Caloboletus calopus

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Caloboletus calopus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Caloboletus
Species:
C. calopus
Binomial name
Caloboletus calopus
(Pers.) Vizzini (2014)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus calopus Pers. (1801)
  • Boletus olivaceus
    Schaeff.
    (1774)
  • Boletus lapidum
    J.F.Gmel.
    (1792)
  • Boletus pachypus var. olivaceus (Schaeff.) Pers. (1825)
  • Boletus subtomentosus subsp. calopus (Pers.) Pers. (1825)
  • Dictyopus calopus (Pers.)
    Quél.
    (1886)
  • Tubiporus calopus (Pers.) Maire (1937)
Caloboletus calopus
mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous

Caloboletus calopus,

deciduous woodland in summer and autumn, the stout fruit bodies are attractively coloured, with a beige to olive cap up to 15 cm (6 in) across, yellow pores, and a reddish stipe up to 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide. The pale yellow flesh
stains blue when broken or bruised.

Christiaan Persoon first described Boletus calopus in 1801. Modern molecular phylogenetics showed that it was only distantly related to the type species of Boletus and required placement in a new genus; Caloboletus was erected in 2014, with C. calopus designated as the type species. Although Caloboletus calopus is not typically considered edible due to an intensely bitter taste that does not disappear with cooking, there are reports of it being consumed in eastern Europe. Its red stipe distinguishes it from edible species, such as Boletus edulis.

Taxonomy

Caloboletus calopus was originally published under the name Boletus olivaceus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774,[3] but this name is unavailable for use as it was later sanctioned for another species.[4] Johann Friedrich Gmelin's 1792 synonym Boletus lapidum[5] is also illegitimate.[6] Christiaan Hendrik Persoon described the mushroom in 1801;[7] its specific name is derived from the Greek καλος/kalos ("pretty") and πους/pous ("foot"), referring to its brightly coloured stipe. The German name, Schönfußröhrling or "pretty-foot bolete", is a literal translation. Alternate common names are scarlet-stemmed bolete[8] and bitter beech bolete.[9]

Other synonyms include binomials resulting from generic transfers to Dictyopus by

Orson K. Miller and Roy Watling in 1968.[13] Estadès and Lannoy described the variety ruforubraporus and the form ereticulatus from Europe in 2001.[14]

In his 1986 infrageneric

B. peckii, and B. pallidus.[15] Genetic analysis published in 2013 showed that C. calopus and many (but not all) red-pored boletes were part of a dupainii clade (named for Boletus (now Rubroboletus) dupainii), well-removed from the core group of the type species B. edulis and relatives within the Boletineae. This indicated it needed placement in a new genus.[16] This took place in 2014, B. calopus was transferred to (and designated the type species of) the new genus Caloboletus by Italian mycologist Alfredo Vizzini.[17]

Description

The yellowish pores turn blue when injured.

Up to 15 cm (6 in) or rarely 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, the

cap cuticle hangs over the cap margin.[20] The pore surface is initially pale yellow before deepening to an olive-yellow in maturity, and quickly turns blue when it is injured. The pores, numbering one or two per millimetre, are circular when young but become more angular as the mushroom ages. The tubes are up to 2 cm (0.8 in) deep.[21]

The attractively coloured stipe is typically yellow above to pink-red below, with a straw-coloured network (reticulation) near the top or over the upper half;

cystidia are club-shaped to spindle-shaped, hyaline, and measure 25–40 by 10–15 µm.[22]

Variety frustosus is morphologically similar to the main type, but its cap becomes areolate (marked out into small areas by cracks and crevices) in maturity. Its spores are slightly smaller too, measuring 11–15 by 4–5.5 µm.[21] In the European form ereticulatus, the reticulations on the upper stipe are replaced with fine reddish granules, while the variety ruforubraporus has pinkish-red pores.[14]

Similar species

Xerocomellus chrysenteron has a non-reticulated stipe.
Caloboletus inedulis is smaller with a lighter-coloured cap.

The overall colouration of Caloboletus calopus, with its pale cap, yellow pores and red stipe, is not shared with any other bolete.[25] Large pale specimens resemble Suillellus luridus, and the cap of Rubroboletus satanas is a similar colour but this species has red pores. Fruit bodies in poor condition could be confused with Xerocomellus chrysenteron but the stipes of this species are not reticulated.[23] Edible species such as B. edulis lack a red stipe.[18] It closely resembles the similarly inedible C. radicans, which lacks the redness on the stipe.[25] Like C. calopus, the western North American species C. rubripes also has a bitter taste, similarly coloured cap, and yellowish pores that bruise blue, but it lacks reticulation on its reddish stipe.[26] Found in northwestern North America, B. coniferarum lacks reddish or pinkish colouration in its yellow reticulate stipe, and has a darker, olive-grey to deep brown cap.[19]

