California scrub jay
California scrub jay | |
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California scrub jay in Seattle, Washington | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Corvidae |
Genus: | Aphelocoma |
Species: | A. californica
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Binomial name | |
Aphelocoma californica (Vigors, 1839)
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Subspecies | |
See text | |
The California scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) is a species of
Etymology
The generic name, Aphelocoma, derives from Latinized Ancient Greek apheles- (from ἀφελής-) "simple" + Latin coma (from Greek kome κόμη) "hair", in reference to the lack of striped or banded feathers in this genus, compared to other jays. The species name, californica, is Latin for "from California".
Description
The California scrub jay is a medium-sized bird, approximately 27–31 cm (11–12 in) in length (including its tail), with a 39 cm (15 in) wingspan, and about 80 g (2.8 oz) in weight. In general, this species has a blue head, wings, and tail; a gray-brown back; grayish underparts; and white eyebrows. The throat is whitish with a blue necklace. The call or "screech" is described as "harsh and scratchy".
Behavior
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2015) |
Habitat
True to its name, the California scrub jay inhabits areas of low scrub, preferring pinon-juniper forests, oak woods, and edges of mixed evergreen forests. It also inhabits suburban gardens.
Foraging
California scrub jays usually forage in pairs, family groups, or small non-kin groups, outside of the breeding season. They feed on small animals, such as frogs and lizards, eggs and young of other birds, insects, and (particularly in winter) grains, nuts, and berries. They will also eat fruit and vegetables growing in backyards.
Food storing
California scrub jays, like many other
Anecdotally, scrub jays – and corvids more generally – are known for an attraction to, and thievery of, brightly colored objects. Recent research debunks, or at least casts doubt, on this idea.[7][8][9] Corvids do, however, have a mischievous streak, and scrub jays are not above outright theft. They have been observed stealing acorns from acorn woodpecker caches. Some scrub jays snatch acorns from the hiding places of other jays. When these birds go to hide their own acorns, they check first that no other jays are watching. Other protection methods include moving the cache in the presence of an observer, storing inedible decoys like small stones instead of food, and hiding the cache once a scavenging bird is no longer watching;[10] these behaviors are thought to vary based on the presence or absence of potential pilferers (like other corvids) as well as what kind of animal might pilfer the cache, implying strategic and socially complex motives behind different kinds of caching behavior. [10][11]
Intelligence
Recent research has suggested that western scrub jays, along with several other
Jays are able to mimic raptors like red-tailed and red-shouldered hawks with such accuracy that is can be difficult to distinguish between species using calls alone; possible explanations for this behavior include warning other jays about the presence of a predator or trying to deter birds (like cache-pilfering corvids) from a given area.[14] However, jays have been observed employing raptor-mimicking calls without the presence of other birds, making the precise adaptive reason for this behavior unknown, though it may be two-fold.[15] California scrub jays also summon others to screech over the body of a dead jay, according to research from the University of California, Davis. The birds' cacophonous "funerals" can last for up to half an hour.[16][17]
Nesting
Nests are built low in trees or bushes, 1–10 m (3.3–32.8 ft) above the ground, primarily by the female, while the male guards her efforts. The nests are sturdy, with an outside diameter of 33–58 cm (13–23 in), constructed on a platform of twigs with moss and dry grasses lined with fine roots and hair. Four to six eggs are laid from March through July, with some regional variations. There are two common shell color variations: pale green with irregular, olive-colored spots or markings; and pale grayish-white to green with reddish-brown spots. The female incubates the eggs for about 16 days. The young leave the nest about 18 days after hatching.
Life span
The life span of wild California scrub jays is approximately 9 years. The oldest known western scrub jay was found in Castaic, California, in 1991 and raised in captivity. "Aaron" lived to be 19 years, and 8 months old.
Diseases
Populations are being adversely affected by the
Phylogeny
Woodhouse's, California, Island, and Florida scrub jay were once considered subspecies of a single "scrub jay" species. They are now believed to be distinct.[2][18][19] Beyond the close relationship of the "California" and island scrub jays, resolution of their evolutionary history has proven very difficult.
