2009 on residences, earnings and investments, Kozhikode was ranked the second-best city in India to live in.[13] In November 2023, Kozhikode became the first Indian city to be included in the list of Creative Cities Network (UCCN) by UNESCO.[14]

Etymology

The exact origin of the name Kozhikode is uncertain. According to many sources, the name Kozhikode is derived from കോയിൽക്കോട്ട - Koyil-kota (fort), meaning fortified palace, however this is probably a folk etymology.[15] Koil or Koyil or Kovil is the Malayalam/Tamil term for a Hindu temple, referring to the Tali Shiva Temple.[16] Both the terms kōyil and kōvil are used interchangeably. The Tamil name of the city is Kaḷḷikkōṭṭai (கள்ளிக்கோட்டை). [17]The name also got corrupted into Kolikod, or its Arab version Qāliqūṭ and later its anglicized version Calicut.[18] The

Arab merchants called it Qāliqūṭ (IPA: qˠaːliqˠːuːtˤ).[19] Chinese
merchants called it Kūlifo.

The city is officially named Kozhikode in Malayalam, and in English, it is known by its anglicised version, Calicut.[20] The word

calico, a fine variety of hand-woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode, is thought to have been derived from Calicut.[21] The term for tricolour cats called calico cats, is as well derived from the fabric name.[22][23]

History

See also: Calicut (kingdom)
Names, routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE)

The ancient port of

sesterces.[27][28] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[29] The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[30][31]

In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya region from Valluvanad, which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to Kochi. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval Malabar Coast.[12] During the 15th century Kalaripayat was important in the history of Malabar, some warriors lived, most notably puthooram veettil Aromal Chekavar and his sister Unniyarcha who were chieftains of martial arts.[32][33][34]

The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur,

Calico cloth.[36]

Vasco da Gama's arrival in Calicut in 1498 ushered in five centuries of rule of the Portuguese Empire in India, lasting until 1961.

It was ranked eleventh among Tier-II Indian cities in job creation by a study conducted by ASSOCHAM in 2007.[37]

Early Kozhikode in foreign accounts

Accounts of the city and the conditions prevailing then can be gleaned from the chronicles of travellers who visited the port city.

Uru, a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at Beypore, Kozhikode

Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found here". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit out others like them".[38]

Kozhikode, India from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates Orbis terrarum
, 1572

Ma Huan (1403), the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho (Zheng He)[39] lauds the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day) and the matrilineal system of succession.

Abdur Razzak (1442–1443) the ambassador of Persian Emperor Sha-Rohk finds the city harbour perfectly secured and notices precious articles from several maritime countries especially from Abyssinia, Zirbad and Zanzibar
.

The Italian Niccolò de' Conti (1445), perhaps the first Christian traveller who noticed Kozhikode, describes the city as abounding in pepper, lac, ginger, a larger kind of cinnamon, myrobalans and zedoary. He calls it a noble emporium for all India, with a circumference of 13 kilometres (8 miles).

The Russian traveller Athanasius Nikitin or Afanasy Nikitin (1468–1474) calls 'Calecut' a port for the whole Indian sea and describes it as having a "big bazaar."

Other travellers who visited Kozhikode include the Italian Ludovico di Varthema[40] (1503–1508) and Duarte Barbosa.[41]

Zamorins of Calicut

Main article:
Zamorin of Calicut
The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent.
India in early 1320 CE. Most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the Zamorin of Kozhikode.

Kozhikode and its suburbs formed part of the Polanad kingdom, which was a vassal state to the

Zamorin.[citation needed
]

At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins ruled over a region from Kollam (

shipping.[49][50]

According to K.V. Krishna Iyer, the rise of Kozhikode is at once a cause and a consequence of Zamorin's ascendancy in Kerala. By the end of the 15th century, the Zamorin was at the zenith of his powers with all princes and chieftains of Kerala north of Kochi acknowledging his suzerainty.[51] The Sweetmeat Street (Mittayi Theruvu) was an important trading street under Zamorin's rule.

The

Battle of Diu in February 1509 marks the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade and the Indian Ocean.[18] The continuous wars between the Zamorin navy under the Kunjali Marakkar (Fleet Admiral) and the Portuguese in the 16th century reduced the importance of Kozhikode as a centre of trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[52]

At the beginning of the 17th century the Zamorin expelled the Portuguese with the help of the Dutch East India Company. In 1602, the Zamorin sent messages to Aceh promising the Dutch a fort at Kozhikode if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur, and handed over to the Portuguese.[53] A Dutch fleet under Admiral Steven van der Hagen arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with Kozhikode on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the Dutch East India Company made with an Indian ruler.[12] By this time the kingdom and the port of Kozhikode was much reduced in importance.[53] The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the Dutch East India Company was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and Ponnani, including spacious storehouses.[53]

British Rule

The arrival of

Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[54] Kozhikode came under British Rule after the Mysorean conquest of Malabar in the late 18th century.[12] The British later also formed a regiment called the Thiyyar Regiment to meet their military operations in Malabar.[55][56][57][58]

Kozhikode was the capital city of

British Indian Empire
, making it the first modern municipality in the state.