Two eastern North American species, C. inedulis and

cystidia on the stipe.[29]

Distribution and habitat

An

coniferous and deciduous woodland, often at higher altitudes, especially under beech and oak.[24] Fruit bodies occur singly or in large groups.[22] The species grows on chalky ground from July to December, in Northern Europe,[24] and North America's Pacific Northwest and Michigan.[30] In North America, its range extends south to Mexico.[31] Variety frustosus is known from California and the Rocky Mountains of Idaho.[21] In 1968, after comparing European and North American collections, Miller and Watling suggested that the typical form of C. calopus does not occur in the United States. Similar comparisons by other authors have led them to the opposite conclusion,[32] and the species has since been included in several North American field guides.[19][21][26] The bolete has been recorded from the Black Sea region in Turkey,[33] from under Populus ciliata and Abies pindrow in Rawalpindi and Nathia Gali in Pakistan,[34] Yunnan Province in China,[35] Korea,[36] and Taiwan.[37]

Biochemistry

Structure of calopin.[38]

Although it is an attractive-looking bolete, Caloboletus calopus is not considered edible on account of its very bitter taste, which does not disappear upon cooking.[39] There are reports of it being eaten in far eastern Russia and Ukraine.[40] The bitter taste is largely due to the compounds calopin[38] and a δ-lactone derivative, O-acetylcyclocalopin A. These compounds contains a structural motif known as a 3-methylcatechol unit, which is rare in natural products. A total synthesis of calopin was reported in 2003.[41] The frustosus variety is reported as causing severe sickness in Europe.[42]

The

3-octanol (27.0%), 1-octen-3-ol (15.0%), and limonene (3.6%) are the predominant volatile components that give the fruit body its odour.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Synonyms: Boletus calopus Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 513 (1801)". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  2. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
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  3. ^ Schäffer, J.C. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin and German). Vol. 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. p. 77; plate 105.
  4. ^ "Boletus olivaceus Schaeff., Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones, 4: 77, t. 105, 1774". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  5. ^ Gmelin, J.F. (1792). Systema Naturae (in Latin). Vol. 2 (13 ed.). Leipzig, Germany: G.E. Beer. p. 1434. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  6. ^ "Boletus lapidum J.F. Gmel., Systema Naturae, 2: 1434, 1792". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-03-19.
  7. ^ Persoon, C.H. (1801). Synopsis methodica fungorum (in Latin). Göttingen, Sweden: Dieterich. p. 513.
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  9. ^ Holden, E.M. (2003). "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-02.
  10. ^ Quélet, L. (1886). Enchiridion Fungorum in Europa media et praesertim in Gallia Vigentium (in Latin). Paris, France: Octave Dion. p. 160.
  11. ^ Maire, R. (1937). "Fungi Catalaunici: Series altera. Contributions a l'étude de la flore mycologique de la Catalogne". Publicacions del Instituto Botánico Barcelona (in French). 3 (4): 1–128 (see p. 46).
  12. JSTOR 3754732
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  13. ^ Miller, O.K. Jr.; Watling, R. (1968). "The status of Boletus calopus Fr. in North America". Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 28: 317–26.
  14. ^ a b Estadès, A.; Lannoy, G. (2001). "Boletaceae – Validations diverses". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 31 (121): 57–61.
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  22. ^ a b c Alessio, C.L. (1985). Boletus Dill. ex L. (sensu lato) (in Italian). Saronno, Italy: Biella Giovanna. pp. 153–56.
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  29. doi:10.1016/j.myc.2013.02.005
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  31. ^ Landeros, F.; Castillo, J.; Guzmán, G.; Cifuentes, J. (2006). "Los hongos (macromicetos) conocidos an at Cerro el Zamorano (Queretaro-Guanajuato), Mexico" [Known macromycetes from Cerro el Zamorano (Queretaro-Guanajuato), Mexico] (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Micologia (in Spanish). 22: 25–31.
  32. ^ Thiers, H.D. (1998) [1975]. "Boletus calopus". The Boletes of California. New York, New York: Hafner Press; MykoWeb (online version).
  33. ^ Sesli, E. (2007). "Preliminary checklist of macromycetes of the East and Middle Black Sea Regions of Turkey" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 99: 71–74.
  34. ^ Sarwar, S.; Khalid, A.N. (2013). "Preliminary Checklist of Boletales in Pakistan" (PDF). Mycotaxon: 1–12.
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  40. ISBN 978-92-5-105157-3
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  41. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(02)01451-5
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  42. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
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  43. S2CID 39654350
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  45. S2CID 94040226
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  46. doi:10.1080/10412905.1997.9699468
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External links

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