California ground squirrel
California ground squirrel | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Rodentia |
Family: | Sciuridae |
Genus: | Otospermophilus |
Species: | O. beecheyi
|
Binomial name | |
Otospermophilus beecheyi (Richardson, 1829)[2]
| |
Synonyms | |
Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi Richardson, 1829[3] |
The California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi), also known as the Beechey ground squirrel,
Etymology
John Richardson, who originally described the species as Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi, or "Beechey's marmot", named it after Frederick William Beechey, an early 19th-century British explorer and naval officer.[3]
Description
The squirrel's upper parts are
As is typical for ground squirrels, California ground squirrels live in burrows, which they excavate themselves. Some burrows are occupied communally, but each squirrel has its own entrance.[8][dubious ] Although they readily become tame in areas used by humans, and quickly learn to take food left or offered by picnickers, they spend most of their time within 25 m (80 ft) of their burrows, and rarely go further than 50 m (160 ft) from it.[8]
In the colder parts of their range, California ground squirrels
California ground squirrels are often regarded as
Life history
California ground squirrels' mating season is early spring and tends to last only for a few weeks. The females are considered to be promiscuous, so the individuals of one litter can be from multiple mates. The California ground squirrel has one litter of five to eleven per year, with gestation around one month. The young open their eyes at about five weeks and reach sexual maturity around one year old.
The coloration of the young is slightly lighter than the adults, and molting occurs at about eight weeks of age – when the young leave the burrows.[12] California ground squirrels can live up to six years.[7]
Food and feeding
California ground squirrels use their cheek pouches to store more food than can be consumed in one sitting to store it for a later date. They are considered to be mostly herbivorous, with seeds, grains, nuts, fruits, and sometimes roots constituting most of their diet.[12]
Predators
California ground squirrels are frequently preyed on by
Another strategy is for a squirrel to super-heat and swish around its tail.
The swishing of the tail from side to side is called tail-waving, which helps the squirrel to deter a snake attack. The snakes attacked the squirrels that exhibited the tail-waving at a shorter distance than those that did not and majority of those tail-waving squirrels successfully dodged these attacks. This successful dodging, along with the fact that the adult squirrels are larger than the young ones, helps to deter the predators, as the rattlesnakes are 1.6 times more likely to be deterred from attacking an area after an encounter with an adult squirrel. In 30 out of 45 interactions with snakes, the tail-waving behavior of the squirrels stopped the snake in its tracks and the snake attempted to wait for the squirrel to leave before it would consider attacking again, showing that the behavior does deter predatory attacks by the rattlesnakes.[16] This is due to the adult squirrels being vigilant and looking more threatening and also that they are able to more successfully dodge attacks. They also can use their tail-waving to signal to other ground squirrels in the area that a rattlesnake or other predator has recently been spotted. Though the ground squirrels have been found to also exhibit this tail-waving behavior when no predator is present, they wave their tails faster and for a longer time when they spot a predator or in an area where a predator has recently been spotted.[17]
Vigilant behavior in squirrels is also a defense mechanism to avoid predation. In addition to the tail-waving, the squirrels have been found to be more vigilant and on alert if a predator had recently been in the area than they were if no predator had been detected.[17] If the ground squirrels are aware that they are in an area where the rattlesnakes have recently been, they devote more time to being alert and searching for the predators than to hunting and foraging than in an environment where they do not believe predators exist.[10] These vigilant squirrels were found to have a faster reaction time to a stimulus from a predator and jump higher and further away than a squirrel that was not as vigilant. In a simulated environment study, 60% of squirrels that were in an environment with a recent snake encounter exhibited an evasive leap behavior, which propels them farther away from their attackers; 20% of squirrels exhibited this behavior in a primary encounter with a snake and roughly 5% of squirrels exhibited this behavior when no snake was present and no threat was detected. This shows that the squirrels are more alert, vigilant, and ready for an attacker after one has been recently seen.[17]
References
- . Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Otospermophilus beecheyi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
- ^ a b Richardson, John (1829). Fauna Boreali-americana, or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America. London: John Murray. pp. 170–172.
- ISBN 978-0-520-23582-3.
- .
- .
- ^ a b "Beechey's Ground Squirrel - Spermophilus beecheyi - Literature - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
- ^ a b c "Spermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel". Animal Diversity Web.
- ^ Linsdale, J. (1946). The California ground squirrel. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California press.
- ^ a b "California Ground Squirrel". www.naturemappingfoundation.org. NatureMapping. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
- ^ Lima, Marcie. "Spermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
- ^ S2CID 53158532.
- ^ "Squirrels Use Old Snake Skins To Mask Their Scent From Predators". ScienceDaily.
- ^ Schmid, Randolph E. (13 August 2007). "Calif. squirrels yank rattlesnakes' tails". NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018.
- .
- PMID 22787023.
- ^ .
External links
- Media related to Otospermophilus beecheyi at Wikimedia Commons
- Measures for controlling California ground squirrels