Post Independence

Kozhikode Municipality was upgraded into Kozhikode Municipal Corporation in the year 1962, making it the second-oldest Municipal Corporation in the state.[citation needed]

Climate

Kozhikode has a

North-East Monsoon
that sets in from the second half of October through November. This city has winter (December-February) hotter than summer (June-August), while spring (March-May) is the hottest season.

Climate data for Kozhikode (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.5
(97.7) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.6
(101.5) 		39.1
(102.4) 		39.2
(102.6) 		36.2
(97.2) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.7
(96.3) 		36.2
(97.2) 		36.8
(98.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		39.2
(102.6)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 33.4
(92.1) 		33.7
(92.7) 		34.2
(93.6) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		32.9
(91.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.8
(94.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		32.9
(91.2) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.2
(90.0) 		31.5
(88.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		23.8
(74.8) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.8
(74.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		24.3
(75.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 20.6
(69.1) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0)
Record low °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.6
(65.5) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		16.1
(61.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.6
(0.06) 		4.8
(0.19) 		14.6
(0.57) 		83.5
(3.29) 		223.5
(8.80) 		782.9
(30.82) 		750.0
(29.53) 		432.6
(17.03) 		273.3
(10.76) 		302.6
(11.91) 		120.4
(4.74) 		21.9
(0.86) 		3,011.9
(118.58)
Average rainy days 0.1 0.3 1.0 4.1 9.0 23.1 24.3 19.1 12.3 11.6 6.0 1.5 112.3
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		65 66 69 71 75 85 87 86 82 78 73 65 75
Source: India Meteorological Department[64][65]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Kozhikode district

Religion in Kozhikode City (2011)[66]

  Hinduism (57.37%)
  Islam (37.66%)
  Christianity (4.60%)
  Other (0.37%)

Total Population under Municipal Corporation limits is 550,440.[67] Males form 47.7% and females 52.3%.

Kozhikode has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early

medieval period. The Hindus form the largest religious group, followed by Muslims and Christians.[68] Hindus form the majority at 57.37% of the population with 315807 members.[67] Muslims form 37.6% of the population with 207298 members.[67]

The corporation of Kozhikode has an average literacy rate of 96.8%[9] (national average is 74.85%). The male literacy rate is 97.93% and female literacy rate is 95.78%.[9]

Pre-modern Kozhikode was already teeming with people of several communities and regional groups. Most of these communities continued to follow their traditional occupations and customs till the 20th century.

Marwari Jains became part of the city and lived around their shrines.[70]

The

Samoothiri had a ten thousand strong Nair bodyguard called the Kozhikkottu pathinaayiram (The 10,000 of Kozhikode) who defended the capital and supported the administration within the city. He had a larger force of 30,000 Nairs in his capacity as the Prince of Eranadu, called the Kozhikkottu Muppatinaayiram (The 30,000 of Kozhikode).[72] The Nairs also formed the members of the suicide squad (chaver).[73]
The Muslims of Kozhikode are known as
Malabar (northern Kerala) began to rise only after the arrival of the Portuguese missionaries towards the close of the 15th century. A few Christians of Thiruvitankoor and Kochi have lately migrated to the hilly regions of the district and are settled there.[75]

The

Marwari
families are also found in Kozhikode who was basically moneylenders.

Civic administration

The city is administered by the Kozhikode Corporation, headed by a mayor. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 75

wards,[77] from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. Recently neighbouring suburbs Beypore, Elathur, Cheruvannur and Nallalam
were merged within the municipal corporation.

Kozhikode Municipal Corporation
Mayor Beena Philip
Deputy Mayor
 Musafar Ahmed
Member of Parliament M.K.Raghvan
District Collector
 Shri. Narasimhugari T L Reddy IAS
Police Commissioner
 Shri Rajpal Meena IPS

Kozhikode Corporation is the first City Corporation in Kerala after the creation of the state. Established in 1962, Kozhikode Corporation's first mayor was H Manjunatha Rao. Kozhikode corporation has four assembly constituencies – Kozhikode North, Kozhikode South, Beypore and Elathur – all of which are part of

Kozhikode.[78]

Kozhikode Municipal Corporation Election 2020

S.No. Party Name Party symbol Number of Corporators
01 LDF 49
02
UDF
 14
03 BJP 07
04 Independents 05

Law and order

The Kozhikode City Police is headed by a commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into six zones each under a circle officer. Apart from regular law and order, the city police comprise the traffic police, bomb squad, dog squad, fingerprint bureau, women's cell, juvenile wing, narcotics cell, riot force, armed reserve camps, district crime records bureau and a women's station.[79] It operates 16 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala.

