Calocedrus
Incense-cedar | |
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Calocedrus decurrens California incense cedar | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Cupressales
|
Family: | Cupressaceae |
Subfamily: | Cupressoideae
|
Genus: | Calocedrus Kurz |
Type species | |
Calocedrus macrolepis | |
Synonyms[1] | |
Heyderia K.Koch 1873 non Link 1833 |
Calocedrus, the incense cedar (alternatively spelled incense-cedar), is a genus of coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae first described as a genus in 1873.[2][3] Three species are native to eastern Asia and one to western North America.[1]
Description
The genus is related to Thuja, and has similar overlapping scale-leaves. Calocedrus differs from Thuja in the scale leaves being in apparent whorls of four (actually opposite decussate pairs like Thuja, but not evenly spaced apart as in Thuja, instead with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced), and in the cones having just 2–3 pairs of moderately thin, erect scales, rather than 4–6 pairs of very thin scales in Thuja.
Taxonomy
The generic name Calocedrus means "beautiful cedar".
Cladogram showing the evolutionary relationships:
Stull et al. 2021[4][5] | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Species
Extant species
Image | Name | Description | Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
Calocedrus decurrens, California incense cedar (syn. Libocedrus decurrens) | It is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 40–60 m and a trunk diameter of up to 3 m (maxima, 69 m tall and 3.9 m diameter), and with a broad conic crown of spreading branches. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, and the cones 2–2.5 cm long. It is by far the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called "incense cedar" without the regional qualifier. | western North America | |
Calocedrus formosana, Taiwan incense cedar | It is very similar to C. macrolepis, and some botanists treat it as a variety of that, C. macrolepis var. formosana. It is a medium-sized tree, growing to 25–30 m tall, and is rare in the wild, occurring only as scattered trees in mixed forests. The leaves are glaucous green on the upper side of the shoots, and conspicuously marked with bright white stomatal patches on the underside. The cones are 1.5–2 cm long, carried on a 1–1.5 cm stem.[6] | Taiwan | |
Calocedrus macrolepis, Chinese incense cedar | It is also a medium-size tree to 25–30 m tall, and like C. formosana, is rare in the wild. The leaves and cones are similar to C. formosana, differing most obviously in the shorter cone stem, only 0.5 cm long.[7] | southwest China (from Guangdong west to Yunnan), and also in northern Vietnam, northern Laos, extreme northern Thailand and northeastern Myanmar | |
Calocedrus rupestris | The most recently discovered living species of Calocedrus, first described in 2004. It occurs exclusively on rocky limestone (karst) terrain, a habitat that has a very high level of endemism. The close proximity of these populations to the Chinese and Laotian borders indicates that the species may occur in those countries as well. It is an evergreen, monoecious tree up to 25 m tall with a broadly rounded crown. The epithet "rupestris" means "rock-dwelling".[8][9] | Vietnam |
Extinct species
Name | Description | Distribution |
---|---|---|
†Calocedrus huashanensis | Described in 2012. It is known from Ningming Formation of southern China. Calocedrus huashanensis is known from branches and leaves. |
southern China |
†Calocedrus suleticensis | known from . Calocedrus suleticensis is known from a cone. | Czech Republic |
Uses
Archery
Incense cedar was one of the favored varieties of wood used to make bows by Native Americans in California. Like juniper, and Pacific yew, the other two coveted bow woods among Pacific Natives, this wood has excellent flexibility and compression strength-weight ratio. When backed with sinew, it produces extremely flexible, fast, hard-hitting bows, which are rivaled only by horn-sinew composite bows for their ability to store and release elastic energy. The archer Saxton Pope observed that Ishi used this wood to produce short bows.[10]
Lumber
The
Incense cedar was the preferred
Cultivation
Calocedrus decurrens, the California incense cedar, is a popular
References
- ^ a b "Calocedrus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- OCLC 1642195.
- ^ "Calocedrus Kurz". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden.
- S2CID 232282918.
- )
- ^ Fu, Liguo; Yu, Yong-fu; Adams, Robert P.; Farjon, Aljos. "Calocedrus macrolepis var. formosana". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Fu, Liguo; Yu, Yong-fu; Adams, Robert P.; Farjon, Aljos. "Calocedrus macrolepis". Flora of China. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Averyanov, H.T. Nguyen & L.K. Phan. Issues of Basic Research in Life Sciences with direction in upland agriculture and forestry. Proceedings, the 2004th [sic] National Conference on Life Sciences Thai Nguyen University, September 23, 2004 41–43, 1.
- ^ "Calocedrus rupestris". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ "How Ishi made his bow and his method of shooting, from: Hunting with the Bow and Arrow by Saxton Pope, 1923". 11 February 2019.
- ^ Munz, P. A. 1974. Flora of Southern California 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.