Woodhouse's scrub jay differ in plumage (paler blue above, with an indistinct and usually incomplete breast band) from California scrub jay which is darker blue above with a strongly defined – but not necessarily complete – blue breast band.
The following subspecies are recognized:[2]
- Aphelocoma californica immanis Grinnell, 1901 – Interior scrub jay
- From Puget Sound through the Willamette Valley to Douglas County, Oregon
- A large subspecies. Somewhat duller and lighter in color than californica due to gene flow from inland populations. Blue of head and neck less purplish than in woodhouseii group. Back usually quite brownish, underside and especially breast quite whitish, undertail coverts usually tinged pale blue or gray in males. Bill strong, wings and tail fairly short.
- Aphelocoma californica caurina Pitelka, 1951
- Coastal SW Oregon from Sonoma Counties; eastern limit the inner California Coast Ranges.
- Similar to californica, but head and back more intensely colored, with bright purplish tinge to blue of head. Color similar to nominate, thus darker than immanis and most oocleptica. Relative to nominate californica, blue areas more purplish and brighter, breast darker than rest of underside.
- Aphelocoma californica oocleptica Swarth, 1918 – Nicasio scrub jay (includes A. c. superciliosa)
- From ), where it intergrades with nevadae of the woodhouseii group.
- Quite variable according to the extent of gene flow between this taxon and nevadae. Generally similar to californica but larger; color of head and neck varies in lightness and amount of purplish hue. Back grayish; undertail coverts usually white. Bill usually heavy but variable according to habitat type (less heavy in birds of pinyon woodland).
- Aphelocoma californica californica (Vigors, 1839) – California scrub jay
- California Coast Ranges from Ventura County.
- Blue of head usually strongly tinged purple. Back bluish-brownish gray, bluer towards the rump. Incomplete bluish-violet breast band. Underside greyish white, darker on the breast. Undertail coverts white tinged with blue. Thighs gray. remigesdark blue, the larger feathers duller. Bill heavy, tip strongly hooked.
- Aphelocoma californica obscura Anthony, 1889 – Belding's scrub jay
- Coastal SW California, east to Sierra San Pedro Mártir) to Todos Santos Bay
- Smaller and darker than californica, with more intense purplish and brown coloration on head and back, respectively; prominent gray streaking on throat and distinct breast collar. Belly with smoky gray wash, lighter in the middle. Generally more intense coloration overall. Bill heavy.
- Aphelocoma californica cana Pitelka, 1951 – Eagle Mountain scrub jay
- Only occurs in single-leaf pinyon woods on Eagle Mountain, Joshua Tree National Park.
- Smaller, lighter and grayer than californica. Bill not as heavy. Apparently an isolate of hybrid origin between A. c. obscura and nevadae of the woodhouseii group.
References
- . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ doi:10.2173/bna.712
- S2CID 11064341.
- S2CID 4405897.
- ^ PMID 17309867.
- S2CID 21976318.
- S2CID 717341.
- ^ Do crows collect shiny objects? https://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm#shiny Kevin J. McGowan, Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
- ^ Crow curiosities: Do crows collect shiny objects? Kaeli Swift. CorvidResearch.blog. 4 December 2015. Retrieved on 2021-08-01.
- ^ PMID 20156820.
- PMID 28118584.
- S2CID 2905358.
- ISBN 0198528264.
- ^ James, Ross D. (1988). "Blue Jays Mimic the Calls of Red-shouldered and Broad-winged Hawks". Ontario Birds. April 1988: 11–14.
- S2CID 207101926.
- ^ Scrub jays react to their dead, bird study shows: 'Funerals' can last for up to half an hour. Sciencedaily.com (11 September 2012). Retrieved on 2013-03-22.
- S2CID 30334967.
- JSTOR 1369850.
- .
Further reading
- Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1994): Crows and jays: a guide to the crows, jays and magpies of the world. A&C Black, London. ISBN 0-7136-3999-7
External links
- Western scrub jay Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- It takes a thief to know a thief – University of Cambridge Comparative Psychology of Learning and Cognition Lab article on studies of the cognitive abilities of western scrub jays (Archived on the Wayback Machine)