Transport

Main article:
Transportation in Kozhikode district

Road

National highways

KSRTC bus terminal-cum-shopping complex in Kozhikode
Volvo 8400 at Calicut Bus Terminal
Thamarassery Churam is one of the popular tourist destinations in Kozhikode
Kozhikode Railway Station
is one of the busiest railway stations in South India

Vadakara, Koyilandy[80]
Edapally and proceeds to Alappuzha, Thiruvananthapuram and terminates at the southern tip of India, Kanyakumari
.

Sulthan Bathery, Kalpetta and Thamarassery
.

Calicut International Airport
.

State Highways

SH 29 passes through the city. It connects NH 766, Malabar Christian College, civil station, Kunnamangalam, koduvally,Thamarassery,Chellot, Chitragiri and Road to Gudallor from Kerala border.

State highway 38 starts from

Chovva in Kannur
. The highway is107;km long. It is one of the busiest route in the district.

SH 54 connects the city to Kalpetta. The highway is 99.0 kilometres (61.5 mi) long. The highway passes through Pavangad, Kozhikode, Ulliyeri, Perambra, Poozhithodu, Peruvannamuzhi and Padinjarethara. SH 68 starts from Kappad and ends in Adivaram. The highway is 68.11 kilometres (42.32 mi) long.

Koyilandi, Ulliyeri, Balussery, Thamarassery, Omassery, Mukkam
.

Buses

Buses, predominantly run by individual owners, ply on the routes within the city and to nearby locations. City buses are painted green. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs regular services to many destinations in the state and to the neighboring states. The city has three bus stands. All private buses to the suburban and nearby towns ply from the Palayam Bus Stand. Private buses to adjoining districts start from the Mofussil Bus Stand on Indira Gandhi Road (Mavoor Road). Buses operated by the KSRTC drive from the KSRTC bus stand on Indira Gandhi Road. KSRTC Bus Stand Kozhikode is the largest bus stand in Kerala having a size of 36,036.47 meter square.[81] There are also KSRTC depots in Thamarassery, Thottilpalam, Thiruvambady and Vatakara. There are three routes available to Bangalore. Kozhikode–Sulthan Bathery-Gundlupet–Mysore–Bangalore is the preferred one and is very busy. Another route, is Kozhikode-Manathavady-Kutta-Mysore-Bangalore. The third one, less used, is Kozhikode–Gundlupet–Chamarajanagar–Kollegal–Bangalore.

Private tour operators maintain regular luxury bus services to

Trivandrum, Ooty, Mysore
. etc. and mainly operate from the Palayam area. These are usually night services.

Rail

Kozhikode has a main railway station, where all passing trains stops. There are other railway stations within the City limits. They are Elathur, West Hill, Vellayil and Kallai. Only local passenger trains stops in these stations. One can travel to almost all destinations within the country from Kozhikode. The history of railways in Kerala dates to 1861 when the first tracks were laid between Tirur and Beypore.[82]

Air

Kondotty, which is in the Malappuram district. It began operations in 1988. Domestic services are operated to major Indian cities. It received the status of an international airport in 2006.[83]

Economy

Calicut is one of the biggest economic hubs in Kerala. Service sector dominates the economy followed by industries. Nedungadi Bank, the first and oldest bank in the modern state of Kerala, was established by Appu Nedungadi at Kozhikode in the year 1899.[84] Cyberpark, a Government of Kerala organisation, plans to build, operate and manage IT parks for the promotion and development of investment in IT and ITES industries in the Malabar region of Kerala. It would be the third IT hub in the state of Kerala. The two IT parks might create a total 100,000 direct job opportunities. The first project is the development of Cyberpark hub in Kozhikode with its spokes at Kannur and Kazargode IT parks.[85][86] Other planned projects include the Birla IT park (at Mavoor) and Malaysian satellite city (at Kinaloor) where KINFRA has plans to set up a 160-hectare (400-acre) industrial park. In 2012, Kozhikode was given the tag of "City of Sculptures" (Shilpa Nagaram) because of the architectural sculptures around the city.[87][88] Currently there are many IT companies running in UL Cyberpark, Government Cyberpark and Hilite Business Park.

Shopping

The Focus Mall, the first shopping mall of its kind in the State
Main article:
Shopping Malls in Calicut

The city has a strong mercantile aspect. The main area of business was once Valiyangadi (Big Bazaar) near the railway station. As time progressed, it shifted to other parts of the city. The commercial heart has moved to Mittai Theruvu (Sweetmeat Street or S. M. Street), a long street crammed with shops that sell everything from saris to cosmetics. It also houses restaurants and sweetmeat shops. Today, the city has multiple shopping malls. Focus Mall (First mall of Kerala ), HiLITE Mall,[89] Gokulam Mall, Address Mall and RP Mall are a few among them.[90] LuLu Group International's Lulu Mall is under construction in the areas of Mankavu.

Music

In addition to the Malabar Mahotsavam, the annual cultural fest of Kozhikode,[91] every year since 1981 the Tyagaraja Aradhana Trust has been conducting a five-day music festival in honour of Tyagaraja. The festival is complete with the Uncchavritti, rendering of Divyanama kritis, Pancharatna Kritis, concerts by professional artistes and students of music from morning to late in the evening.[92]

Kozhikode has a tradition of Ghazal and Hindustani music appreciation. There are many Malayalam Ghazals. The late film director and play back singer M. S. Baburaj, from Kozhikode was influenced by Ghazal and Hindustani.[93]

Media

Newspapers

Newspaper publishing started in Kozhikode with the launch of the English weekly West Coast Spectator in 1879. Edited by Dr. Keys and printed by Vakil Poovadan Raman from the Spectator Press, it was rechristened the Malabar Spectator in later years. The first Malayalam newspaper in Kozhikode was Kerala Pathrika established by Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon in 1884. Keralam, Kerala Sanchari and Bharathivasam were among the other newspapers published in Kozhikode in the 19th century. Some of the major newspapers that contributed to the Indian independence movement Mathrubhumi and Mithavadi, were based in Kozhikode.[94][95] Now almost all the major newspapers in Malayalam have editions in Kozhikode. English newspapers such as The Hindu and The New Indian Express also have Kozhikode editions.

Radio

The Kozhikode radio station of

Club FM 104.8 operated by Mathrubhumi group and Red FM 93.5
of the SUN Network. AIR FM radio stations are Kozhikode – 103.6 MHz; AIR MW radio station is Kozhikode – 684 kHz.

Television

MediaOne TV Headquarters And Studio

A television transmitter has been functioning in Kozhikode since 3 July 1984, relaying programmes from

Jaihind
have their studios and news bureaus in the city.

Satellite television services are available through

Asianet Digital TV
is popularly known as ACV telecasts daily city news. Spidernet is another local channel. Other local operators include KCL and Citinet.

The Calicut Press Club came into existence in 1970. It is the nerve centre of all media activities, both print and electronic. Begun with around 70 members in the roll, this Press Club, became a prestigious and alert media centre in the state with a present membership of over 280.

better source needed
]

Education

Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode
National Institute of Technology Calicut
Main article:
Educational institutions in Kozhikode district
See also:
List of educational institutions in Kozhikode

There are 1,237 schools in Kozhikode district including 191 highschools.[97]

Kozhikode is home to two premier educational institutions of national importance: the Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IIMK), and the National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC). Other research institutions located in Kozhikode include National Institute for Research and Development in Defence Shipbuilding (NIRDESH),[98] Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR),[99] Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) and National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT).[100]

The

Calicut Medical College
was established in 1957 as the second medical college in Kerala. Since then, the institution has grown into a premier centre of medical education in the state. Presently it is the largest medical institute in the state with a yearly intake of 250 candidates for the undergraduate programme.

The

Vellimadukunnu
on the out skirts of kozhikode town, is owned by the Government of Kerala and affiliated to the University of Calicut. The college caters to the needs of the north Malabar region of Kerala it is the third law college in kerala state founded in 1970.

Main colleges in calicut city: Zamurians Guruvayoorappan College, Malabar Christian college, Farook College, Devagiri College, Providence college for women, Govt. Arts & science college, Meenchantha, West Hill Government Engineering College, Kozhikode, Kerala Government Polytechnic College, Kozhikode.

In 1876, a school for young Rajas was started in Kozhikode. This was later thrown open to all caste Hindu boys. In 1879, it was affiliated to the University of Madras as a second-grade college and with this, collegiate education in the district received a fillip. Secondary education recorded appreciable progress since 1915. The erstwhile Malabar district, of which the present Kozhikode district formed a part, holds a high rank among the districts of Madras Presidency in secondary education.[102]

Sports

Football

Kozhikode is home to I-League club Gokulam Kerala, they won 2 titles and Durand Cup.

Volleyball

Calicut Heroes Playing in top flight league Prime Volleyball League

Twin/sister cities

Calicut's sister city or twin city is

See also

References

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Sources

  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kozhikode.

Kozhikode travel guide from Wikivoyage

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